Journals / Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2026

Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League

Profesyonel Futbol Kulüplerinde İnsan Kaynakları Stratejileri: Süper Lig’de Build vs Buy Paradoksunun Ampirik Analizi

Cemal Özman(BARTIN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ, SPOR YÖNETİCİLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0003-2812-1106
Taner Karaman(HALİÇ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-1468-4234
Damla Özsoy(YALOVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SPOR BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ, SPOR YÖNETİCİLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0001-5079-7300
Pages
1047–1062
Publication Date
2026-10-19
DOI
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Results: The results indicate that Domestic Academy players do not exhibit a statistically significant difference in performance level compared to foreign transfers (p>0.05), but they are approximately 67% more sustainable in terms of career length.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Purpose: This study aims to examine, within an empirical framework specific to the Turkish Super League, the “player development” (Build) and “transferring ready-made players” (Buy) approaches, which constitute a fundamental strategic dilemma in the management of professional soccer clubs.
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Key Findings & Data:Method: The study used a 10-year InStat dataset covering 2013 to 2023.
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Conclusion & Impact:Results: The results indicate that Domestic Academy players do not exhibit a statistically significant difference in performance level compared to foreign transfers (p>0.05), but they are approximately 67% more sustainable in terms of career length.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2013 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Build vs buy paradoksu · akademi yetiştirme · transfer yönetimi

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to examine, within an empirical framework specific to the Turkish Super League, the “player development” (Build) and “transferring ready-made players” (Buy) approaches, which constitute a fundamental strategic dilemma in the management of professional soccer clubs. Seeking to fill a gap in the sports management literature, this research aims to analyse the cost-effectiveness balance of academy investments and transfer policies. Method: The study used a 10-year InStat dataset covering 2013 to 2023. For the analysis, a total of 3,195 player-season observations were categorised into three main groups: Domestic Academy, Foreign Transfers, and Domestic Free Agents. Comparisons between the groups were evaluated using statistical methods, including average performance scores, career continuity, in-league development curves, and positional breakdowns. Results: The results indicate that Domestic Academy players do not exhibit a statistically significant difference in performance level compared to foreign transfers (p>0.05), but they are approximately 67% more sustainable in terms of career length. It was determined that academy products outperformed transfer players in league-year development curves starting from the third year, and that they achieved the highest efficiency values, particularly in the centre-back position. Regression analysis results confirm that, when controlling for age and position variables, academy-trained players possess a contribution capacity nearly equivalent to that of foreign transfers. Conclusion : Within the framework of the Resource-Based View and Human Capital Theory, this study demonstrates that an academy-focused “development” strategy is a rational choice for clubs in terms of long-term sustainability and sporting success. Accordingly, it is recommended that club management develop position-specific transfer policies, optimise contract planning based on empirical data, and that the Turkish Football Federation (TFF) support its academy licensing policies with this data.

Özet

Amaç: Bu çalışma, profesyonel futbol kulübü yönetiminde temel bir stratejik ikilem oluşturan "oyuncu yetiştirme" (Build) ve "hazır oyuncu transfer etme" (Buy) yaklaşımlarını, Türkiye Süper Ligi özelinde ampirik bir çerçevede incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Spor yönetimi literatüründeki boşluğu doldurmayı amaçlayan bu araştırma, akademi yatırımlarının ve transfer politikalarının maliyet-etkinlik dengesini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Araştırmada, 2013–2023 yılları arasını kapsayan 10 yıllık InStat veri seti kullanılmıştır. Analiz kapsamında, toplam 3.195 oyuncu-sezon gözlemi; Yerli Akademi, Yabancı Transfer ve Yerli Serbest olmak üzere üç temel gruba ayrılmıştır. Gruplar arasındaki karşılaştırmalarda ortalama performans skorları, kariyer sürekliliği, lig içi gelişim eğrileri ve pozisyonel kırılımlar istatistiksel yöntemlerle değerlendirilmiştir . Bulgular: Elde edilen bulgular, Yerli Akademi oyuncularının performans düzeyi açısından yabancı transferlerle istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark arz etmediğini (p>0.05), ancak kariyer uzunluğu bakımından yabancı transferlere kıyasla yaklaşık %67 oranında daha sürdürülebilir olduklarını göstermektedir. Lig yılı gelişim eğrilerinde akademi ürünlerinin üçüncü yıldan itibaren transfer oyuncuları geçtiği, özellikle stoper mevkisinde ise en yüksek verimlilik değerlerine ulaştığı saptanmıştır. Regresyon analizi sonuçları, yaş ve pozisyon değişkenleri kontrol edildiğinde, akademi kökenli oyuncuların yabancı transferlerle neredeyse eşdeğer bir katkı kapasitesine sahip olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Sonuç: Çalışma, Kaynak Tabanlı Görüş ve Beşerî Sermaye Teorisi çerçevesinde, akademi odaklı "yetiştirme" stratejisinin kulüplerin uzun vadeli sürdürülebilirliği ve sportif başarıları açısından rasyonel bir tercih olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, kulüp yönetimlerinin pozisyona özgü transfer politikaları oluşturması, sözleşme planlamalarını ampirik veriler ışığında optimize etmesi ve TFF'nin akademi lisanslama politikalarını bu verilerle desteklemesi önerilmektedir.

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Cite This Article

Özman, C., Karaman, T., Özsoy, D. (2026). Human Resources Strategies in Professional Soccer Clubs: An Empirical Analysis of the “Build vs Buy” Paradox in the Super League. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2026, 1047–1062. https://ajindex.com/articles/1471816

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