SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry / 2026 / Volume: 2026 Issue: 2

A Transition Metal Schiff Base Coordination Compound as a Chemosensor for Sensitive Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol

Ayhan Altun(GEBZE TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-0931-4693
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-08-31
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

In conclusion, the present work introduces a high-performance Pd(II)-based fluorescent sensor for TNP detection and contributes to the development of advanced sensing materials for nitroaromatic explosives.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, a Schiff base-derived Pd(II) complex (L–Pd) was successfully synthesized and investigated as a fluorescent sensor for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), a highly hazardous nitroaromatic explosive pollutant.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Fluorescence studies demonstrated that the L–Pd complex exhibits strong emission properties and functions as an effective fluorescent probe for the sensitive detection of TNP through a fluorescence quenching mechanism in an ACN/H2O (2:3, v/v) medium.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:In conclusion, the present work introduces a high-performance Pd(II)-based fluorescent sensor for TNP detection and contributes to the development of advanced sensing materials for nitroaromatic explosives.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Trinitrophenol · Schiff base · fluorescent sensor

Abstract

In this study, a Schiff base-derived Pd(II) complex (L–Pd) was successfully synthesized and investigated as a fluorescent sensor for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), a highly hazardous nitroaromatic explosive pollutant. Fluorescence studies demonstrated that the L–Pd complex exhibits strong emission properties and functions as an effective fluorescent probe for the sensitive detection of TNP through a fluorescence quenching mechanism in an ACN/H2O (2:3, v/v) medium. The complex displayed excellent sensing performance toward TNP, characterized by a high Stern–Volmer quenching constant (KSV = 20.7 × 103 M-1) and an exceptionally low limit of detection (LOD = 0.246 μM), highlighting its remarkable sensitivity. Furthermore, fluorescence titration experiments and Job’s plot analysis indicated a 2:1 complexation stoichiometry between L–Pd and TNP, indicating that two L–Pd molecules interact with a single TNP molecule during the recognition process. These results provide valuable insights into the sensing mechanism and molecular interactions responsible for the selective and sensitive determination of TNP. In conclusion, the present work introduces a high-performance Pd(II)-based fluorescent sensor for TNP detection and contributes to the development of advanced sensing materials for nitroaromatic explosives. Owing to its excellent sensitivity and selectivity, the developed sensing system holds considerable promise for applications in environmental monitoring, explosive detection, public safety, human health protection, and defense-related technologies.

🔖

Cite This Article

Altun, A. (2026). A Transition Metal Schiff Base Coordination Compound as a Chemosensor for Sensitive Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, Volume: 2026 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.1991748

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (98)

  1. Verbitskiy E V., Rusinov GL, Chupakhin ON, Charushin VN. Design of fluorescent sensors based on azaheterocyclic push-pull systems towards nitroaromatic explosives and related compounds: A review. Dye Pigment. 2020 Sep;180:108414. Available from:.
  2. Halder S, Ghosh P, Rizzoli C, Banerjee P, Roy P. Nitroaromatic explosives detection by a luminescent Cd(II) based metal organic framework. Polyhedron. 2017 Feb;123:217–25. Available from:.
  3. Nagarkar SS, Desai A V., Ghosh SK. A fluorescent metal–organic framework for highly selective detection of nitro explosives in the aqueous phase. Chem Commun. 2014;50(64):8915–8. Available from:.
  4. Peng J, Guo Y, Xu X, Tang Z. Photophysical performance of a rhodamine-MOF composite structure and its sensing potential for picric acid. J Lumin. 2019 Apr;208:479–87. Available from:.
  5. Zhao Y, Xu L, Kong F, Yu L. Design and preparation of poly(tannic acid) nanoparticles with intrinsic fluorescence: A sensitive detector of picric acid. Chem Eng J. 2021 Jul;416:129090. Available from:.
  6. Chakraborty G, Mandal SK. Design and development of fluorescent sensors with mixed aromatic bicyclic fused rings and pyridyl groups: Solid mediated selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol in water. ACS Omega. 2018 Mar 31;3(3):3248–56. Available from:.
  7. Areti S, Bandaru S, Kandi R, Rao CP. Role of aromatic moiety in the probe property toward picric acid: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopy, microscopy, and computational modeling of a knoevenagel condensation product of D-Glucose. ACS Omega. 2019 Jan 31;4(1):1167–77. Available from:.
