SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 44 Sayı: 3

The Mediating Role of Artificial Intelligence Self-Efficacy in the Effect of University Students’ Affinity for Technology Interaction on Digital Entrepreneurship

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Teknolojiyle Etkileşime Yakınlığının Dijital Girişimciliğe Etkisinde Yapay Zekâ Öz Yeterliğinin Aracılık Rolü

Ebru Polat(MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-2546-7040
Pages
743–766
Publication Date
2026-09-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings indicate that students’ close engagement with technology significantly influences their digital entrepreneurial intentions, both directly and indirectly through their perceived self-efficacy toward artificial intelligence.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The aim of this study is to determine the role of affinity for technology interaction and artificial intelligence self-efficacy in explaining university students’ digital entrepreneurial intentions.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior, the study employed structural equation modeling with data collected from 254 students at a university in southern Turkey.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings indicate that students’ close engagement with technology significantly influences their digital entrepreneurial intentions, both directly and indirectly through their perceived self-efficacy toward artificial intelligence.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Teknoloji Etkileşimi · Yapay Zekâ Öz Yeterliği · Dijital Girişimcilik

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine the role of affinity for technology interaction and artificial intelligence self-efficacy in explaining university students’ digital entrepreneurial intentions. Within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior, the study employed structural equation modeling with data collected from 254 students at a university in southern Turkey. The Affinity for Technology Interaction Scale, Artificial Intelligence Self-Efficacy Scale, and Digital Entrepreneurial Intention Scale were utilized in the study. The findings indicate that students’ close engagement with technology significantly influences their digital entrepreneurial intentions, both directly and indirectly through their perceived self-efficacy toward artificial intelligence. It was observed that individuals with high levels of technology interaction are more likely to adopt artificial intelligence technologies, thereby enhancing their self-efficacy in this domain. This, in turn, strengthens their orientation toward digital entrepreneurship. Artificial intelligence self-efficacy mediates the relationship between technology interaction and entrepreneurial intention. The results reveal that digital entrepreneurial tendencies rely not only on technological competencies but also on individuals’ psychological perceptions of efficacy. The study offers important theoretical and practical implications for artificial intelligence literacy and technology-based entrepreneurship education in higher education settings.

Özet

Çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin dijital girişimcilik niyetini açıklamada teknoloji etkileşimine yakınlık ve yapay zekâ öz yeterliğinin rolünü belirlemektir. Planlı Davranış Teorisi çerçevesinde yapılandırılan araştırmada, Türkiye'nin güneyindeki bir üniversitede öğrenim gören 254 öğrenciden elde edilen verilerle yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada, Teknoloji Etkileşimine Yakınlık, Yapay Zekâ Öz Yeterliği ve Girişimcilik Niyeti ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, öğrencilerin teknolojiyle kurdukları yakın ilişkinin, hem doğrudan hem de yapay zekâ öz yeterlik aracılığıyla dijital girişimcilik niyetlerini anlamlı biçimde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Teknoloji etkileşimine yakın bireylerin, yapay zekâ teknolojilerini daha kolay benimseyip bu konudaki öz yeterlik düzeylerini artırdıkları görülmüştür. Bu durum onların dijital girişimcilik yönelimlerini güçlendirmektedir. Yapay zekâ öz yeterlik düzeyi, teknoloji etkileşimi ile girişimcilik niyeti arasındaki ilişkide aracı bir rol oynamaktadır. Sonuçlar, dijital girişimcilik eğilimlerinin teknolojik becerilerle birlikte bireylerin psikolojik yeterlik algılarına da dayandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma, üniversitelerde yapay zekâ okuryazarlığı ve teknoloji temelli girişimcilik eğitimlerine yönelik teorik ve pratik öneriler sunmaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Polat, E. (2026). The Mediating Role of Artificial Intelligence Self-Efficacy in the Effect of University Students’ Affinity for Technology Interaction on Digital Entrepreneurship. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 3, 743–766. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1756621

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (91)

  1. Abubakre, M., Zhou, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2022). The impact of information technology culture and personal innovativeness in information technology on digital entrepreneurship success. Information Technology & People, 35(1), 204-231. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-01-2020-0002
  2. Ahmad, Z., AlWadi, B. M., Kumar, H., Ng, B. K., & Nguyen, D. N. (2024). Digital transformation of family-owned small businesses: a nexus of internet entrepreneurial self-efficacy, artificial intelligence usage and strategic agility. Kybernetes, 54(11), 6223-6251. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-10-2023-2205
  3. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  4. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self‐efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665-683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
  5. Ajzen, I. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(4), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195
  6. Alamäki, A., Khan, U. A., Kauttonen, J., & Schlögl, S. (2024). An experiment of AI-Based assessment: Perspectives of learning preferences, benefits, intention, technology affinity, and trust. Education Sciences, 14(12), 1386, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121386
  7. Alan, H., & Boz, H. (2022). Covıd-19 küresel salgınının gençlerin kariyer değerlendirmeleri ve dijital girişimcilik niyetlerine etkisi: Nicel bir araştırma. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 9(1), 31-62. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.793606
  8. Alay, H. K. (2023). Yeni normalin yeni girişimciliği: Dijital girişimcilik. İstanbul Esenyurt Üniversitesi İşletme ve Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 1-9.
