Journals / Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 44 Sayı: 2

France’s Middle East Policy and Reflections of the Syrian Civil War

Fransa’nın Orta Doğu Politikası ve Suriye İç Savaşı’nın Yansımaları

Ahmet Gedik(ISTINYE UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-0371-6528
Can Donduran(İSTİNYE ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-2737-1410
Pages
404–423
Publication Date
2026-06-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Ultimately, France’s Syrian policy reflects the enduring difficulty of reconciling idealism with pragmatic geopolitical calculation.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:France’s Middle East policy has been shaped by a persistent tension between universalist norms and strategic interests.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In the early stages of the conflict, France strongly criticized the Assad regime and supported moderate opposition forces, presenting its position as part of a broader commitment to democratic change and civilian protection.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Ultimately, France’s Syrian policy reflects the enduring difficulty of reconciling idealism with pragmatic geopolitical calculation.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2013 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Orta Doğu · Suriye İç Savaşı · Arap Baharı

Abstract

France’s Middle East policy has been shaped by a persistent tension between universalist norms and strategic interests. While France has often emphasized principles such as the fight against terrorism, human rights, and opposition to authoritarian violence, it has also pursued economic, security, and geopolitical objectives in the region. This article examines France’s policy toward the Syrian civil war as a multidimensional process marked by a gradual shift from normative interventionism to security-oriented pragmatism. In the early stages of the conflict, France strongly criticized the Assad regime and supported moderate opposition forces, presenting its position as part of a broader commitment to democratic change and civilian protection. However, French influence remained limited due to weak coordination with major international actors, particularly the United States. Washington’s retreat from direct intervention in 2013 created a strategic vacuum that enabled Russia and Iran to expand their role in Syria. As the conflict deepened, France recalibrated its approach, giving greater priority to counterterrorism, regional stability, and national security concerns. The article argues that French policy has been shaped by both external systemic pressures and domestic factors, including leadership preferences, political debates, and France’s established strategic culture. Ultimately, France’s Syrian policy reflects the enduring difficulty of reconciling idealism with pragmatic geopolitical calculation.

Özet

Fransa’nın Orta Doğu politikası, terörle mücadele gibi evrensel ilkelerin savunulması ile ticari ilişkiler ve jeopolitik ittifaklar gibi stratejik çıkarlar arasında gidip gelen bir kararsızlıkla şekillenmiştir. Fransa’nın Orta Doğu politikası, tarihsel sorumluluk duygusu, jeopolitik çıkar hesapları ve ulusal güvenlik endişeleri arasında şekillenen karmaşık bir dengeyi yansıtmaktadır. Bu makalede, Fransa’nın Suriye iç savaşı bağlamında geliştirdiği dış politika stratejileri, tarihsel süreklilik ve değişim ekseninde, normatif müdahalecilikten güvenlik odaklı pragmatizme doğru evrilen çok katmanlı bir süreç olarak analiz edilmiştir. Suriye iç savaşı sırasında Fransa, ılımlı Suriyeli muhalif grupları desteklerken Beşar Esad rejimine karşı güçlü bir eleştirel duruş sergilemiştir. Ancak Fransa’nın müdahaleleri, özellikle Suriye’de Rusya-İran hakimiyetinin önünü açan 2013’teki stratejik çekilmesinden sonra, ABD gibi büyük müttefiklerle koordinasyon eksikliği nedeniyle sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu zorluklar, Fransız dış politikasının normatif bir çizgiden pragmatizme yönelmesine yol açmıştır. Bulgular, Fransa’nın dış politika kararlarının sistemik baskıların iç siyasi dinamikler, lider tercihleri ve stratejik kültür gibi iç faktörlerle karşılıklı etkileşimi ile şekillendiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Fransa’nın Orta Doğu politikası idealizm ve pragmatizm arasındaki gerilimin izlerini taşımaya devam etmekte olup, bölgesel gelişmeler üzerinde gerçek bir etkiye sahip olabilmesi için daha tutarlı ve kapsayıcı bir yaklaşıma ihtiyaç duymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Gedik, A., Donduran, C. (2026). France’s Middle East Policy and Reflections of the Syrian Civil War. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 2, 404–423. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1712052

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (67)