  8. Kundu BK, Pragti P, Reena R, Mobin SM, Mukhopadhyay S. Mechanistic and thermodynamic aspects of a pyrene-based fluorescent probe to detect picric acid. New J Chem. 2019;43(29):11483–92. Available from:.
  9. Ponnuvel K, Banuppriya G, Padmini V. Highly efficient and selective detection of picric acid among other nitroaromatics by NIR fluorescent organic fluorophores. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2016 Oct;234:34–45. Available from:.
  10. Wen P, Amin M, Herzog WD, Kunz RR. Key challenges and prospects for optical standoff trace detection of explosives. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2018 Mar;100:136–44. Available from:.
  11. Forbes TP, Sisco E. Recent advances in ambient mass spectrometry of trace explosives. Analyst. 2018;143(9):1948–69. Available from:.
  12. Caygill JS, Davis F, Higson SPJ. Current trends in explosive detection techniques. Talanta. 2012 Jan;88:14–29. Available from:.
  13. Sun X, Wang Y, Lei Y. Fluorescence based explosive detection: from mechanisms to sensory materials. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44(22):8019–61. Available from:.
  14. Salinas Y, Martínez-Máñez R, Marcos MD, Sancenón F, Costero AM, Parra M, et al. Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives. Chem Soc Rev. 2012;41(3):1261–96. Available from:.
  15. Gillibert R, Huang JQ, Zhang Y, Fu WL, Lamy de la Chapelle M. Explosive detection by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2018 Aug;105:166–72. Available from:.
  16. Grate JW, Ewing RG, Atkinson DA. Vapor-generation methods for explosives-detection research. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2012 Dec;41:1–14. Available from:.
  17. Tanwar AS, Patidar S, Ahirwar S, Dehingia S, Iyer PK. “Receptor free” inner filter effect based universal sensors for nitroexplosive picric acid using two polyfluorene derivatives in the solution and solid states. Analyst. 2019;144(2):669–76. Available from:.
  18. Gupta M, Lee H il. Recyclable polymeric thin films for the selective detection and separation of picric acid. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018 Dec 5;10(48):41717–23. Available from:.
  19. Pinrat O, Boonkitpatarakul K, Paisuwan W, Sukwattanasinitt M, Ajavakom A. Glucopyranosyl-1,4-dihydropyridine as a new fluorescent chemosensor for selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Analyst. 2015;140(6):1886–93. Available from:.
  20. McQuade DT, Pullen AE, Swager TM. Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors. Chem Rev. 2000 Jul 1;100(7):2537–74. Available from:.
  21. Rose A, Zhu Z, Madigan CF, Swager TM, Bulović V. Sensitivity gains in chemosensing by lasing action in organic polymers. Nature. 2005 Apr;434(7035):876–9. Available from:.
  22. Kumar V, Maiti B, Chini MK, De P, Satapathi S. Multimodal fluorescent polymer sensor for highly sensitive detection of nitroaromatics. Sci Rep. 2019 May 13;9(1):7269. Available from:.
  23. Tsai MJ, Li CY, Wu JY. Luminescent Zn(II) coordination polymers as efficient fluorescent sensors for highly sensitive detection of explosive nitroaromatics. CrystEngComm. 2018;20(42):6762–74. Available from:.
  24. Kreno LE, Leong K, Farha OK, Allendorf M, Van Duyne RP, Hupp JT. Metal–organic framework materials as chemical sensors. Chem Rev. 2012 Feb 8;112(2):1105–25. Available from:.
  25. Hu Z, Deibert BJ, Li J. Luminescent metal–organic frameworks for chemical sensing and explosive detection. Chem Soc Rev. 2014;43(16):5815–40. Available from:.
  26. Lustig WP, Mukherjee S, Rudd ND, Desai A V., Li J, Ghosh SK. Metal–organic frameworks: Functional luminescent and photonic materials for sensing applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46(11):3242–85. Available from:.
  27. Chhatwal M, Mittal R, Gupta RD, Awasthi SK. Sensing ensembles for nitroaromatics. J Mater Chem C. 2018;6(45):12142–58. Available from:.
