Journals / İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

The Mediating Role of Social Loneliness Level in the Effect of Fear of Missing Out on Digital Addiction: A Study for Academicians

Gündemi Kaçırma Korkusunun Dijital Bağımlılığa Etkisinde Sosyal Yalnızlık Düzeyinin Aracılık Rolü: Akademisyenlere Yönelik Bir Çalışma

Ahmet Tuncay Erdem(Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi)0000-0003-4573-8415
Pages
67–82
Publication Date
2026-05-05
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Based on the findings, practical and theoretical suggestions are given in the conclusion section.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Aim: To determine the interaction between fear of missing out (FoMO), digital addiction, and social loneliness level, the question “does social loneliness mediate the effect of fear of missing out on digital addiction?” is sought.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Method: Within the scope of the research, a survey was conducted with 614 academics working at universities in Türkiye using the quantitative research method.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Based on the findings, practical and theoretical suggestions are given in the conclusion section.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:FoMO · dijital bağımlılık · sosyal yalnızlık

Abstract

Aim: To determine the interaction between fear of missing out (FoMO), digital addiction, and social loneliness level, the question “does social loneliness mediate the effect of fear of missing out on digital addiction?” is sought. Method: Within the scope of the research, a survey was conducted with 614 academics working at universities in Türkiye using the quantitative research method. The obtained data were analyzed using AMOS 24 and SPSS 26 programs. Confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation model analysis, correlation analysis, and frequency analysis were performed during the analysis process. Results: It was determined that fear of missing out (FoMO) increased digital addiction and social loneliness. In addition, it was observed that increasing social loneliness levels strengthened digital addiction. During the research process, it was determined that social loneliness played a mediating role in the effect of FoMO on digital addiction. Conclusion: When the literature was examined, no other study was found that examined the interactions of fear of missing out (FoMO), digital addiction, and social loneliness level in the same research model. It can be said that this study is original by verifying a research model that has not been tried before. Based on the findings, practical and theoretical suggestions are given in the conclusion section.

Özet

Amaç: Gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu (FoMO), dijital bağımlılık ve sosyal yalnızlık düzeyi arasındaki etkileşimi belirlemesi amacıyla “gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunun dijital bağımlılığa etkisinde sosyal yalnızlık düzeyi aracılık ediyor mu?” sorusuna cevap aranmaktadır. Yöntem: Araştırma kapsamında nicel araştırma yöntemiyle Türkiye'deki üniversitelerde görev yapmakta olan 614 akademisyenle anket yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler AMOS 24 ve SPSS 26 programlarıyla analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sürecinde doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, yapısal eşitlik modeli analizi, korelasyon analizi ve frekans analizi yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusunun (FoMO), dijital bağımlılığı ve sosyal yalnızlığı artırdığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, sosyal yalnızlık düzeylerinin yükselmesi dijital bağımlılığı güçlendirdiği görülmüştür. Araştırma sürecinde, sosyal yalnızlığın FoMO'nun dijital bağımlılık üzerindeki etkisinde aracılık rolü oynadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Literatür incelendiğinde araştırmada ele alınan Gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu (FoMO), dijital bağımlılık ve sosyal yalnızlık düzeyinin aynı araştırma modelinde etkileşimlerini inceleyen başka bir çalışmaya rastlanılamamıştır. Daha önce denenmemiş bir araştırma modelinin doğrulanması ile bu çalışmanın özgün olduğu söylenebilir. Bulgulara dayanarak, sonuç bölümünde pratik ve teorik önerilere yer verilmiştir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Erdem, A. T. (2026). The Mediating Role of Social Loneliness Level in the Effect of Fear of Missing Out on Digital Addiction: A Study for Academicians. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 67–82. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.1634266

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (104)

  1. ABU-SHANAB, E., AL-SHARAFI, M. A., & AL-EMRAN, M. (2024). The influence of network externality and fear of missing out on the continuous use of social networks: a cross-country comparison. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 40(15), 4058-4070.
