Journals / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

STUDY OF ABRASIVE WEAR PROPERTİES OF 1.6523 (AISI 8620), 1.2379 (AISI D2) AND TOOLOX 33 STEELS

1.6523 (AISI 8620), 1.2379 (AISI D2) VE TOOLOX 33 ÇELİKLERİN ABRASİF AŞINMA ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Alişan Kalkan(SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0009-0001-2500-947X
Ertuğrul Durak(SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-6957-3796
Pages
498–511
Publication Date
2026-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The experimental study, conducted under dry conditions, aimed to assist in the selection of these materials for industrial applications by measuring the coefficient of friction, mass loss, wear amount, and surface roughness.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Friction and wear between parts of a mechanical system, resulting from relative motion, cause energy loss.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In this study, the abrasive wear properties of 1.6523 (AISI 8620), 1.2379 (AISI D2), and Toolox 33 steels, commonly used in general machine manufacturing, were investigated using an Abrasive Wear Testing Machine (AATC).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The experimental study, conducted under dry conditions, aimed to assist in the selection of these materials for industrial applications by measuring the coefficient of friction, mass loss, wear amount, and surface roughness.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Aşınma · Abrasif aşınma · Sürtünme

Abstract

Friction and wear between parts of a mechanical system, resulting from relative motion, cause energy loss. Wear is an irreversible loss of material. In this study, the abrasive wear properties of 1.6523 (AISI 8620), 1.2379 (AISI D2), and Toolox 33 steels, commonly used in general machine manufacturing, were investigated using an Abrasive Wear Testing Machine (AATC). Unlike traditional pin-disk testing machines, the samples move on a disc, making contact with a new surface on the abrasive surface. Abrasives with a grit size of 120 were used. A load of 50 N, a speed of 5 mm/s, and a sliding distance of 500 m were selected for the tests. At the start of the test, all three steel types exhibited similar friction coefficients. However, in terms of average friction coefficient and wear losses, the samples behaved as follows, from smallest to largest: 1.6523 (AISI 8620), 1.2379 (AISI D2), and Toolox 33. On the other hand, based on the K wear coefficients, Toolox 33 steel was found to be in the middle range. The experimental study, conducted under dry conditions, aimed to assist in the selection of these materials for industrial applications by measuring the coefficient of friction, mass loss, wear amount, and surface roughness.

Özet

Mekanik bir sistemi oluşturan parçalar arasındaki bağıl hareket sonucunda parçalarda sürtünme ve aşınmalar enerji kaybına sebep olmaktadır. Aşınma, geri kazanılamayan bir madde kaybıdır. Bu çalışmada, genel makine imalatında yaygın kullanılan 1.6523 (AISI 8620), 1.2379 (AISI D2) ve Toolox 33 çeliklerin abrasif aşınma özellikleri Abrasif Aşınma Test Cihazı (AATC) kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Test cihazı geleneksel Pim-Disk cihazından farklı olarak test numunesi disk üzerinde hareket ederek aşındırıcı yüzeyinde yeni yüzeyle temas sağlanmıştır. Aşındırıcı olarak 120 grit tane boyutuna sahip zımparalar kullanılmıştır. Testlerde 50 N yük, 5 mm/s hız ve 500 m kayma mesafesi seçilmiştir. Test başlangıcında her üç çelik türü de birbirine yakın sürtünme katsayıları sergilemiştir. Bununla birlikte, ortalama sürtünme katsayısı ve aşınma kayıpları açısından numuneler küçükten büyüğe sırasıyla 1.6523 (AISI 8620), 1.2379 (AISI D2) ve Toolox 33 şeklinde davranış göstermektedir. Öte yandan, K aşınma katsayıları baz alındığında Toolox 33 çeliğinin orta değerde konumlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Kuru şartlarda gerçekleştirilen deneysel çalışmada, sürtünme katsayısı, kütle kaybı ile aşınma miktarı, yüzey pürüzlükleri ölçümünden yola çıkarak söz konusu malzemelerin seçiminde endüstri uygulamalarında yardımcı olmak amaçlanmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kalkan, A., Durak, E. (2026). STUDY OF ABRASIVE WEAR PROPERTİES OF 1.6523 (AISI 8620), 1.2379 (AISI D2) AND TOOLOX 33 STEELS. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 498–511. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1928774