  28. Kartha KK, Sandeep A, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Detection of nitroaromatic explosives with fluorescent molecular assemblies and π‐gels. Chem Rec. 2015 Feb;15(1):252–65. Available from:.
  29. Akhgari F, Fattahi H, Oskoei YM. Recent advances in nanomaterial-based sensors for detection of trace nitroaromatic explosives. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2015 Dec;221:867–78. Available from:.
  30. Taha A, Singh N, Farooq N, Hashmi AA. Facile synthesis of Schiff base palladium(II) complex for efficient catalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds and organic dyes for wastewater remediation. J Mol Liq. 2025 May;426:127343. Available from:.
  31. Wang X, Zhang Y, An G, Hao Q, Song Y, Dong Y. Synthesis, X-ray crystallographic, spectral properties and computational insights of a novel trinuclear salicylaldehyde schiff base zinc(II) complex. J Fluoresc. 2026 Jun 24;36(7):4361–78. Available from:.
  32. Turan N, Buldurun K, Türkan F, Aras A, Çolak N, Murahari M, et al. Some metal chelates with Schiff base ligand: synthesis, structure elucidation, thermal behavior, XRD evaluation, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, and molecular docking studies. Mol Divers. 2022 Oct 7;26(5):2459–72. Available from:.
  33. Laziz D, Beghidja C, Baali N, Zouchoune B, Beghidja A. Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT calculations and biological properties of mono- and dinuclear nickel complexes with tetradentate transformed ligands by aerobic oxidative-coupling reactions. Inorganica Chim Acta. 2019 Nov;497:119085. Available from:.
  34. Kose A, Erkan S, Tümer M. A series of phenanthroline-imine compounds: Computational, OLED properties and fluorimetric sensing of nitroaromatic compounds. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2023 Feb;286:122006. Available from:.
  35. Ahmad SN, Sookhakian M, Bahron H, Rikson S, Woi PM, Alias Y. An ONNO Schiff Base–palladium(II) complex as an efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide. Microchem J. 2026 Jul;226:118377. Available from:.
  36. Cao J, Jia Z, Chen W, Song Y, Yu Z, Dong Y. Syntheses, crystal structures and fluorescence properties of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes based on 2-phenoxyaniline Schiff base. Transit Met Chem. 2025 Apr 22;50(2):151–60. Available from:.
  37. Alkis ME, Buldurun K, Alan Y, Turan N, Altun A. Electroporation enhances the anticancer effects of novel Cu(II) and Fe(II) complexes in chemotherapy‐resistant glioblastoma cancer cells. Chem Biodivers. 2023 Feb 16;20(2):e202200710. Available from:.
  38. Altun A. Utilization of Schiff base-Co(II) complex as a stable luminescent probe for the highly selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol in an aqueous medium. J Lumin. 2024 Jul;271:120593. Available from:.
  39. Buldurun K, Ozdemir M. Schiff base-Pd(II) complexes containing pyridine and thiophene rings: Synthesis, characterization, suzuki-miyaura C-C coupling reactions. Hittite J Sci Eng. 2019 Dec 31;6(4):297–302. Available from:.
  40. Carrillo-Carrión C, Simonet BM, Valcárcel M. Determination of TNT explosive based on its selectively interaction with creatinine-capped CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Anal Chim Acta. 2013 Aug;792:93–100. Available from:.
  41. Zhang Q, Zhang D, Lu Y, Yao Y, Li S, Liu Q. Graphene oxide-based optical biosensor functionalized with peptides for explosive detection. Biosens Bioelectron. 2015 Jun;68:494–9. Available from:.
  42. Albani JR. Principles and applications of fluorescence spectroscopy. Wiley; 2007. Available from:.
  43. Tümay SO, Yeşilot S. Small molecule based water-soluble fluorescence material for highly selective and ultra-sensitive detection of TNT: Design and spectrofluorimetric determination in real samples. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2021 Sep;343:130088. Available from:.
  44. Arshad M, AT JR, Joseph V, Joseph A. Selective detection of picric acid in aqueous medium using a novel naphthaldehyde-based aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) active “turn-off” fluorescent sensor. J Lumin. 2023 Jun;258:119818. Available from:.