  1. Al-Rousan, N., Al-Najjar, D., & Al-Najjar, H. (2023). Assessing the impact of Syrian refugee influx on the Jordanian stock exchange market. Risks, 11(7), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks11070114
  2. Aras, İ. (2017). Fransa’nın Arap Baharı politikası. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 137–169. Aron, R. (1962). À propos de la théorie politique. Revue Française de Science Politique, 12(1), 5–26.
  3. Avrupa Birliği İstatistik Ofisi [European Statistical Office] (Eurostat). (2021). Asylum statistics. European Commission. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Asylum_statistics adresinden alınmıştır.
  4. Backmann, R. (2021). La diplomatie d’Emmanuel Macron: Un pouvoir sans contre-pouvoirs. In B. Badie & D. Vidal (Eds.), La France, une puissance contrariée (pp. 105–111). La Découverte.
  5. Battistella, D. (2012). Raymond Aron, réaliste néoclassique. Études Internationales, 43(3), 371–388.
  6. Bauchard, D. (2013). La France et le Printemps arabe. In Annuaire français de relations internationales (pp. 259–270). Éditions Panthéon-Assas.
  7. Bauchard, D. (2021). La France au Moyen-Orient: Du volontarisme gaullien à la « disruption » macronienne. In B. Badie & D. Vidal (Eds.), La France, une puissance contrariée (pp. 196–202). La Découverte.
  8. Behr, T. (2008). Franco-Arab relations in historical perspective. Institut Français des Relations Internationales.
  9. Bouchet, A. T. (2013). Les années Mitterrand. Premier septennat: 1981–1988. Essais, 109–132.
  10. Bozo, F. (2016a). French foreign policy since 1945: An introduction. Berghahn Books.
  11. Bozo, F. (2016b). A history of the Iraq crisis: France, the United States, and Iraq, 1991–2003. Columbia University Press.
  12. Burgat, F. (2009). L’islamisme à l’heure d’al-Qaïda: Du 11 septembre à la guerre d’Irak. La Découverte.
  13. Cahen, J. (2009). La politique syrienne de la France, de Jacques Chirac à Nicolas Sarkozy. Politique Étrangère, 1, 177–188.
  14. De Montbrial, T., & David, D. (2024). Ramses 2025: Entre puissances et impuissance. Dunod.
  15. Donduran, C., & Gedik, A. (2021). Yükselen popülizm tehdidi: Yirmi birinci yüzyılda faşizmin gölgesi. Öneri Dergisi, 16(56), 879–909.
  16. Duclos, M. (2023). Le premier quinquennat d’Emmanuel Macron en politique étrangère. In Annuaire français de relations internationales (pp. 555–567). Éditions Panthéon-Assas.
  17. Duranton-Crabol, A. M. (1998). L’anti-américanisme français face à la guerre du Golfe. Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’Histoire, 129–139.
  18. Fabius, L. (2013). Security Council – Syria – Statement by Mr. Laurent Fabius, Minister of Foreign Affairs. Mission Permanente de la France auprès des Nations Unies à New York. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://onu.delegfrance.org/27-September-2013-Security-Council adresinden alınmıştır.
  19. Fassin, D., & Kobelinsky, C. (2017). Comment on gouverne les étrangers: L’administration des populations migrantes en France. Politix, 118(2), 71–95. https://doi.org/10.3917/pox.118.0071
  20. Fayet, H. (2022). Quelle posture stratégique pour la France au Moyen-Orient. Institut Français des Relations Internationales.
  21. Filiu, J. P. (2011). L’engagement de François Mitterrand au Moyen-Orient. Matériaux pour l’Histoire de Notre Temps, 101–102(1), 50–56.
  22. France 24. (2012, November 17). Syrian coalition to name ambassador to France. France 24. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.france24.com/en/20121117-france-hollande-holds-talks-with-syria-opposition-chief-ahmad-moaz-al-khatib-assad adresinden alınmıştır.
  23. Fransa Avrupa ve Dışişleri Bakanlığı [Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères]. (2018). La politique étrangère de la France au Moyen-Orient. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr adresinden alınmıştır.
  24. Fransa İçişleri Bakanlığı [Ministère de l’Intérieur]. (2017). Chronologie des principaux attentats sur le sol français depuis 2015. République Française. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.interieur.gouv.fr adresinden alınmıştır.
  25. Fransa Silahlı Kuvvetler Bakanlığı [Ministère des Armées]. (2020a). Bilan des opérations extérieures 2015–2019. République Française. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.defense.gouv.fr adresinden alınmıştır.