  9. Alderete, M. V. (2015). Does digital proximity between countries impact entrepreneurship? Info: The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media, 17(5), 46-65. https://doi.org/10.1108/info-03-2015-0020
  10. Al-Mamary, Y. H. S., & Alraja, M. M. (2022). Understanding entrepreneurship intention and behavior in the light of PDT model from the digital entrepreneurship perspective. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 2(2), 100106, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2022.100106
  11. Aloulou, W., Ayadi, F., Ramadani, V., & Dana, L. P. (2024). Dreaming digital or chasing new real pathways? Unveiling the determinants shaping Saudi youth's digital entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 30(2/3), 709-734. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2022-0942
  12. Anwar, M., & Herayono, A. (2024). The effect of Theory of Planned Behavior (TBP) and creativity-based industry perception on digital entrepreneurship: An innovativeness as mediator. PaperASIA, 40(3b), 96-105. https://doi.org/10.59953/paperasia.v40i3b.100
  13. Aoun, J. E. (2017). Robot-proof: Higher education in the age of artificial intelligence. The MIT press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11456.001.0001
  14. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  15. Basly, S., & Hammouda, A. (2020). Family businesses and digital entrepreneurship adoption: A conceptual model. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 29(2), 326-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971355720930573
  16. Becker, J. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Völckner, F. (2015). How collinearity affects mixture regression results. Marketing Letters, 26(4), 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-014-9299-9
  17. Bejinaru, R. (2021). Key issues of tranzition to digital entrepreneurship. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 15(1), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2021-0009
  18. Berger, E. S., Von Briel, F., Davidsson, P., & Kuckertz, A. (2021). Digital or not–The future of entrepreneurship and innovation: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Business Research, 125, 436-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.12.020
  19. Bewersdorff, A., Hornberger, M., Nerdel, C., & Schiff, D. S. (2025). AI advocates and cautious critics: How AI attitudes, AI interest, use of AI, and AI literacy build university students' AI self-efficacy. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100340, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100340
  20. Bican, P. M., & Brem, A. (2020). Digital business model, digital transformation, digital entrepreneurship: Is there a sustainable “digital”? Sustainability, 12(13), 5239, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135239
  21. Biclesanu, I., Anagnoste, S., Branga, O., & Savastano, M. (2021). Digital entrepreneurship: Public perception of barriers, drivers, and future. Administrative Sciences, 11(4), 125, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11040125
  22. Boone Jr, H. N., & Boone, D. A. (2012). Analyzing likert data. The Journal of Extension, 50(2), 48. https://doi.org/10.34068/joe.50.02.48
  23. Börekci, C., & Çelik, Ö. (2024). Exploring the role of digital literacy in university students' engagement with AI through the Technology Acceptance Model. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 14(2), 228-249. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.1468866
  24. Brauner, P., Hick, A., Philipsen, R., & Ziefle, M. (2023). What does the public think about artificial intelligence?—A criticality map to understand bias in the public perception of AI. Frontiers in Computer Science, 5, 1113903, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1113903
  25. Buck, C., Doctor, E., Hennrich, J., Jöhnk, J., & Eymann, T. (2022). General practitioners’ attitudes toward artificial intelligence–enabled systems: interview study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.2196/28916
  26. Chae, B., & Goh, G. (2020). Digital entrepreneurs in artificial intelligence and data analytics: Who are they?. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(3), 56, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030056
  27. Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2024). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best-practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 41(2), 745-783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-023-09871-y
  28. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications Inc.