  45. Karuk Elmas SN, Karagoz A, Arslan FN, Yilmaz I. Propylimidazole functionalized coumarin derivative as dual responsive fluorescent chemoprobe for picric zcid and Fe3+ recognition: DFT and natural spring water applications. J Fluoresc. 2022 Jul 4;32(4):1357–67. Available from:.
  46. Han Y, Zhao J, Yang H, Huang X, Zhou X, Hui T, et al. Synthesis of new fluorene compounds for highly selective sensing of picric acid, Fe3+ and l-arginine. J Mol Struct. 2020 Oct;1217:128395. Available from:.
  47. Wang K, Hu XL, Li X, Su ZM, Zhou EL. Solvent induced two Cd-MOFs as luminescent sensors for picric acid, Fe3+ and Cr2O22-. J Solid State Chem. 2021 Jun;298:122128. Available from:.
  48. Xu C, Huang H, Ma J, Liu W, Chen C, Huang X, et al. Lanthanide(III) coordination polymers for luminescence detection of Fe(III) and picric acid. New J Chem. 2018;42(18):15306–10. Available from:.
  49. Liu Y, Liu C, Zhang X, Liu L, Ge C, Zhuang X, et al. Highly selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+, Al3+ and picric acid by a water-stable luminescent MOF. J Solid State Chem. 2019 Apr;272:1–8. Available from:.
  50. Verbitskiy E V., Rusinov GL, Chupakhin ON, Charushin VN. Design of fluorescent sensors based on azaheterocyclic push-pull systems towards nitroaromatic explosives and related compounds: A review. Dye Pigment. 2020 Sep;180:108414. Available from:.
  51. Halder S, Ghosh P, Rizzoli C, Banerjee P, Roy P. Nitroaromatic explosives detection by a luminescent Cd(II) based metal organic framework. Polyhedron. 2017 Feb;123:217–25. Available from:.
  52. Nagarkar SS, Desai A V., Ghosh SK. A fluorescent metal–organic framework for highly selective detection of nitro explosives in the aqueous phase. Chem Commun. 2014;50(64):8915–8. Available from:.
  53. Peng J, Guo Y, Xu X, Tang Z. Photophysical performance of a rhodamine-MOF composite structure and its sensing potential for picric acid. J Lumin. 2019 Apr;208:479–87. Available from:.
  54. Zhao Y, Xu L, Kong F, Yu L. Design and preparation of poly(tannic acid) nanoparticles with intrinsic fluorescence: A sensitive detector of picric acid. Chem Eng J. 2021 Jul;416:129090. Available from:.
  55. Chakraborty G, Mandal SK. Design and development of fluorescent sensors with mixed aromatic bicyclic fused rings and pyridyl groups: Solid mediated selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol in water. ACS Omega. 2018 Mar 31;3(3):3248–56. Available from:.
  56. Areti S, Bandaru S, Kandi R, Rao CP. Role of aromatic moiety in the probe property toward picric acid: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopy, microscopy, and computational modeling of a knoevenagel condensation product of D-Glucose. ACS Omega. 2019 Jan 31;4(1):1167–77. Available from:.
  57. Kundu BK, Pragti P, Reena R, Mobin SM, Mukhopadhyay S. Mechanistic and thermodynamic aspects of a pyrene-based fluorescent probe to detect picric acid. New J Chem. 2019;43(29):11483–92. Available from:.
  58. Ponnuvel K, Banuppriya G, Padmini V. Highly efficient and selective detection of picric acid among other nitroaromatics by NIR fluorescent organic fluorophores. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2016 Oct;234:34–45. Available from:.
  59. Wen P, Amin M, Herzog WD, Kunz RR. Key challenges and prospects for optical standoff trace detection of explosives. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2018 Mar;100:136–44. Available from:.
  60. Forbes TP, Sisco E. Recent advances in ambient mass spectrometry of trace explosives. Analyst. 2018;143(9):1948–69. Available from:.
  61. Caygill JS, Davis F, Higson SPJ. Current trends in explosive detection techniques. Talanta. 2012 Jan;88:14–29. Available from:.
  62. Sun X, Wang Y, Lei Y. Fluorescence based explosive detection: from mechanisms to sensory materials. Chem Soc Rev. 2015;44(22):8019–61. Available from:.
  63. Salinas Y, Martínez-Máñez R, Marcos MD, Sancenón F, Costero AM, Parra M, et al. Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives. Chem Soc Rev. 2012;41(3):1261–96. Available from:.
