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Journals / International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education / 2026 / Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Development and psychometric evaluation of the E-sports Attitude Scale

Yunus Emre Karakaya(FIRAT UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-9858-2103
Seda Demir Ayçiçek(TOKAT GAZIOSMANPASA UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-4230-5593
Selahattin Gelbal(HACETTEPE UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-5181-7262
Sebahattin Devecioğlu(FIRAT UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-8205-295X
Fazilet Özge Maviş Sevim(TOKAT GAZIOSMANPASA UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-4120-5374
Emin Tamer Yenen(NEVŞEHİR HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-2359-3518
Melih Dikmen(FIRAT UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-7015-6236
Pages
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Publication Date
2026-01-02
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These findings provide strong evidence for the validity, reliability, and fairness of the E-sports Attitude Scale, confirming its suitability for measuring attitudes toward e-sports in higher education contexts.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aimed to develop and conduct a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of a scale designed to measure university students’ attitudes toward e-sports.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Two independent samples selected using maximum variation sampling were utilized: 797 students participated in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while 794 students were included in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:These findings provide strong evidence for the validity, reliability, and fairness of the E-sports Attitude Scale, confirming its suitability for measuring attitudes toward e-sports in higher education contexts.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:E-sports · Attitude · Scale development

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and conduct a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of a scale designed to measure university students’ attitudes toward e-sports. The research was carried out using a correlational research design. Two independent samples selected using maximum variation sampling were utilized: 797 students participated in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while 794 students were included in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA results revealed a four-factor structure -socialization, individualization, career, and risks- explaining 64% of the total variance. The CFA supported this structure with excellent model fit indices (CFI = .99, TLI = .98, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .06). Reliability analyses demonstrated high internal consistency, with Cronbach’s α ranging from .89 to .93, McDonald’s ω between .90 and .94, and stratified α (.94) as well as Revelle’s ω (.97) for the total scale. Furthermore, measurement invariance across gender was examined and supported, indicating that the scale functions equivalently for male and female respondents. Additionally, Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis based on ordinal logistic regression revealed no significant gender-related item bias, reinforcing item-level fairness. These findings provide strong evidence for the validity, reliability, and fairness of the E-sports Attitude Scale, confirming its suitability for measuring attitudes toward e-sports in higher education contexts.

Özet

This study aimed to develop and conduct a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of a scale designed to measure university students’ attitudes toward e-sports. The research was carried out using a correlational research design. Two independent samples selected using maximum variation sampling were utilized: 797 students participated in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while 794 students were included in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The EFA results revealed a four-factor structure -socialization, individualization, career, and risks- explaining 64% of the total variance. The CFA supported this structure with excellent model fit indices (CFI = .99, TLI = .98, RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .06). Reliability analyses demonstrated high internal consistency, with Cronbach’s α ranging from .89 to .93, McDonald’s ω between .90 and .94, and stratified α (.94) as well as Revelle’s ω (.97) for the total scale. Furthermore, measurement invariance across gender was examined and supported, indicating that the scale functions equivalently for male and female respondents. Additionally, Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis based on ordinal logistic regression revealed no significant gender-related item bias, reinforcing item-level fairness. These findings provide strong evidence for the validity, reliability, and fairness of the E-sports Attitude Scale, confirming its suitability for measuring attitudes toward e-sports in higher education contexts.

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Cite This Article

Karakaya, Y. E., Ayçiçek, S. D., Gelbal, S., Devecioğlu, S., Sevim, F. Ö. M., Yenen, E. T., Dikmen, M. (2026). Development and psychometric evaluation of the E-sports Attitude Scale. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, Volume: 13 Issue: 1. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1662535

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