  29. Çevik Tekin, İ., & Küsbeci, P. (2021). Dijital dönüşüm sürecinde yükselen bir değer: Dijital girişimcilik. Stratejik Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 81-102.
  30. Dabbous, A., & Boustani, N. M. (2023). Digital explosion and entrepreneurship education: Impact on promoting entrepreneurial intention for business students. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 16(1), 27, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16010027
  31. Davenport, T. H., & Ronanki, R. (2018). Artificial intelligence for the real world. Harvard Business Review, 96(1), 108-116.
  32. Demir, E. K., Çüm, S., & Kışla, T. (2023). Adaptation of affinity for technology interaction scale to Turkish culture and evaluation of measurement invariance: ATI-T. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 40(15), 3885-3895. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2202551
  33. Dirlik, İ., & Uysal, Ö. (2025). Teknoloji Destekli Girişimcilik Ekosisteminde Yapay Zekâ Girişimciliğine Kavramsal Yolculuk. Fen Matematik Girişimcilik ve Teknoloji Eğitimi Dergisi, 8(3), 266-286. Duan, W., & Jiang, G. (2008). A review of the theory of planned behavior. Advances in Psychological Science, 16(2), 315.
  34. Duong, C. D. (2025). AI literacy and e-entrepreneurial intention: A serial mediation model of e-entrepreneurial self-efficacy and e-entrepreneurial identity aspiration. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 5(2), 100349, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2025.100349
  35. Duong, C. D., Le, T. T., Dang, N. S., Do, N. D., & Vu, A. T. (2024). Unraveling the determinants of digital entrepreneurial intentions: Do performance expectancy of artificial intelligence solutions matter? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 31(7), 1327-1356. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-02-2024-0065
  36. Dutot, V., & Van Horne, C. (2015). Digital entrepreneurship intention in a developed vs. emerging country: An exploratory study in France and the UAE. Transnational Corporations Review, 7(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.5148/tncr.2015.7105
  37. Elia, G., Margherita, A., & Passiante, G. (2020). Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem: How digital technologies and collective intelligence are reshaping the entrepreneurial process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150, 119791, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119791
  38. Emon, M. M. H., & Khan, T. (2025). The mediating role of attitude towards the technology in shaping artificial intelligence usage among professionals. Telematics and Informatics Reports, 17, 100188,1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2025.100188
  39. Engel, J. S. (2015). Global clusters of innovation: Lessons from Silicon Valley. California Management Review, 57(2), 36-65. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.57.2.36
  40. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
  41. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  42. Franco, M., Godinho, L., & Rodrigues, M. (2021). Exploring the influence of digital entrepreneurship on SME digitalization and management. Small Enterprise Research, 28(3), 269-292. https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2021.1938651
  43. Franke, T., Attig, C., & Wessel, D. (2019). A personal resource: development and validation of the affinity for technology interaction (ATI) scale. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 35(6), 456-467. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1456150
  44. Frunzaru, V., & Cismaru, D. M. (2021). The impact of individual entrepreneurial orientation and education on generation Z’s intention towards entrepreneurship. Kybernetes, 50(7), 1969-1981. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-05-2018-0272
  45. Giones, F., & Brem, A. (2017). Digital technology entrepreneurship: A definition and research agenda. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(5), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1076
  46. Giuggioli, G., & Pellegrini, M. M. (2023). Artificial intelligence as an enabler for entrepreneurs: a systematic literature review and an agenda for future research. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 29(4), 816-837. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-05-2021-0426
  47. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8. Baskı). Cengage Learning.
