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Journals / Experimental and Applied Medical Science / 2026 / Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

The role of bladder microbiota in urinary diseases and cytokine production: a systematic review and meta-analysis

İdrar yolu hastalıklarında ve sitokin üretiminde mesane mikrobiyotasının rolü: sistematik bir derleme ve meta-analiz

Mehmet Aytar(AYDIN ADNAN MENDERES UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-8083-7358
Demet Yalçın(AYDIN ADNAN MENDERES UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-3255-3753
Özge Çevik(AYDIN ADNAN MENDERES UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-9325-3757
Pages
235–249
Publication Date
2026-09-28
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

To obtain stronger evidence, advanced studies with larger sample sizes, using standardized methods, and reporting data suitable for meta-analysis are needed.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Purpose: The literature examining the relationship between bladder microbiota and urinary diseases and their effect on cytokine production was evaluated through a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Key Findings & Data:Result: Results Of the 46 studies included, 12 case-control studies covering the years 2019-2025 were deemed suitable for analysis.
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Conclusion & Impact:To obtain stronger evidence, advanced studies with larger sample sizes, using standardized methods, and reporting data suitable for meta-analysis are needed.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:2019-2025 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Mesane · Mikrobiyota · Sitokinler

Abstract

Purpose: The literature examining the relationship between bladder microbiota and urinary diseases and their effect on cytokine production was evaluated through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods : The study was designed according to PRISMA criteria. Google Scholar and PubMed electronic databases were searched, and potential studies were selected according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Studies were included in the meta-analysis using a random effects model. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for bias assessment. Result: Results Of the 46 studies included, 12 case-control studies covering the years 2019-2025 were deemed suitable for analysis. Most studies were conducted in China and the USA. In the meta-analysis evaluating the relationship between microbiota and disease, the combined effect size was found to be MD = 1.30 (95% CI: -2.18 – 4.78) and was not statistically significant (Z = 0.73; p = 0.46). Heterogeneity is at a very high level. In the meta-analysis regarding cytokine production, the combined analysis result was found to be MD= 21.05 (95% CI: -9.67–51.77), and this difference was not statistically significant (Z = 1.34, p = 0.18). A very high level of heterogeneity was detected among the studies. Conclusion: The included studies have moderate to high methodological quality, and the reliability of the findings is at an acceptable level. The current data are insufficient to draw a definitive conclusion about the effectiveness of the approach evaluated. To obtain stronger evidence, advanced studies with larger sample sizes, using standardized methods, and reporting data suitable for meta-analysis are needed.

Özet

Amaç Bu sistematik inceleme ve meta-analiz yöntemiyle mesane mikrobiyotası ile idrar yolu hastalıkları arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bunların sitokin üretimi üzerindeki etkisini inceleyen literatür değerlendirilmiştir. Yöntemler Çalışma, PRISMA kriterlerine göre tasarlanmıştır. Google Scholar ve PubMed elektronik veritabanlarında arama yapılmış ve potansiyel çalışmalar dahil etme/hariç tutma kriterlerine göre seçilmiştir. Çalışmalar, random effects modeli kullanılarak meta-analize dahil edilmiştir. Önyargı değerlendirmesi için Newcastle-Ottawa Ölçeği (NOS) kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar Dahil edilen 46 çalışmadan, 2019-2025 yıllarını kapsayan 12 vaka-kontrol çalışması analiz için uygun bulunmuştur. Çalışmaların çoğu Çin ve ABD'de yapılmıştır. Mikrobiyota ve hastalık arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendiren meta-analizde, birleşik etki büyüklüğü MD = 1,30 (95% CI: -2,18 – 4,78) olarak bulunmuş ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır (Z = 0,73; p = 0,46). Heterojenlik çok yüksek düzeydedir. Sitokin üretimiyle ilgili meta-analizde, birleşik analiz sonucu MD= 21,05 (95% CI: -9,67–51,77) olarak bulunmuştur ve bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir (Z = 1,34, p = 0,18). Çalışmalar arasında çok yüksek düzeyde heterojenlik tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç Dahil edilen çalışmalar orta ila yüksek metodolojik kaliteye sahiptir ve bulguların güvenilirliği kabul edilebilir düzeydedir. Mevcut veriler, değerlendirilen yaklaşımın etkinliği hakkında kesin bir sonuca varmak için yetersizdir. Daha güçlü kanıt elde etmek için, daha büyük örneklem boyutlarına sahip, standartlaştırılmış yöntemler kullanan ve meta-analiz için uygun veriler bildiren ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

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Cite This Article

Aytar, M., Yalçın, D., Çevik, Ö. (2026). The role of bladder microbiota in urinary diseases and cytokine production: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Experimental and Applied Medical Science, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 235–249. https://doi.org/10.46871/eams.1990265

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