  64. Gillibert R, Huang JQ, Zhang Y, Fu WL, Lamy de la Chapelle M. Explosive detection by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2018 Aug;105:166–72. Available from:.
  65. Grate JW, Ewing RG, Atkinson DA. Vapor-generation methods for explosives-detection research. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2012 Dec;41:1–14. Available from:.
  66. Tanwar AS, Patidar S, Ahirwar S, Dehingia S, Iyer PK. “Receptor free” inner filter effect based universal sensors for nitroexplosive picric acid using two polyfluorene derivatives in the solution and solid states. Analyst. 2019;144(2):669–76. Available from:.
  67. Gupta M, Lee H il. Recyclable polymeric thin films for the selective detection and separation of picric acid. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2018 Dec 5;10(48):41717–23. Available from:.
  68. Pinrat O, Boonkitpatarakul K, Paisuwan W, Sukwattanasinitt M, Ajavakom A. Glucopyranosyl-1,4-dihydropyridine as a new fluorescent chemosensor for selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Analyst. 2015;140(6):1886–93. Available from:.
  69. McQuade DT, Pullen AE, Swager TM. Conjugated polymer-based chemical sensors. Chem Rev. 2000 Jul 1;100(7):2537–74. Available from:.
  70. Rose A, Zhu Z, Madigan CF, Swager TM, Bulović V. Sensitivity gains in chemosensing by lasing action in organic polymers. Nature. 2005 Apr;434(7035):876–9. Available from:.
  71. Kumar V, Maiti B, Chini MK, De P, Satapathi S. Multimodal fluorescent polymer sensor for highly sensitive detection of nitroaromatics. Sci Rep. 2019 May 13;9(1):7269. Available from:.
  72. Tsai MJ, Li CY, Wu JY. Luminescent Zn(II) coordination polymers as efficient fluorescent sensors for highly sensitive detection of explosive nitroaromatics. CrystEngComm. 2018;20(42):6762–74. Available from:.
  73. Kreno LE, Leong K, Farha OK, Allendorf M, Van Duyne RP, Hupp JT. Metal–organic framework materials as chemical sensors. Chem Rev. 2012 Feb 8;112(2):1105–25. Available from:.
  74. Hu Z, Deibert BJ, Li J. Luminescent metal–organic frameworks for chemical sensing and explosive detection. Chem Soc Rev. 2014;43(16):5815–40. Available from:.
  75. Lustig WP, Mukherjee S, Rudd ND, Desai A V., Li J, Ghosh SK. Metal–organic frameworks: Functional luminescent and photonic materials for sensing applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2017;46(11):3242–85. Available from:.
  76. Chhatwal M, Mittal R, Gupta RD, Awasthi SK. Sensing ensembles for nitroaromatics. J Mater Chem C. 2018;6(45):12142–58. Available from:.
  77. Kartha KK, Sandeep A, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Detection of nitroaromatic explosives with fluorescent molecular assemblies and π‐gels. Chem Rec. 2015 Feb;15(1):252–65. Available from:.
  78. Akhgari F, Fattahi H, Oskoei YM. Recent advances in nanomaterial-based sensors for detection of trace nitroaromatic explosives. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2015 Dec;221:867–78. Available from:.
  79. Taha A, Singh N, Farooq N, Hashmi AA. Facile synthesis of Schiff base palladium(II) complex for efficient catalytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds and organic dyes for wastewater remediation. J Mol Liq. 2025 May;426:127343. Available from:.
  80. Wang X, Zhang Y, An G, Hao Q, Song Y, Dong Y. Synthesis, X-ray crystallographic, spectral properties and computational insights of a novel trinuclear salicylaldehyde schiff base zinc(II) complex. J Fluoresc. 2026 Jun 24;36(7):4361–78. Available from:.
  81. Turan N, Buldurun K, Türkan F, Aras A, Çolak N, Murahari M, et al. Some metal chelates with Schiff base ligand: synthesis, structure elucidation, thermal behavior, XRD evaluation, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibition, and molecular docking studies. Mol Divers. 2022 Oct 7;26(5):2459–72. Available from:.
