SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

EFFECTS OF CHIP INDUSTRY WASTEWATER ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)

CİPS ENDÜSTRİSİ ATIKSULARININ NOHUT (Cicer arietinum L.) BİTKİSİNİN ERKEN GELİŞİMİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Ayşin Güzel Değer(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-6336-1872
Nihan Canan Özdemir(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, ÇEVRE MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, ÇEVRE MÜHENDİSLİĞİ PR.)0000-0002-5439-6640
Sadin Özdemir(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TEKNİK BİLİMLER MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0001-7384-7358
Nadir Dizge(MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, ÇEVRE MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ, ÇEVRE MÜHENDİSLİĞİ PR.)0000-0002-7805-9315
Pages
294–312
Publication Date
2026-03-20
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These findings indicate a possible hormesis effect at low dilutions, suggesting EC-25 as the optimal strategy for germination and HA-50 for early seedling growth and biomass accumulation.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study investigates the treatment of high-organic-load chip industry wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC) and its potential for sustainable agricultural reuse.
📊
Key Findings & Data:EC performance was monitored via water quality parameters, while biological suitability was assessed through germination and early seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L., cv.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:These findings indicate a possible hormesis effect at low dilutions, suggesting EC-25 as the optimal strategy for germination and HA-50 for early seedling growth and biomass accumulation.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Gıda Endüstrisi · Atık Su · Elektrokoagülasyon

Abstract

This study investigates the treatment of high-organic-load chip industry wastewater using electrocoagulation (EC) and its potential for sustainable agricultural reuse. EC performance was monitored via water quality parameters, while biological suitability was assessed through germination and early seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L., cv. Azkan) seeds. EC experiments were conducted at raw pH (4.65) with 50 A/m² and adjusted pH (6.5 and 8.5) with 100 A/m² for 15–120 minutes. The highest treatment efficiency occurred at 100 A/m² and pH 6.5, with chemical oxygen demand and color removal of 36.63% and 97.37%, respectively. In plant trials, different dilutions of raw wastewater (HA) and EC-treated water (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were compared with distilled water controls. Data were analyzed using Python with two-way ANOVA and LSD tests (p<0.05). HA-100 and EC-100 treatments inhibited plumule and radicle growth. The highest germination was in EC-25 (95.45%), longest radicle (22 mm) and highest fresh biomass (6.80 g) in HA-50. These findings indicate a possible hormesis effect at low dilutions, suggesting EC-25 as the optimal strategy for germination and HA-50 for early seedling growth and biomass accumulation.

Özet

Bu çalışma, yüksek organik yük içeren cips atıksularının elektrokoagülasyon (EK) ile arıtımını ve sürdürülebilir tarımda kullanım potansiyelini incelemektedir. EK performansı su kalite parametreleriyle izlenmiş; biyolojik uygunluk nohut (Cicer arietinum L., cv. Azkan) tohumlarında çimlenme ve erken fide gelişimi ile değerlendirilmiştir. EK deneyleri, ham pH (4,65) ve 50 A/m² ile, ayarlanmış pH (6,5 ve 8,5) ve 100 A/m² koşullarında 15–120 dakika uygulanmıştır. En yüksek arıtım 100 A/m² ve pH 6,5’te gerçekleşmiş; 120. dakika sonunda kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı ve renk giderim verimleri sırasıyla %36,63 ve %97,37 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bitki denemelerinde ham atıksu (HA) ve EK ile arıtılmış suyun farklı seyreltmeleri (%25, %50, %75 ve %100) saf su kontrolü ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Veriler Python ile iki yönlü varyans ve LSD testi (p<0,05) ile analiz edilmiştir. HA-100 ve EK-100 uygulamaları plumula ve radikula büyümesini baskıladı. En yüksek çimlenme EK-25 (%95,45), en uzun radikula (22 mm) ve en yüksek taze biyokütle (6,80 g) HA-50’de gözlendi. Bulgular, düşük seyreltmede olası hormesis etkisini ve EK-25’in çimlenme, HA-50’nin fide ve biyokütle için uygun strateji olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Değer, A. G., Özdemir, N. C., Özdemir, S., Dizge, N. (2026). EFFECTS OF CHIP INDUSTRY WASTEWATER ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.). Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 294–312. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1850803

