SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Development and Psychometric Validation of a Coping Scale for Pregnant Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Hiperemezis Gravidarumlu Gebe Kadınlar İçin Başa Çıkma Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Geçerlik Çalışması

Sümeyye Bal(Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi)0000-0002-7568-0974
Emine Koç(ONDOKUZ MAYIS UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-4333-6797
Elif Keten Edis(AMASYA UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-5587-6726
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-09-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.825.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Objective: Research on hyperemesis gravidarum has expanded in recent years; however, validated instruments specifically designed to assess coping strategies in women with hyperemesis gravidarum remain scarce.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Methods: This methodological study was conducted between July 1, 2022, and April 30, 2023.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.825.
🔬Design:Lab & Field Experiment
📍Scope:2022 Verileri
⚙️Variables:hyperemesis gravidarum · nausea · vomiting

Abstract

Objective: Research on hyperemesis gravidarum has expanded in recent years; however, validated instruments specifically designed to assess coping strategies in women with hyperemesis gravidarum remain scarce. This study aimed to develop a measurement tool to assess how pregnant women cope with hyperemesis gravidarum. Methods: This methodological study was conducted between July 1, 2022, and April 30, 2023. The study population was comprised of pregnant women who attended the antenatal clinic of a tertiary hospital in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Of 400 eligible participants, 28 were excluded because of incomplete or erroneous questionnaires, resulting in a final sample of 372. Scale development included item generation, expert-based content validation, pilot testing, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency assessment. The initial 65-item pool was reduced to 40 items following expert evaluation and pilot testing, and subsequently to 28 items based on EFA. Results: EFA yielded a 28-item, five-factor structure explaining 52.51% of the total variance. The dimensions were Thought and Awareness, Communication, Food and Supplements, Physical Interventions, and Self-Care. Sampling adequacy was supported by a KMO value of 0.862 and a significant Bartlett's test (χ²=3666.127, df=378, p<.001). Factor loadings ranged from 0.502 to 0.820. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.825. CFA supported the five-factor structure (χ²/df=2.348, RMSEA=0.060, SRMR=0.064, CFI=0.915, GFI=0.916, TLI=0.900). Conclusion: The HGCS, consisting of 28 items across five sub-dimensions, was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for assessing coping strategies in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum.

Özet

Amaç: Hiperemezis gravidaruma ilişkin araştırmalar son yıllarda artış göstermiş olmakla birlikte, hiperemezis gravidarumlu kadınların başa çıkma stratejilerini değerlendirmek üzere özel olarak geliştirilmiş ve geçerliği kanıtlanmış ölçüm araçları halen sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gebelerin hiperemezis gravidarum ile nasıl başa çıktıklarını değerlendirmeye yönelik bir ölçüm aracı geliştirmektir. Yöntem: Bu metodolojik çalışma, 1 Temmuz 2022–30 Nisan 2023 tarihleri arasında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın evrenini, Türkiye’nin Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde bulunan üçüncü basamak bir hastanenin antenatal polikliniğine başvuran gebeler oluşturmuştur. Çalışmaya uygun 400 katılımcıdan 28’i eksik veya hatalı doldurulmuş anketler nedeniyle çalışma dışı bırakılmış ve nihai örneklem 372 gebeden oluşmuştur. Ölçek geliştirme süreci; madde oluşturma, uzman görüşüne dayalı kapsam geçerliği, pilot uygulama, açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA), doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ve iç tutarlılık değerlendirmesini kapsamıştır. Başlangıçtaki 65 maddelik madde havuzu, uzman değerlendirmesi ve pilot uygulama sonrasında 40 maddeye, ardından AFA sonucunda 28 maddeye düşürülmüştür. Bulgular:AFA sonucunda toplam varyansın %52,51’ini açıklayan, 28 maddeden ve beş faktörden oluşan bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Alt boyutlar; Düşünce ve Farkındalık, İletişim, Besin ve Takviyeler, Fiziksel Müdahaleler ve Öz Bakım olarak belirlenmiştir. Örneklem yeterliliği KMO değerinin 0,862 olması ve Bartlett küresellik testinin anlamlı bulunmasıyla desteklenmiştir (χ²=3666,127; sd=378; p<0,001). Faktör yükleri 0,502 ile 0,820 arasında değişmiştir. Ölçeğin genel Cronbach alfa katsayısı 0,825 olarak bulunmuştur. DFA sonuçları beş faktörlü yapıyı desteklemiştir (χ²/sd=2,348; RMSEA=0,060; SRMR=0,064; CFI=0,915; GFI=0,916; TLI=0,900). Sonuç:Beş alt boyutta toplam 28 maddeden oluşan HGCS’nin, hiperemezis gravidarumlu gebelerin başa çıkma stratejilerini değerlendirmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Bal, S., Koç, E., Edis, E. K. (2026). Development and Psychometric Validation of a Coping Scale for Pregnant Women with Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Ebelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, Volume: 9 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.62425/esbder.1787289

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (28)