  2. ADA, S., & TATLI, H. (2012). Akıllı telefon kullanımını etkileyen faktörler üzerine bir araştırma. K. Maraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, İİBF, İşletme Bölümü, Kahramanmaraş.
  3. AKGÜL, H. (2020). “Yetişkinler için Sosyal ve Duygusal Yalnızlık Ölçeği’nin (SELSA-S) Türk kültürüne uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması.” Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 10 (21):54-69.
  4. AKOPOV, S. (2024). Sovereignty as ‘organized loneliness’: an existential approach to the sovereigntism of Russian ‘state-civilization’. Journal of Political Ideologies, 29(1), 145-170.
  5. AL-MAMUN, F., HASAN, M. E., MOSTOFA, N. B., AKTHER, M., MASHRUBA, T., ARİF, M.,. & MAMUN, M. A. (2024). Prevalence and factors associated with digital addiction among students taking university entrance tests: a GIS-based study. BMC psychiatry, 24(1), 322.
  6. ALSHAKHSI, S., BABIKER, A., MONTAG, C., & ALI, R. (2023). On the association between personality, fear of missing out (FoMO) and problematic social media use tendencies in European and Arabian samples. Acta psychologica, 240, 104026.
  7. ALSHEHRI, H., ALTURKESTANI, R., HIJAN, B., ALMALKI, S., ALOBAIDI, R., ALMUFTI, S.,. & ABDULGHAFFAR, H. K. (2024). The prevalence of existential anxiety and its association with depression, general anxiety, and stress in Saudi university students. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 31(1), 47.
  8. ALTUNIŞIK, R, COŞKUN, R. BAYRAKTAROĞLU, S. & YILDIRIM, E. (2007). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri: SPSS uygulamalı: Sakarya yayıncılık.
  9. ALUTAYBI, A., AL-THANI, D., MCALANEY, J., & ALI, R. (2020). Combating fear of missing out (FoMO) on social media: The FoMO-R method. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(17), 6128.
  10. ANASTASYA, Y. A., HADIAH, C. M., AMALIA, I., & SUZANNA, E. (2022). Correlation between fear of missing out and internet addiction in students. International Journal of Islamic Educational Psychology, 3(1), 35-43.
  11. ASHER, S. R., & PAQUETTE, J. A. (2003). Loneliness and peer relations in childhood. Current directions in psychological science, 12(3), 75-78.
  12. BARJAKOVÁ, M., GARNERO, A., & D’HOMBRES, B. (2023). Risk factors for loneliness: A literature review. Social Science & Medicine, 334, 116163.
  13. BARRY, C. T., & WONG, M. Y. (2020). Fear of missing out (FoMO): A generational phenomenon or an individual difference?. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(12), 2952-2966.
  14. BAZRAFSHAN, M. R., & YARBAKHSH, H. (2024). The Role of Internet Addiction Recovery Camps in Addressing Digital Dependency. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15, 38.
  15. BENTLER, P. M., & BONETT, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological bulletin, 88(3).
  16. BERNARD, C. E. (2020). Lonely zs: Examining the relationships among time spent on social networking sites, the fear of missing out (fomo), and loneliness among undergraduate college students.
  17. BHATTACHARYA, S., BASHAR, M. A., SRIVASTAVA, A., & SINGH, A. (2019). Nomophobia: No mobile phone phobia. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(4), 1297-1300.
  18. BRAILOVSKAIA, J., & MARGRAF, J. (2024). From fear of missing out (FoMO) to addictive social media use: The role of social media flow and mindfulness. Computers in Human Behavior, 150, 107984.
  19. BROWN, C., & LOWIS, M. J. (2003). Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Erikson's ninth stage. Journal of Aging Studies, 17(4), 415-426.
  20. BROWNE, M. W., & CUDECK, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological methods & research, 21(2), 230-258.
  21. BUSCH, P. A., HAUSVIK, G. I., ROPSTAD, O. K., & PETTERSEN, D. (2021). Smartphone usage among older adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 121, 106783.