  26. Fransa Silahlı Kuvvetler Bakanlığı [Ministère des Armées]. (2020b). Opération Chammal: Lutte contre Daech en Irak et en Syrie – Bilan des frappes 2015–2019. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/irak-syrie/operation-chammal adresinden alınmıştır.
  27. Gaffney, J. (2014). Political leadership in France: From Charles de Gaulle to Nicolas Sarkozy. Palgrave Macmillan.
  28. Garrigou, A. (2017). X. François Mitterrand: Transitions, 1988–1993. Repères, 311–337.
  29. Gatinois, C., & Golshiri, G. (2025, November 28). Nucléaire iranien: Téhéran compte sur la France pour relancer des négociations. Le Monde. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2025/11/28/nucleaire-iranien-teheran-compte-sur-la-france-pour-relancer-des-negociations_6655253_3210.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  30. Harter, H. (2014). Histoire secrète de la crise irakienne: La France, les États-Unis et l’Irak, 1991–2003. Relations Internationales, 159, 108–110.
  31. Heisbourg, F. (2020). Le temps des prédateurs: La diplomatie française et ses dilemmes. Odile Jacob.
  32. Hollande, F. (2012, November 13). Déclaration sur la reconnaissance de la Coalition nationale syrienne comme représentante légitime du peuple syrien. Présidence de la République française.
  33. Hollande, F. (2015, November 16). François Hollande’s speech before a joint session of Parliament. Fransa’nın Birleşmiş Milletler Nezdindeki Daimi Temsilciliği [Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations in New York]. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://onu.delegfrance.org/Francois-Hollande-s-Speech-Before-a-Joint-Session-of-Parliament adresinden alınmıştır.
  34. Kaval, A., & Guibert, N. (2018, May 8). En Syrie, la guerre très spéciale de la France. Le Monde. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2018/05/08/en-syrie-la-guerre-tres-speciale-de-la-france_5295972_3218.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  35. Kempin, R. (2021). France’s foreign and security policy under President Macron. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. Khidhir, T. (2021). France’s foreign policy in Syria. Middle East Policy Studies.
  36. Kodmani-Darwish, B. (1995). La France et le Moyen-Orient: Entre nostalgie et réalisme. Politique Étrangère, 941–957.
  37. Kuthy, D. W. (2017). Old interests, new purpose: French foreign policy in the Middle East. In J. W. Lutes & M. S. Zambelis (Eds.), Strategic interests in the Middle East (pp. 47–66). Routledge.
  38. Lakomy, M. (2012). The “Arab Spring” in French foreign policy. Central European Journal of International & Security Studies, 6.
  39. Laskar, J., Hussain, A., & Ahmed, N. (2022). Strategy and ideology in the Syrian civil war. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2), 11279–11287.
  40. Le Clech, H. (2016). La gestion européenne de la crise des réfugiés syriens: Entre solidarité et sécurité. Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales, 32(3–4), 35–54. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.8126
  41. Le Monde. (2017). Attentats en France: Les attaques les plus meurtrières depuis 2015. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.lemonde.fr adresinden alınmıştır.
  42. Leday, W. (2007). Équilibres militaires et stratégiques au Moyen-Orient. Hérodote, 124(1), 93–106.
  43. Levallois, A. (2016). La politique étrangère de la France en Syrie. Esprit, 5, 76–85.
  44. Louis, F., & Le Goff, F. (2020). Le Moyen-Orient dans la Première Guerre mondiale. Atlas, 56–57.
  45. Macron, E. (2018, April 14). Press statement by the President of the French Republic on the intervention of the French armed forces in response to the use of chemical weapons in Syria. Élysée. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.elysee.fr/en/emmanuel-macron/2018/04/14/press-statement-by-the-president-of-the-french-republic-on-the-intervention-of-the-french-armed-forces-in-response-to-the-use-of-chemical-weapons-in-syria-1 adresinden alınmıştır.
  46. Mazoue, A. (2021, September 5). How the November 2015 attacks marked a turning point in French terror laws. France 24. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210905-how-the-november-2015-attacks-marked-a-turning-point-in-french-terror-laws adresinden alınmıştır.
  47. Medzihorsky, J., Popović, M., & Jenne, E. (2017). Rhetoric of civil conflict management: United Nations Security Council debates over the Syrian civil war. Research & Politics, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168017713286 Meier, D. (2016). La Syrie et la solitude stratégique de la France. Politique Étrangère, 4, 89–101.