  82. Laziz D, Beghidja C, Baali N, Zouchoune B, Beghidja A. Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT calculations and biological properties of mono- and dinuclear nickel complexes with tetradentate transformed ligands by aerobic oxidative-coupling reactions. Inorganica Chim Acta. 2019 Nov;497:119085. Available from:.
  83. Kose A, Erkan S, Tümer M. A series of phenanthroline-imine compounds: Computational, OLED properties and fluorimetric sensing of nitroaromatic compounds. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2023 Feb;286:122006. Available from:.
  84. Ahmad SN, Sookhakian M, Bahron H, Rikson S, Woi PM, Alias Y. An ONNO Schiff Base–palladium(II) complex as an efficient non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for hydrogen peroxide. Microchem J. 2026 Jul;226:118377. Available from:.
  85. Cao J, Jia Z, Chen W, Song Y, Yu Z, Dong Y. Syntheses, crystal structures and fluorescence properties of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes based on 2-phenoxyaniline Schiff base. Transit Met Chem. 2025 Apr 22;50(2):151–60. Available from:.
  86. Alkis ME, Buldurun K, Alan Y, Turan N, Altun A. Electroporation enhances the anticancer effects of novel Cu(II) and Fe(II) complexes in chemotherapy‐resistant glioblastoma cancer cells. Chem Biodivers. 2023 Feb 16;20(2):e202200710. Available from:.
  87. Altun A. Utilization of Schiff base-Co(II) complex as a stable luminescent probe for the highly selective detection of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol in an aqueous medium. J Lumin. 2024 Jul;271:120593. Available from:.
  88. Buldurun K, Ozdemir M. Schiff base-Pd(II) complexes containing pyridine and thiophene rings: Synthesis, characterization, suzuki-miyaura C-C coupling reactions. Hittite J Sci Eng. 2019 Dec 31;6(4):297–302. Available from:.
  89. Carrillo-Carrión C, Simonet BM, Valcárcel M. Determination of TNT explosive based on its selectively interaction with creatinine-capped CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Anal Chim Acta. 2013 Aug;792:93–100. Available from:.
  90. Zhang Q, Zhang D, Lu Y, Yao Y, Li S, Liu Q. Graphene oxide-based optical biosensor functionalized with peptides for explosive detection. Biosens Bioelectron. 2015 Jun;68:494–9. Available from:.
  91. Albani JR. Principles and applications of fluorescence spectroscopy. Wiley; 2007. Available from:.
  92. Tümay SO, Yeşilot S. Small molecule based water-soluble fluorescence material for highly selective and ultra-sensitive detection of TNT: Design and spectrofluorimetric determination in real samples. Sensors Actuators B Chem. 2021 Sep;343:130088. Available from:.
  93. Arshad M, AT JR, Joseph V, Joseph A. Selective detection of picric acid in aqueous medium using a novel naphthaldehyde-based aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) active “turn-off” fluorescent sensor. J Lumin. 2023 Jun;258:119818. Available from:.
  94. Karuk Elmas SN, Karagoz A, Arslan FN, Yilmaz I. Propylimidazole functionalized coumarin derivative as dual responsive fluorescent chemoprobe for picric zcid and Fe3+ recognition: DFT and natural spring water applications. J Fluoresc. 2022 Jul 4;32(4):1357–67. Available from:.
  95. Han Y, Zhao J, Yang H, Huang X, Zhou X, Hui T, et al. Synthesis of new fluorene compounds for highly selective sensing of picric acid, Fe3+ and l-arginine. J Mol Struct. 2020 Oct;1217:128395. Available from:.
  96. Wang K, Hu XL, Li X, Su ZM, Zhou EL. Solvent induced two Cd-MOFs as luminescent sensors for picric acid, Fe3+ and Cr2O22-. J Solid State Chem. 2021 Jun;298:122128. Available from:.
  97. Xu C, Huang H, Ma J, Liu W, Chen C, Huang X, et al. Lanthanide(III) coordination polymers for luminescence detection of Fe(III) and picric acid. New J Chem. 2018;42(18):15306–10. Available from:.
  98. Liu Y, Liu C, Zhang X, Liu L, Ge C, Zhuang X, et al. Highly selective and sensitive detection of Fe3+, Al3+ and picric acid by a water-stable luminescent MOF. J Solid State Chem. 2019 Apr;272:1–8. Available from:.