  22. BYRNE, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling: Perspectives on the present and the future. International Journal of Testing, 1(3-4), 327-334.
  23. BYUN, S., RUFFINI, C., MILLS, J. E., DOUGLAS, A. C., NIANG, M., STEPCHENKOVA, S.,. & BLANTON, M. (2009). Internet addiction: Metasynthesis of 1996–2006 quantitative research. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 12(2), 203-207.
  24. CACIOPPO, J. T., & CACIOPPO, S. (2018). The growing problem of loneliness. The Lancet, 391(10119), 426.
  25. ÇELİK, F., & ÖZKARA, B. Y. (2022). Gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu (FoMO) ölçeği: Sosyal medya bağlamına uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin sınanması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 42(1), 71-103.
  26. de JONG GIERVELD, J, VAN TILBURG, T., & PEARL, A. D. (2006). Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships. Google Scholar:485-500.
  27. DiTOMMASO, E., & SPINNER, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and individual differences, 14(1), 127-134.
  28. DYKSTRA, P. A. (2009). Older adult loneliness: myths and realities. European journal of ageing, 6, 91-100.
  29. EKİNCİ, N. E., YALÇIN, I., & AYHAN, C. (2019). Analysis of loneliness levels and digital game addiction of middle school students according to various variables. World Journal of Education, 9(1), 20-27.
  30. ELLIS, D. A., DAVIDSON, B. I., SHAW, H., & GEYER, K. (2019). Do smartphone usage scales predict behavior?. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 130, 86-92.
  31. ERCİŞ, A., DELİGOZ, K., & MUTLU, M. (2021). Öğrencilerin FoMO ve plansiz satin alma davranişlari üzerine bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(1), 219-243.
  32. EREVIK, E. K., VEDAA, Ø., PALLESEN, S., HYSING, M., & SIVERTSEN, B. (2023). The five-factor model's personality traits and social and emotional loneliness: Two large-scale studies among Norwegian students. Personality and Individual Differences, 207, 112115.
  33. EŞITTI, Ş. (2015). bilgi çağinda problemli internet kullanimi ve enformasyon obezitesi: Problemli internet kullanimi ölçeğinin üniversite öğrencilerine uygulanmasi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi| Istanbul University Faculty of Communication Journal (49):75-97.
  34. ETTEMA, E. J., DERKSEN, L. D., & VAN LEEUWEN, E. (2010). Existential loneliness and end-of-life care: A systematic review. Theoretical medicine and bioethics, 31, 141-169.
  35. FORNELL, C., & LARCKER, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
  36. GAO, X., RAJA, T., CHONG, K. M., & WU, M. (2023). Examining the Phenomenon of Juveniles Digital Addiction in Rural China. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 8(24), 273-282.
  37. GONÇALVES, L., NARDI, A., & KING, A. (2023). Digital dependence in the past decade: A systematic review. Journal of Addiction Research and Adolescent Behaviour, 6(1), 1-18.
  38. HADLINGTON, L., & SCASE, M. O. (2018). End-user frustrations and failures in digital technology: exploring the role of Fear of Missing Out, Internet addiction and personality. Heliyon, 4(11).
  39. HAIR, J.F., BLACK, W.C., BABIN, B.J. & ANDERSON, R.E. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th Edition, Pearson, New York.
  40. HAN, S. J., NAGDUAR, S., & YU, H. J. (2023). Digital addiction and related factors among college students. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 22, p. 2943). MDPI.
  41. HATTINGH, M., DHIR, A., RACTHAM, P., FERRARIS, A., & YAHIAOUI, D. (2022). Factors mediating social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media fatigue: A comparative study among Instagram and Snapchat users. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 185, 122099.
  42. HEINRICH, L. M., & GULLONE, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical psychology review, 26(6), 695-718.
  43. HERR, E. L., & CRAMER, S. H. (1988). Career guidance and counseling through the life span: Systematic approaches. Scott, Foresman & Co.
  44. HETZ, P. R., DAWSON, C. L., & CULLEN, T. A. (2015). Social media use and the fear of missing out (FoMO) while studying abroad. Journal of research on technology in education, 47(4), 259-272.