  48. Mitrache, M., & Mișcoiu, S. (2023). The mental maps of the French foreign policy: Between ambitions of grandeur and constraints of multipolarity in the twenty-first century. In Great powers’ foreign policy: Approaching the global competition and the Russian war against the West (pp. 198–273).
  49. Moisi, D. (1982). La France de Mitterrand et le conflit du Proche-Orient: Comment concilier émotion et politique? Politique Étrangère, 395–402.
  50. Morin, E. (2011, April 25). Nuages sur le printemps arabe. Le Monde. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/04/25/nuages-sur-le-printemps-arabe_1512519_3232.html adresinden alınmıştır.
  51. Pieper, M. (2014). The Syrian civil war: Regional ramifications, global disharmony and hegemonic decline. Singapore Middle East Papers, 6(1), 1–14.
  52. Pierret, T. (2022). Syrie: Assad reste. « quoi qu’il en coûte ». Politique Internationale, 175, 191.
  53. Pochat, A. (2023). French foreign policy in the Middle East and North Africa through neoclassical realism [Master’s thesis, Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences]. Charles University Digital Repository.
  54. Prentis, J. (2024, June 14). Yoav Gallant says Israel will not join French initiative to de-escalate Lebanon border. The National News. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/06/14/at-least-one-civilian-killed-as-israel-hezbollah-violence-escalates-in-lebanon/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  55. Prost, A., & Winter, J. (2024). Écrire l’histoire de la Grande Guerre au 21e siècle. 20 & 21. Revue d’Histoire, 162(2), 63–74.
  56. Recchia, S. (2015). Did Chirac say “Non”? Revisiting UN diplomacy on Iraq, 2002–03. Political Science Quarterly, 130(4), 625–654.
  57. Ripsman, N. M., Taliaferro, J. W., & Lobell, S. E. (2016). Neoclassical realist theory of international politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199899234.001.0001
  58. Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical realism and theories of foreign policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144–172. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887100007814
  59. Safouri, E. (2024). French foreign policy in the Middle East during President Macron’s first term. Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Humanities Series, 40(2), 149–160.
  60. Sarı, İ. (2023). France and Iran’s rivalry in the Middle East: Strategies, interactions, and consequences. İran Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 53–81.
  61. Sarkozy, N. (2008, September 4). Déclaration de M. Nicolas Sarkozy, Président de la République, notamment sur les relations franco-syriennes, les pourparlers israélo-syriens et la question du nucléaire iranien, à Damas le 4 septembre 2008. Fransa Cumhurbaşkanlığı [Élysée]. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.elysee.fr/nicolas-sarkozy/2008/09/04/declaration-de-m-nicolas-sarkozy-president-de-la-republique-notamment-sur-les-relations-franco-syriennes-les-pourparlers-israelo-syriens-et-sur-la-question-du-nucleaire-iranien-a-damas-le-4-septembre-2008 adresinden alınmıştır.
  62. Statista. (2024). Le terrorisme en France. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://fr.statista.com/themes/3402/le-terrorisme-en-france/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  63. Tenenbaum, É. (2022). La France en « guerre contre le terrorisme »? Retour sur vingt années de lutte. In Annuaire français de relations internationales (pp. 473–490). Éditions Panthéon-Assas.
  64. Vahid, F. (2021, January 28). Pourquoi la France a un rôle à jouer au Moyen-Orient. Fondation Jean-Jaurès. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.jean-jaures.org/publication/pourquoi-la-france-a-un-role-a-jouer-au-moyen-orient/ adresinden alınmıştır.
  65. Vaileanu, I., & Paun, F. (2025). Vision GOLFE 2025 France-Gulf: Shared ambitions, concrete alliances. Interview Francophone. 17.06.2026 tarihinde https://www.interviewfrancophone.net/mission-golfe-2025-paris adresinden alınmıştır.
  66. Varaine, S., Magni-Berton, R., & Egger, C. (2024). Pourquoi la France est-elle attaquée? Une analyse comparée des attentats internationaux au nom de l’État Islamique, 2013–2019. Études Internationales, 54(3), 517–547.
  67. Pierret, T. (2022). Syrie: Assad reste. « quoi qu’il en coûte ». Politique Internationale, 175, 191.