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (45)

  1. Agathokleous, E., Kitao, M., & Calabrese, E. J. (2020). Hormesis: Highly Generalizable and Beyond Laboratory. Trends in plant science, 25(11), 1076–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2020.05.006
  2. Alexander, P., Rabin, S., Anthoni, P., Henry, R., Pugh, T. A. M., Rounsevell, M. D. A., & Arneth, A. (2018). Adaptation of global land use and management intensity to changes in climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Global change biology, 24(7), 2791–2809. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14110
  3. Arslan, H., Gun, M., Akarsu, C. et al. Treatment of turnip juice wastewater by electrocoagulation/electroflotation and electrooxidation with aluminum, iron, boron-doped diamond, and graphite electrodes. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 53–62 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03994-3
  4. Bañón, S., Miralles, J., Ochoa, J., Franco, J. A., & Sánchez-Blanco, M. J. (2011). Effects of diluted and undiluted treated wastewater on the growth, physiological aspects and visual quality of potted Lantana and Polygala plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 129(4), 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.027
  5. Choudhury, S., & Sharma, P. (2014). Aluminum stress inhibits root growth and alters physiological and metabolic responses in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 85, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.10.012
  6. Costa, C. S., Carlos, C., Oliveira, A. A., & Barros, A. N. (2025). Reuse of Treated Wastewater to Address Water Scarcity in Viticulture: A Comprehensive Review. Agronomy, 15(4), 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040941
  7. Elliott, J., Deryng, D., Müller, C., Frieler, K., Konzmann, M., Gerten, D., Glotter, M., Flörke, M., Wada, Y., Best, N., Eisner, S., Fekete, B. M., Folberth, C., Foster, I., Gosling, S. N., Haddeland, I., Khabarov, N., Ludwig, F., Masaki, Y., Olin, S., … Wisser, D. (2014). Constraints and potentials of future irrigation water availability on agricultural production under climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(9), 3239–3244. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222474110
  8. EOS Data Analytics. (2023, 14 Haziran). Growing Chickpeas: A Comprehensive Guide For Farmers. EOSDA Blog. https://eos.com/blog/growing-chickpeas/
  9. Fendri, I., Ben Saad, R., Khemakhem, B., Ben Halima, N., Gdoura, R. and Abdelkafi, S. (2013), Effect of treated and untreated domestic wastewater on seed germination, seedling growth and amylase and lipase activities in Avena sativa L. J. Sci. Food Agric, 93: 1568-1574. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5923
  10. Güzel Değer, A., & Çevik, S. (2021). Impacts of nano-TiO2 on the initial development stages of barley seedlings under salinity. Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences, 34(1), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.29136/mediterranean.816107
  11. Hajiboland, R., Panda, C.K., Lastochkina, O. et al. Aluminum Toxicity in Plants: Present and Future. J Plant Growth Regul 42, 3967–3999 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10866-0
  12. Hasan, M. K., Pervin, M., Das, T. K., Rakib, A., Mousomi, K. N., & Shopan, J. (2025). Wastewater irrigation impacts on seed germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and mustard (Brassica napus) crops. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 11, 1924–1935. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EW00324E
  13. Herrera-Márquez, O., Serrano-Haro, M., Vicaria, J. M., Jurado, E., Fraatz-Leál, A. R., Zhang, Z. J., Fryer, P. J., & Avila-Sierra, A. (2020). Cleaning maps: A multi length-scale strategy to approach the cleaning of complex food deposits. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 121254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121254
  14. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2022). Food Security. In Climate Change and Land: IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems (pp. 437-550). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.007
  15. Jha UC, Nayyar H, Thudi M, Beena R, Prasad PVV and Siddique KHM (2024) Unlocking the nutritional potential of chickpea: strategies for biofortification and enhanced multinutrient quality. Front. Plant Sci. 15:1391496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1391496