  45. HODKINSON, C. (2019). ‘Fear of Missing Out’(FOMO) marketing appeals: A conceptual model. Journal of Marketing Communications, 25(1), 65-88.
  46. İME, Y., AKYIL, Y., & CAGLAR, A. (2024). The examination of the relationships among digital addiction, loneliness, shyness, and social anxiety in adolescents. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 40(2), 236-241.
  47. JABEEN, F., TANDON, A., SITHIPOLVANICHGUL, J., SRIVASTAVA, S., & DHIR, A. (2023). Social media-induced fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media fatigue: The role of narcissism, comparison and disclosure. Journal of Business Research, 159, 113693.
  48. KLINE, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis: Routledge.
  49. KNIGHT, Z. G. (2017). A proposed model of psychodynamic psychotherapy linked to Erik Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 24(5), 1047-1058.
  50. KOC, H., ŞİMŞİR GÖKALP, Z., & SEKİ, T. (2023). The relationships between self-control and distress among emerging adults: A serial mediating roles of fear of missing out and social media addiction. Emerging Adulthood, 11(3), 626-638.
  51. KROPF, N. P., & GREENE, R. R. (2017). Erikson’s eight stages of development: Different lenses. In Human Behavior Theory (pp. 77-100). Routledge.
  52. LABRAGUE, L. J., JAAD, S., & FALGUERA, C. (2021). Social and emotional loneliness among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: the predictive role of coping behaviours, social support, and personal resilience.
  53. LEİGH-HUNT, N., BAGGULEY, D., BASH, K., TURNER, V., TURNBULL, S., VALTORTA, N., & CAAN, W. (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public health, 152, 157-171.
  54. LIKAMWA, R., LIU, Y., LANE, N. D., & ZHONG, L. (2013). Moodscope: Building a mood sensor from smartphone usage patterns. In Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services (pp. 389-402).
  55. MacKENZIE, S. B., & PODSAKOFF, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of retailing, 88(4), 542-555.
  56. MARSH, H. W., & HOCEVAR, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological bulletin, 97(3), 562.
  57. MASUR, P. K. (2021). Digital communication effects on loneliness and life satisfaction. In Oxford research encyclopedia of communication. Pp. 1182-1209.
  58. McDONALD, R. P., & MARSH, H. W. (1990). Choosing a multivariate model: noncentrality and goodness of fit. Psychological bulletin, 107(2), 247.
  59. METİN-ORTA, İ. (2020). Fear of Missing Out, Internet Addiction and Their Relationship to Psychological Symptoms. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(1).
  60. MUNLEY, P. H. (1975). Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and vocational behavior. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22(4), 314.
  61. OBERST, U., WEGMANN, E., STODT, B., BRAND, M., & CHAMARRO, A. (2017). Negative consequences from heavy social networking in adolescents: The mediating role of fear of missing out. Journal of adolescence, 55, 51-60.
  62. ÖZBEK, V., ALNIAÇIK, Ü., KOÇ, F., AKKILIÇ, M. E., & KAŞ, E. (2014). Kişilik özelliklerinin teknoloji kabulü üzerindeki doğrudan ve dolayli etkileri: Akilli telefon teknolojileri üzerine bir araştirma. International Review of Economics and Management, 2(1), 36-57.
  63. PAULA, K., ZENGİN, S., & KİZİLGEÇİT, M. (2011). Yalnizlik hissi: Teorik yaklaşimlar. Dinbilimleri Journal, 11(3).
  64. PENNING, M. J., WU, Z., & HOU, F. (2024). Childlessness and social and emotional loneliness in middle and later life. Ageing & Society, 44(7), 1551-1578.
  65. PEPER, E., & HARVEY, R. (2018). Digital addiction: Increased loneliness, anxiety, and depression. NeuroRegulation, 5(1), 3-3.