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (44)

  1. Abdullayev, H., Huseynzade, E., & Sable, H., 2025, A Comprehensive Review of Wear Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies for Tribological Systems. Tribology in Industry, 47(2), 294-312, DOI: 10.24874/ti.1897.02.25.04).
  2. Archard, J.F., 1953, Contact and Rubbing of Flat Surfaces. Journal of Applied Physics, 24, 981-988, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1721448
  3. ASM International, 1991, ASM Handbook: Heat Treatment, Vol. 4, American Society for Metals Park, Ohio.
  4. ASM International, ASM Handbook, 2017, Volume 1: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys, 10th ed. Materials Park, OH: ASM International
  5. ASTM D5963, https://store.astm.org/d5963-22.html
  6. ASTM G65-16, 2016, Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus, www.astm.org, or.
  7. Bhushan, B. Principles and Applications of Tribology; 2013, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: New York, NY, USA,.
  8. Blau, P.J., 2008, Friction Science and Technology: From Concepts to Applications, Second Edition (2nd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420054101
  9. CINTool. (t.y.). D2 tool steel technical datasheet. http://cintool.com/documents/High_Carbon/d2.pdf
  10. Davis, J.R. (Ed.), 1995, ASM Specialty Handbook: Tool Materials. Materials Park, OH: ASM International
  11. Demkop Demir Çelik. (2026). Demir çelik ithalatında yeni dönem: gümrük vergileri artırıldı!, https://demkop.com/haber-detay-demir-celik-ithalatinda-yeni-donem-gumruk-vergileri-artirildi-13
  12. DIN 53516, https://www.dinmedia.de/en/standard/din-53516/1349077
  13. DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung, 2008, DIN EN 10084: Case-hardening steels, Technical delivery conditions. Beuth Verlag
  14. Dörrenberg Edelstahl GmbH., 2024, Technical Specifications for High Performance Cold Work Steels [Technical
  15. Erden, M.A., Aydın, F. (2021), Wear and mechanical properties of carburized AISI 8620 steel produced by powder metallurgy. Int J Miner Metall Mater 28, 430–439, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2046-8.
  16. Hasçelik. (2025.). 20NiCrMo2 (AISI 8620 / 1.6523) çeliği. https://hascelik.com/20nicrmo2-aisi-8620-din-1-6523-celik
  17. Hernandez, S., Hardell,J., Winkelmann, H., Ripoll, M. R., Prakash,B., 2015, Influence of temperature on abrasive wear of boron steel and hot forming tool steels, Wear,338–339, 27-35, ISSN 0043-1648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.05.010.
  18. Holmberg, K., & Erdemir, A., 2017, Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions, Friction, 5(3), 263-284.
  19. Holmberg, K., & Matthews, A., 2009, Coatings Tribology: Properties, Mechanisms, Techniques and Applications in Surface Engineering. Elsevier. Tribology and Interface Engineering Series Vol. 56 https://www.elsevier.com/books/coatings-tribology/holmberg/978-0-444-52750-9
  20. Hutchings, I.M., Shipway, P., 2017, Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780081009109 https://www.iso.org/standard/70646.html#:~:text=ISO%204957:2018%20%2D%20Tool%20steels
  21. ISO 4649, https://www.iso.org/standard/86603.html
  22. ISO 4957:2018, Tool steels
  23. Karaca, H., Türkmen, M., 2019, Kriyojenik İşlem Yapılmış Soğuk İş Takım Çeliklerinin Abrasif Aşınma Davranışlarının İncelenmesi ve İstatistiksel Analizi, Politeknik Dergisi, 22(4), 1047-1055, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/politeknik/article/477373
  24. Karakaş,M.S., 2020, Tribocorrosion behavior of surface-modified AISI D2 steel, Surface and Coatings Technology, 394, 125884, 1-10, ISSN 0257-8972,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.125884.
  25. Kayode, J.F.; Afolalu, S.A.; Emetere, M.E.; Monye, S.I.; Sunday, L.; Lawa, S.L. 2023, Application and impact of tribology in energy-an overview. E3S Web Conf. 2023, 391, 01081.