  16. Jo, S., Kadam, R., Jang, H., Seo, D., & Park, J. (2024). Recent Advances in Wastewater Electrocoagulation Technologies: Beyond Chemical Coagulation. Energies, 17(23), 5863. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235863
  17. Kama, R., Song, J., Liu, Y., Hamani, A. K. M., Zhao, S., & Li, Z. (2023). Water Availability and Status of Wastewater Treatment and Agriculture Reuse in China: A Review. Agronomy, 13(5), 1187. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051187
  18. Karlikanovaite, A., Karahan, Ö., & Dülekgürgen, E. (2012). Endüstriyel atıksuların KOİ bileşenleri ve biyolojik arıtılabilirlikleri: Tekstil ve bira endüstrisi örnekleri. İTÜ Dergisi/E Su Kirlenmesi Kontrolü, 22(1), 3–10.
  19. Katerji, N., van Hoorn, J.W., Hamdy, A., Mastrorilli, M. (2005). Salt tolerance analysis of chickpea, faba bean and durum wheat varieties: I. Chickpea and faba bean. Agricultural Water Management, 72(3), pp. 177-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.09.015
  20. Khan, M. G., Daniel, G., Konjit, M., Thomas, A., Eyasu, S. S., & Awoke, G. (2011). Impact of textile waste water on seed germination and some physiological parameters in pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens esculentum L.) and gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 10(4), 269–273.
  21. Khelil, M. N., Dimessi, R. G., Mahmoudi, M., & Hachicha, M. (2022). Phytotoxic effect of treated wastewater on seed germination and percent root elongation inhibition in some vegetable crops. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 28(9), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2022/v28i930546
  22. Lalge, A., Terzin, F., Djordevic, B., Winkler, J., Vaverkova, M. D., Adamcova, D., Zloch, J., Brtnicky, M., Bjelkova, M., Vyhnanek, T., & Trojan, V. (2017, November 8–9). Effects of wastewater on seed germination and phytotoxicity of hemp cultivars (Cannabis sativa L.). Paper presented at the Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
  23. Long, S., Xie, W., Zhao, W., Liu, D., Wang, P., & Zhao, L. (2024). Effects of acid and aluminum stress on seed germination and physiological characteristics of seedling growth in Sophora davidii. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2024.2328891
  24. Ma, J. F., Ryan, P. R., & Delhaize, E. (2001). Aluminium tolerance in plants and the complexing role of organic acids. Trends in Plant Science, 6(6), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(01)01961-6
  25. Ma, Y., Zhang, J., Li, X., Zhang, S., & Lan, H. (2016). Effects of environmental stress on seed germination and seedling growth of Salsola ferganica (Chenopodiaceae). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36(6), 456–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2016.09.008
  26. Martínez-Cruz, A., & Rojas-Valencia, M. N. (2024). Assessment of Phytotoxicity in Untreated and Electrochemically Treated Leachates through the Analysis of Early Seed Growth and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy Characterization. Horticulturae, 10(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010067
  27. Mavrov, V., & Bélières, E. (2000). Reduction of water consumption and wastewater quantities in the food industry by water recycling using membrane processes. Desalination, 131(1–3), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)90008-0
  28. Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016). Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Science advances, 2(2), e1500323. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500323
  29. Moussouraki, M.-A., Tani, E., Velliou, A., Goufa, M., Psychogiou, M., Papadakis, I. E., & Abraham, E. M. (2019). Growth, physiological and biochemical responses of two Greek cotton cultivars to salt stress and their impact as selection indices for salt tolerance. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(3), 706–715. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha47311463
  30. Nikolić, I., Mijić, K., & Mitrović, I. (2025). Characteristics of Food Industry Wastewaters and Their Potential Application in Biotechnological Production. Processes, 13(8), 2401. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082401