  66. PEPLAU, L. A., & PERLMAN, D. (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy, New York: Wiley-Interscience.
  67. RIORDAN, B. C., FLETT, J. A., CODY, L. M., CONNER, T. S., & SCARF, D. (2021). The Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and event-specific drinking: The relationship between FoMO and alcohol use, harm, and breath alcohol concentration during orientation week. Current Psychology, 40, 3691-3701.
  68. ROBERTS, J. A., & DAVID, M. E. (2020). The social media party: Fear of missing out (FoMO), social media intensity, connection, and well-being. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 36(4), 386-392.
  69. ROKACH, A., & BROCK, H. (1997). Loneliness and the effects of life changes. The Journal of psychology, 131(3), 284-298.
  70. ROOK, K. S. (1985). The functions of social bonds: Perspectives from research on social support, loneliness and social isolation. In Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 243-267). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
  71. RUSSELL, D., CUTRONA, C. E., ROSE, J., & YURKO, K. (1984). Social and emotional loneliness: an examination of Weiss's typology of loneliness. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(6), 1313.
  72. SAFDAR BAJWA, R., ABDULLAH, H., ZAREMOHZZABİEH, Z., WAN JAAFAR, W. M., & ABU SAMAH, A. (2023). Smartphone addiction and phubbing behavior among university students: A moderated mediation model by fear of missing out, social comparison, and loneliness. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1072551.
  73. SCOTT, R. A., ZİMMER‐GEMBECK, M. J., GARDNER, A. A., HAWES, T., MODECKİ, K. L., DUFFY, A. L.,. & WATERS, A. M. (2024). Daily use of digital technologies to feel better: Adolescents' digital emotion regulation, emotions, loneliness, and recovery, considering prior emotional problems. Journal of Adolescence, 96(3), 539-550.
  74. SEEMA, R., HEIDMETS, M., KONSTABEL, K., & VARIK-MAASIK, E. (2022). Development and validation of the digital addiction scale for teenagers (DAST). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(2), 293-304.
  75. SERVIDIO, R., SORACI, P., GRIFFITHS, M. D., BOCA, S., & DEMETROVICS, Z. (2024). Fear of missing out and problematic social media use: A serial mediation model of social comparison and self-esteem. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 19, 100536.
  76. SINGH, A. K., & SINGH, P. K. (2019). Digital Addiction: A conceptual overview. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 3538.
  77. SKIERKOWSKI, D., & WOOD, R. M. (2012). To text or not to text? The importance of text messaging among college-aged youth. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 744-756.
  78. SUN, L. (2023). Social media usage and students’ social anxiety, loneliness and well-being: does digital mindfulness-based intervention effectively work?. BMC psychology, 11(1), 362.
  79. TANAKA, J. S., & HUBA, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology, 38(2), 197-201.
  80. TANHAN, F., ÖZOK, H. İ., & TAYİZ, V. (2022). Gelişmeleri kaçırma korkusu (FoMO): güncel bir derleme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 14(1), 74-85.
  81. TURAN, S., UZUN, S., & ALEMDAR, U. (2023). Predictors of internet addiction in middle adolescence: social, emotional loneliness and digital gaming. International Journal of Asian Education, 4(1), 17-25.
  82. TUTAR, H., & ERDEM, A. T. (2022). Örnekleriyle bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve SPSS uygulamaları. Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2. Baskı
  83. TÜRK, N., BATMAZ, H., & KELEŞ, O. (2024).  Adaptation of the Child-Adolescent Digital Addiction Scale (CADAS) to the Turkish Culture: A Validity and Reliability Study. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(21), 139-150.
  84. URUK, A. C., & DEMİR, A. (2003). The role of peers and families in predicting the loneliness level of adolescents. The journal of psychology, 137(2), 179-193.
  85. VAGHELA, P. S. (2016, March). Digital addiction: an epidemic of digital world-an article on digital addiction among genaration d. In National Conference On Managing Business Through Digital Marketing In The Globalized Era. Grajat.
  86. VAN HUYNH, C., PHAN, H. T., HUA, T. D., TRAN-THI, T. H., & TRAN-CHI, V. L. (2022). Relationship between the fear of missing out and loneliness among university students in COVID-19 pandemic. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 12(3), 44-48.