  48. Hamid, S., & Bano, N. (2022). Behavioral intention of traveling in the period of COVID-19: an application of the theory of planned behavior (PDT) and perceived risk. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(2), 357-378. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2020-0183
  49. Harahap, M. A. K., Ausat, A. M. A., & Kurniawan, M. S. (2024). Toward competitive advantage: Harnessing artificial intelligence for business ınnovation and entrepreneurial success. Jurnal Minfo Polgan, 13(1), 254-261. https://doi.org/10.33395/jmp.v13i1.13615
  50. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  51. İrge, N. T., & Şen, E. (2020). Çalışanların dijital teknolojiye yönelik tutumlarının ve iç girişimcilik özelliklerinin bireysel iş performanslarına etkisi. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 2556-2579. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2020.993
  52. Jardim, J. (2021). Entrepreneurial skills to be successful in the global and digital world: Proposal for a frame of reference for entrepreneurial education. Education Sciences, 11(7), 356, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070356
  53. Jöreskog, K. G. (1971). Simultaneous factor analysis in several populations. Psychometrika, 36(4), 409-426. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291366
  54. Karimi, J., & Walter, Z. (2021). The role of entrepreneurial agility in digital entrepreneurship and creating value in response to digital disruption in the newspaper industry. Sustainability, 13(5), 2741, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052741
  55. Khoza, N. G. (2026). Entrepreneurship Education, Curriculum Transformation, and Artificial Intelligence: A Bibliometric Analysis from the Global South. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 13(1), 31–51. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijcer.2026.13.1.895
  56. Kişi, N. (2018). Dijital çağda yeni bir girişimcilik yaklaşimi: Dijital girişimcilik. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 389-399.
  57. Kline, P. (2015). A handbook of test construction (psychology revivals): introduction to psychometric design. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315695990
  58. Kollmann, T., & Jung, P. B. (2022). Digital entrepreneurship. Fundamentals of company. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37260-6
  59. Kraus, S., Palmer, C., Kailer, N., Kallinger, F. L., & Spitzer, J. (2019). Digital entrepreneurship: A research agenda on new business models for the twenty-first century. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(2), 353-375. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2018-0425
  60. Lee, J., Suh, T., Roy, D., & Baucus, M. (2019). Emerging technology and business model innovation: the case of artificial intelligence. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 5(3), 44, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5030044
  61. Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. Proceedings of the 2020 Computer–Human Interaction (CHI) Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727
  62. Modgil, S., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., Gupta, S., & Kamble, S. (2022). Has Covid-19 accelerated opportunities for digital entrepreneurship? An Indian perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175, 121415, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121415
  63. Montag, C., Kraus, J., Baumann, M., & Rozgonjuk, D. (2023). The propensity to trust in (automated) technology mediates the links between technology self-efficacy and fear and acceptance of artificial intelligence. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 11, 100315, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100315
  64. Nambisan, S. (2017). Digital entrepreneurship: Toward a digital technology perspective of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(6), 1029-1055. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12254
  65. Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., & Morris, M. H. (2020). Overcoming barriers to technology adoption when fostering entrepreneurship among the poor: The role of technology and digital literacy. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 68(6), 1605-1618. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.2989740
  66. Ngoasong, M. Z. (2018). Digital entrepreneurship in a resource-scarce context: A focus on entrepreneurial digital competencies. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 25(3), 483-500. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-01-2017-0014
  67. Nguyen, P. N. D., & Nguyen, H. H. (2024). Examining the role of family in shaping digital entrepreneurial intentions in emerging markets. Sage Open, 14(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241239493
  68. Öztorun, M., & Efeoğlu, İ. E. (2025). Investigation of Digital Entrepreneurship Intention in the Context of Entrepreneurship Education and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilgilerde Yeni Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 9(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.38015/sbyy.1621855
  69. Park, J., & Woo, S. E. (2022). Who likes artificial intelligence? Personality predictors of attitudes toward artificial intelligence. The Journal of Psychology, 156(1), 68-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2021.2012109
  70. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  71. Ratten, V. (2020). Coronavirus (Covid-19) and the entrepreneurship education community. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People And Places in The Global Economy, 14(5), 753-764. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-06-2020-0121
  72. Scuotto, V., & Morellato, M. (2013). Entrepreneurial knowledge and digital competence: Keys for a success of student entrepreneurship. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 4(3), 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-013-0155-6
  73. Shemshaki, M. (2024). The Benefits of Using Artificial Intelligence for Business Success Strategies for Innovation, Efficiency, and Growth. Milad Shemshaki.