  26. Kılınçarslan, M.A., Yılmaz, M., Karakaya, U., 2025, The Effect of Boriding on the Wear Behavior of AISI 8620 Steel, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bitlisfen/article/1698675
  27. Klingspor Schleiftechnologie GmbH & Co. KG. (2021). CS 411 X abrasive belt – Technical data sheet. https://www.klingspor.de/en/products/belts/cs-411-x/pdf
  28. Korkmaz Çelik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş. (t.y.). Korkmaz Çelik Katalogu [Product catalogue]. https://www.korkmazcelik.com/assets/pdf/katalog.pdf
  29. Kurt, A., Elitaş, M., Demir, B., Yazıcı, Ö., 2021, Sıcak Haddeleme Yolluk Makarası Soğuk İş Takım Çeliklerinin Aşınma Davranışlarının İncelenmesi, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, https://acikerisim.aku.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11630/9017
  30. Laguna-Camacho, J. R., Gallardo-Hernández, E. A., Vite-Torres, M., Calderón-Ramón, C. M., Velázquez-Martínez, V., Sánchez-Yáñez, S. M., & Zermeño-De Lojo, K. I., 2025, Erosion of AISI 4340 and AISI 8620 Steels with High Ductility Caused by SiC Particles. Metals, 15(7), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15070800 Manual/Datasheet]. Engelskirchen, Germany
  31. Rafael A. Mesquita, Reinhold E. Schneider, Introduction to heat treating of tool steels, heat treating of irons and steels, Vol 4D, ASM Handbook, Edited By Jon L. Dossett, George E. Totten, ASM International, 2014, p 277–287, https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005946
  32. Pešlová, F., Janeková, M., Krum, S., 2018, Structural changes of selected materials for glass industry after thermal loading,, MATEC Web Conf., 157, 07011, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815707011
  33. Resmî Gazete. (2025, 31 Aralık). İthalat Rejimi Kararına Ek Karar (Vasıflı Çelikler), https://ticaret.gov.tr/ithalat/ithalat-mevzuati/ithalat-rejimi-karari-igv-karari-ve-ithalat-tebligleri/1-ithalat-rejimi-kararikarar-sayisi3350karar-metni-ve-tablolar-konsolide-edilmis-olup-gunceldir
  34. Roy, S., Sundararajan, S., 2016, The effect of heat treatment routes on the retained austenite and Tribomechanical properties of carburized AISI 8620 steel,
  35. Surface and Coatings Technology, 308,236-243,, ISSN 0257-8972, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2016.06.095.
  36. Stachowiak, G., & Batchelor, A. W., 2025, Engineering tribology. Butterworth-heinemann.
  37. Şekercioğlu, T., 2020, Rulman ömürlerinde güvenilirlik ve etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi. Mühendis ve Makina, 61(700), 198-207, https://doi.org/10.46399/muhendismakina.749835
  38. Tóth, L., 2018, Examination of the Properties and Structure of Tool Steel EN 1.2379 Due to Different Heat Treatments, European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, 3(3), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329311843
  39. Totten, G. E., 2006, Steel heat treatment handbook-2 volume set, CRC press.
  40. Tribologia – Finnish Journal of Tribology, Editorial Foreword, 2025, Tribology's role in advancing sustainable technologies and energy efficiency, 42(1-2), 3-6.
  41. Türkiye Çelik Üreticileri Derneği (TÇÜD). (2026). Demir-çelik 2026'da Dönüm Noktasında: SKDM ve Karbon Yükümlülükleri. https://celik.org.tr/tr/uyeler/haberler/demir-celik-2026-da-doenuem-noktasinda
  42. Tylack J.H., Abrasive wear, 1992, ASM Handbook, Vol. 18: Friction, Lubrication and. Wear Technology, ASM International,
  43. Uddeholm. (t.y.). AISI D2 tool steel. https://www.uddeholm.com/us/en-us/products/aisi-d2/ Vulcan Kalıp Metal ve Gelişim Ltd. Şti. (2021). Toolox 33 Technical Brochure [Technical Datasheet]. https://www.vulcan.com.tr/bros/toolox-33.pdf
  44. Pešlová, F., Janeková, M., Krum, S., 2018, Structural changes of selected materials for glass industry after thermal loading,, MATEC Web Conf., 157, 07011, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815707011