  31. Nowwar, A.I., Farghal, I.I., Ismail, M.A. et al. Impact of Irrigation with Wastewater on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Its Remediation. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 23, 761–777 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-022-01080-8
  32. Panda, S. K., Baluška, F., & Matsumoto, H. (2009). Aluminum stress signaling in plants. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 4(7), 592–597. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.7.8903
  33. Patel, S. K., Shukla, S. C., Natarajan, B. R., Asaithambi, P., Dwivedi, H. K., Sharma, A., Singh, D., Nasim, M., Raghuvanshi, S., Sharma, D., Sen, S., Dubey, S., & Prajapati, A. K. (2025). State of the art review for industrial wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation process: Mechanism, cost and sludge analysis. Desalination and Water Treatment, 321, 100915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100915
  34. Perren, W., Wojtasik, A., Cai, Q. (2018). Removal of microbeads from wastewater using electrocoagulation. ACS Omega, 3(3), pp. 3357-3364. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b02037
  35. Phiri, C. K., Njira, K., & Chitedze, G. (2023). An insight of chickpea production potential, utilization and their challenges among smallholder farmers in Malawi – A review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 14, 100713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100713
  36. Qadir, M., Drechsel, P. & Jones, E.R. Domestic wastewater treatment and agricultural reuse progress and reporting challenges. Discov Water 5, 74 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-025-00244-8
  37. Rani, A., Devi, P., Jha, U. C., Sharma, K. D., Siddique, K. H. M., & Nayyar, H. (2020). Developing Climate-Resilient Chickpea Involving Physiological and Molecular Approaches With a Focus on Temperature and Drought Stresses. Frontiers in plant science, 10, 1759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01759
  38. Samad, R., Rashid, P., & Karmoker, J. L. (2017). Effects of aluminium toxicity on germination of seeds and its correlation with K⁺, Cl⁻ and Al³⁺ accumulation in radicle and plumule of Oryza sativa L. and Cicer arietinum L. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 46(3), 979–986.
  39. Sathya, K., Nagarajan, K., Carlin Geor Malar, G., Rajalakshmi, S., & Raja Lakshmi, P. (2022). A comprehensive review on comparison among effluent treatment methods and modern methods of treatment of industrial wastewater effluent from different sources. Applied water science, 12(4), 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01594-7
  40. Shrivastava, V., Ali, I., Marjub, M. M., Rene, E. R., & Soto, A. M. F. (2022). Wastewater in the food industry: Treatment technologies and reuse potential. Chemosphere, 293, 133553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133553
  41. Tertouche, S. A., Bellebia, S., Bengharez, Z., Zian, Z. & Jellali, S. (2021). Performance Assessment of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs ) and Application of Electrocoagulation Process to Improve Their Operation. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 30(6), 5273–5284. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/134084
  42. Uslu, Ö. S., Gedik, O., Kaya, A. R., Erol, A., Babur, E., Khan, H., Seleiman, M. F., & Wasonga, D. O. (2025). Effects of Different Irrigation Water Sources Contaminated with Heavy Metals on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Different Field Crops. Water, 17(6), 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060892
  43. Vörösmarty, C., McIntyre, P., Gessner, M. et al. Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 467, 555–561 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440
  44. Vranešević M, Meseldžija M, Grabić J, Zemunac R and Boukalova Z (2025) Irrigation water quality in a framework of sustainable development goal 6: a review of challenges impacts policy alignments. Front. Agron. 7:1580338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2025.1580338
  45. Yasemin, S., Güzel Değer, A., & Köksal, N. (2020). The Effects of Salt Stress in Zinnia (Zinnia sp.) Cultivars During Seed Germination and at the Early Stages of Seedling Growth. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(3), 253-265. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.703369