  1. Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: a primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149.
  2. Canestrari, C., Bongelli, R., Fermani, A., Riccioni, I., Bertolazzi, A., Muzi, M., & Burro, R. (2021). Coronavirus disease stress among Italian healthcare workers: The role of coping humor. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 601574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.601574
  3. Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’too long: Consider the brief cope. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6.
  4. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
  5. Chong, Y. Y., Chien, W. T., Cheng, H. Y., Chow, K. M., Kassianos, A. P., Karekla, M., & Gloster, A. (2020). The role of illness perceptions, coping, and self-efficacy on adherence to precautionary measures for COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186540
  6. Clarke, T. C., Nahin, R., Barnes, P., & Stussman, B. (2016). Use of Complementary Health Approaches for Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders Among US Adults. National Health Statistics Reports, (98).
  7. DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (5 ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. Di Gangi, S., Gizzo, S., Patrelli, T. S., Saccardi, C., D’Antona, D., & Nardelli, G. B. (2012). Wernicke’s encephalopathy complicating hyperemesis gravidarum: from the background to the present. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25(8), 1499-1504. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767058.2011.629253
  8. Erick, M., Cox, J. T., & Mogensen, K. M. (2018). ACOG practice bulletin 189: nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 131(5), 935. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000002604
  9. Erkuş, A. (2024). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-I: temel kavramlar ve işlemler (Vol. 4). Pegem Akademi.
  10. Esin, N. (2014). Veri Toplama Yöntem ve Araçları: Veri Toplama Araçlarının Güvenirlik ve Geçerliği. In Hemşirelikte Araştırma: Süreç, Uygulama ve Kritik. (pp. 193-232). Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri Tic. Ltd. Şti.
  11. Fejzo, M. S. (2024). Hyperemesis gravidarum theories dispelled by recent research: a paradigm change for better care and outcomes. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 30(6),530-540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2024.04.006
  12. Fejzo, M. S., Trovik, J., Grooten, I. J., Sridharan, K., Roseboom, T. J., Vikanes, Å., Painter, R. C., & Mullin, P. M. (2019). Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 5(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0110-3.
  13. Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 466.
  14. Geeganage, G., Iturrino, J., Shainker, S. A., Ballou, S., Rangan, V., & Nee, J. (2023). Emergency department burden of hyperemesis gravidarum in the United States from 2006 to 2014. AJOG Global Reports, 3(1), 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xagr.2023.100166
  15. Gurvich, C., Thomas, N., Thomas, E. H., Hudaib, A.-R., Sood, L., Fabiatos, K., Sutton, K., Isaacs, A., Arunogiri, S., & Sharp, G. (2021). Coping styles and mental health in response to societal changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(5),540-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020961790
  16. Jansen, L. A., Shaw, V., Grooten, I. J., Koot, M. H., Dean, C. R., & Painter, R. C. (2024). Diagnosis and treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. CMAJ, 196(14), E477-E4485. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.221502 Jennings, L. K., & Mahdy, H. (2024). Hyperemesis gravidarum.
  17. Lazarus, R. S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping (Vol. 464). Springer.
  18. Lowe, S. A., & Steinweg, K. E. (2022). Management of hyperemesis gravidarum and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 34(1), 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13909
  19. Marchlewska, M., Green, R., Cichocka, A., Molenda, Z., & Douglas, K. M. (2022). From bad to worse: Avoidance coping with stress increases conspiracy beliefs. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(2), 532-549. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12494
  20. Mitchell-Jones, N., Gallos, I., Farren, J., Tobias, A., Bottomley, C., & Bourne, T. (2017). Psychological morbidity associated with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG, 124, 1471-0528.14180. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.14180
  21. Nana, M., Tydeman, F., Bevan, G., Boulding, H., Kavanagh, K., Dean, C., & Williamson, C. (2021). Hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with increased rates of termination of pregnancy and suicidal ideation: results from a survey completed by> 5000 participants. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 224(6), 629-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.03.006
  22. Neff, K. D., & Dahm, K. A. (2015). Self-compassion: What it is, what it does, and how it relates to mindfulness. Handbook of Mindfulness and Self-Regulation, 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/002076402096179
  23. Nijsten, K., Jansen, L. A., Limpens, J., Finken, M. J., Koot, M. H., Grooten, I. J., Roseboom, T. J., & Painter, R. C. (2022). Long-term health outcomes of children born to mothers with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 227(3), 414-429. e417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.052
  24. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3 ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  25. Ouchi, N., Kuwabara, Y., Yonezawa, M., Ogawa, J., Kasano, S., Kato, M., Kurashina, R., Ichikawa, T., Kawabata, I., & Suzuki, S. (2025). Prolonged prothrombin time in hyperemesis gravidarum as an indicator of vitamin K deficiency. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 51(1), e16198. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.16198
  26. Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53-79.
  27. Van Der Minnen, L., Grooten, I., Dean, C., Trovik, J., & Painter, R. (2025). The impact and management of hyperemesis gravidarum: Current and future perspectives. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 171(1), 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.70165
  28. Weiss, A. J., & Jiang, H. J. (2021). Overview of clinical conditions with frequent and costly hospital readmissions by payer, 2018.