  87. VAN TILBURG, T. G. (2021). Social, emotional, and existential loneliness: A test of the multidimensional concept. The Gerontologist, 61(7), e335-e344.
  88. WANG, L., QİU, J., YAN, S., WANG, Y., & ZHANG, Y. (2022). Does mobile social media undermine our romantic relationships? The influence of fear-of-missing-out on young people’romantic relationship.
  89. WANG, Y., & ZENG, Y. (2024). Relationship between loneliness and internet addiction: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 858.
  90. WU, D., ZHAO, Y. C., WANG, X., SONG, S., & LIAN, J. (2024). Digital hoarding in everyday hedonic social media use: the roles of fear of missing out (FoMO) and social media affordances. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 40(18), 5399-5414.
  91. YALOM, I. (1999). Varoluşçu Psikoterapi (Z. İyidoğan Babayiğit, Çev.). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  92. YANGUAS, J., PINAZO-HENANDIS, S., & TARAZONA-SANTABALBINA, F. J. (2018). The complexity of loneliness. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis, 89(2), 302.
  93. YIN, L., WANG, P., LI, H., MAO, N., HU, H., & GRIFFITHS, M. D. (2024). Gender differences in the associations between parental phubbing, fear of missing out, and social networking site addiction: A cross-lagged panel study. Technology in Society, 78, 102668.
  94. ZHANG, Z., JIMÉNEZ, F. R., & CICALA, J. E. (2020). Fear of missing out scale: A self‐concept perspective. Psychology & Marketing, 37(11), 1619-1634.
  95. AKGÜL, H. (2020). “Yetişkinler için Sosyal ve Duygusal Yalnızlık Ölçeği’nin (SELSA-S) Türk kültürüne uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması.” Yalova Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 10 (21):54-69.
  96. AL-MAMUN, F., HASAN, M. E., MOSTOFA, N. B., AKTHER, M., MASHRUBA, T., ARİF, M.,. & MAMUN, M. A. (2024). Prevalence and factors associated with digital addiction among students taking university entrance tests: a GIS-based study. BMC psychiatry, 24(1), 322.
  97. ALSHEHRI, H., ALTURKESTANI, R., HIJAN, B., ALMALKI, S., ALOBAIDI, R., ALMUFTI, S.,. & ABDULGHAFFAR, H. K. (2024). The prevalence of existential anxiety and its association with depression, general anxiety, and stress in Saudi university students. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 31(1), 47.
  98. BYUN, S., RUFFINI, C., MILLS, J. E., DOUGLAS, A. C., NIANG, M., STEPCHENKOVA, S.,. & BLANTON, M. (2009). Internet addiction: Metasynthesis of 1996–2006 quantitative research. Cyberpsychology & behavior, 12(2), 203-207.
  99. de JONG GIERVELD, J, VAN TILBURG, T., & PEARL, A. D. (2006). Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships. Google Scholar:485-500.
  100. HEINRICH, L. M., & GULLONE, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical psychology review, 26(6), 695-718.
  101. KLINE, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis: Routledge.
  102. LIKAMWA, R., LIU, Y., LANE, N. D., & ZHONG, L. (2013). Moodscope: Building a mood sensor from smartphone usage patterns. In Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services (pp. 389-402).
  103. SCOTT, R. A., ZİMMER‐GEMBECK, M. J., GARDNER, A. A., HAWES, T., MODECKİ, K. L., DUFFY, A. L.,. & WATERS, A. M. (2024). Daily use of digital technologies to feel better: Adolescents' digital emotion regulation, emotions, loneliness, and recovery, considering prior emotional problems. Journal of Adolescence, 96(3), 539-550.
  104. YIN, L., WANG, P., LI, H., MAO, N., HU, H., & GRIFFITHS, M. D. (2024). Gender differences in the associations between parental phubbing, fear of missing out, and social networking site addiction: A cross-lagged panel study. Technology in Society, 78, 102668.