  74. Shen, K. N., Lindsay, V., & Xu, Y. C. (2018). Digital entrepreneurship. Information Systems Journal, 28(6), 1125-1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12219
  75. Shiva, A. B. (2021). Sosyal medyanın ve sosyal ağların dijital girişimcilik üzerine etkisi. Karabük Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Karabük.
  76. Sitaridis, I., & Kitsios, F. (2024). Digital entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education: a review of the literature. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 30(2/3), 277-304. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2023-0053
  77. Syangtan, P., Nath, K., & Budhathok, R. (2024). Assessing Students' Affinity for Technology on Learning Outcomes with Artificial Intelligence. International Journal of Atharva, 2(2), 213-221. https://doi.org/10.3126/ija.v2i2.70295
  78. Şeşen, H., & Basım, H. N. (2012). Demografik faktörler ve kişiliğin girişimcilik niyetine etkisi: Spor bilimleri alanında öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir araştırma. Ege Akademik Bakış, 12, 21-28. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (6. Baskı). Pearson Education Limited.
  79. Türk, N., Batuk, B., Kaya, A., & Yıldırım, O. (2025). What Makes University Students Accept Generative Artificial Intelligence? A Moderated Mediation Model. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03559-2
  80. Upadhyay, N., Upadhyay, S., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2022). Theorizing artificial intelligence acceptance and digital entrepreneurship model. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(5), 1138-1166. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-01-2021-0052
  81. Vasileva, O. O., Pozdeeva, E. G., & Shipunova, O. D. (2022). Students’ attitude to digital entrepreneurship. Challenges and Solutions in the Digital Economy and Finance: Proceedings of the 5th International Scientific Conference on Digital Economy and Finances (DEFIN 2022), s. 319-329. St. Petersburg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14410-3_33
  82. Wang, Y. Y., & Chuang, Y. W. (2024). Artificial intelligence self-efficacy: Scale development and validation. Education and Information Technologies, 29(4), 4785-4808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-12015-w
  83. Wibowo, A., Narmaditya, B. S., Saptono, A., Effendi, M. S., Mukhtar, S., & Mohd Shafiai, M. H. (2023). Does digital entrepreneurship education matter for students’ digital entrepreneurial intentions? The mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness. Cogent Education, 10(1), 2221164, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2221164
  84. Xie, Y., & Wang, S. (2025). Generative artificial intelligence in entrepreneurship education enhances entrepreneurial intention through self-efficacy and university support. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 24079, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09545-3
  85. Yıldırım, M. (2019). Örneklem ve örnekleme yöntemleri. S. Şen ve İ. Yıldırım (Eds.), Eğitimde araştırma yöntemleri (ss. 61–92). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  86. Yılmaz, Z. (2021). Dijital girişimcilik. İ. Erdoğan Tarakçı, B. Göktaş (Ed.) İşletmecilikte Dijital Dönüşüm (1. Baskı). ss.41-60. Efe Akademi.
  87. Yoon, M. H., & Ju, D. Y. (2024). Analyzing the Affinity Influence of AI Learning Robots. Science of Emotion and Sensibility, 27(2), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.14695/KJSOS.2024.27.2.69
  88. Younis, H., Katsioloudes, M., & Al Bakri, A. (2020). Digital entrepreneurship intentions of Qatar university students motivational factors identification: Digital entrepreneurship intentions. International Journal of E-Entrepreneurship and Innovation (IJEEI), 10(1), 56-74. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEEI.2020010105
  89. Zahra, S. A., Liu, W., & Si, S. (2023). How digital technology promotes entrepreneurship in ecosystems. Technovation, 119, 102457, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102457
  90. Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265–1272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1265
  91. Zhao, Y. (2021). Examining digital entrepreneurship: The goal of optimization of transformation path normal education in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 766498, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.766498