Journals / Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2

REGULATING FOR AFFORDABILITY OR UNDERMINING INNOVATION? A CRITICAL LOOK AT PHARMACEUTICAL SYSTEM IN TURKIYE

UYGUN FİYAT İÇİN DÜZENLEME Mİ YOKSA İNOVASYONU DURDURMAK MI? TÜRKİYE'DEKİ İLAÇ SİSTEMİNE ELEŞTİREL BİR BAKIŞ

Sayın San(SAKARYA UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-2679-071X
Pages
465–486
Publication Date
2026-06-22
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Such measures may support a more balanced system—one that preserves affordability while improving transparency, predictability, and incentives for innovation.The results indicate that the pricing model of Turkiye provides strong cost containment and broad access but generates significant delays in the market entry of innovative medicines.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study evaluates Turkiye’s pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement system using a structured, rule-based comparative analytical framework based on a multidimensional set of ten predefined criteria and situates the findings within a comparative OECD perspective.
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Key Findings & Data:However, structural factors—including the persistent gap between the administratively fixed euro exchange rate and the market rate, limited regulatory transparency, and variable reimbursement timelines—may contribute to delays in the introduction of innovative medicines and reduce predictability for manufacturers.
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Conclusion & Impact:Such measures may support a more balanced system—one that preserves affordability while improving transparency, predictability, and incentives for innovation.The results indicate that the pricing model of Turkiye provides strong cost containment and broad access but generates significant delays in the market entry of innovative medicines.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:İlaç fiyatlandırma · yenilikçilik · erişebilirlik

Abstract

This study evaluates Turkiye’s pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement system using a structured, rule-based comparative analytical framework based on a multidimensional set of ten predefined criteria and situates the findings within a comparative OECD perspective. The analysis examines whether the current pricing regime balances affordability and fiscal sustainability with incentives for innovation and timely market entry. The evaluative framework is organized into three domains: economic and pricing mechanisms, institutional governance and health technology assessment (HTA) integration, and access, equity, and market dynamics, - and is applied ex ante through transparent decision rules, combining descriptive policy analysis with empirical evidence on market authorization trends. The findings suggest that Turkiye’s pricing system successfully maintains affordability and broad population coverage through centralized regulation, strict reference pricing, and mandatory public discounts. However, structural factors—including the persistent gap between the administratively fixed euro exchange rate and the market rate, limited regulatory transparency, and variable reimbursement timelines—may contribute to delays in the introduction of innovative medicines and reduce predictability for manufacturers. These dynamics appear to influence investment planning, clinical trial participation, and patient access, positioning Turkiye between high-income OECD systems with stronger HTA integration and emerging markets facing similar cost-containment pressures. This study contributes to the literature by providing one of the first rule-based and transparently defined assessments of a middle-income country’s pharmaceutical pricing framework using a clearly specified cross-national comparative structure. Several policy directions emerge: progressively aligning the fixed euro conversion rate with market conditions, enhancing the procedural integration of HTA into pricing and reimbursement decisions, and exploring the selective use of value-based procurement or contracting models. Such measures may support a more balanced system—one that preserves affordability while improving transparency, predictability, and incentives for innovation.The results indicate that the pricing model of Turkiye provides strong cost containment and broad access but generates significant delays in the market entry of innovative medicines. A major driver of this problem is the persistent gap between the administratively fixed euro exchange rate and the actual market rate, which creates severe pricing distortions. As a result, product launches are often delayed by two to four years, especially in oncology and rare disease therapies. Lack of transparency and weak predictability in regulatory processes further discourage investment planning and participation in clinical trials. These dynamics undermine both patient access and the overall attractiveness of pharmaceutical market in Turkiye. This article contributes to the literature by offering one of the first systematic evaluations of a middle-income country’s pharmaceutical pricing system within a comprehensive cross-national framework. The findings carry clear policy implications: aligning the fixed euro exchange rate more closely with market conditions, strengthening the integration of HTA into decision-making processes, and adopting value-based procurement strategies could significantly improve transparency, predictability, and innovation incentives. Such reforms would not only ensure more timely patient access but also create a more sustainable environment for long-term research and development activities.

Özet

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin ilaç fiyatlandırma ve geri ödeme sistemini, önceden tanımlanmış on adet çok boyutlu kritere dayalı yapılandırılmış, kural tabanlı karşılaştırmalı analitik bir çerçeve kullanarak değerlendirmekte ve bulguları OECD karşılaştırmalı perspektifi içinde konumlandırmaktadır. Analiz, mevcut fiyatlandırma rejiminin uygun fiyat ve mali sürdürülebilirliği, yenilikçilik ve zamanında pazara giriş teşvikleriyle dengeleyip dengelemediğini incelemektedir. Çalışmanın çerçevesi; ekonomik ve fiyatlandırma mekanizmaları, kurumsal yönetişim ve sağlık teknolojisi değerlendirmesi (HTA) entegrasyonu ile erişim, eşitlik ve pazar dinamikleri olmak üzere üç alanda yapılandırılmış; tanımlayıcı politika analizi ile ruhsatlandırma eğilimlerine ilişkin ampirik kanıtlar birleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, Türkiye'nin fiyatlandırma sisteminin merkezi düzenleme, katı referans fiyatlandırma ve zorunlu kamu indirimleri yoluyla uygun fiyatlılığı ve geniş nüfus kapsayıcılığını başarıyla koruduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, idari olarak sabit euro döviz kuru ile piyasa kuru arasındaki sürekli fark, sınırlı düzenleyici şeffaflık ve değişken geri ödeme süreleri gibi yapısal faktörler, yenilikçi ilaçların piyasaya sürülmesinde gecikmelere yol açabilir ve üreticiler için öngörülebilirliği azaltabilir. Bu dinamikler, yatırım planlamasını, klinik çalışmalara katılımı ve hasta erişimini etkiliyor gibi görünmektedir ve Türkiye'yi, daha güçlü HTA entegrasyonuna sahip yüksek gelirli OECD sistemleri ile benzer maliyet kontrolü baskılarıyla karşı karşıya olan gelişmekte olan pazarlar arasında konumlandırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, orta gelirli bir ülkenin fiyatlandırma çerçevesini kapsamlı ve karşılaştırmalı bir yapı içinde değerlendiren ilk sistematik analizlerden biri olarak literatüre katkı sunmaktadır. Bulgular ışığında, sabit euro kurunun kademeli olarak piyasa koşullarına yaklaştırılması, HTA süreçlerinin fiyatlandırma ve geri ödeme kararlarına daha sistematik biçimde entegre edilmesi ve seçici olarak değer bazlı alım yaklaşımlarının değerlendirilmesi gibi politika seçenekleri öne çıkmaktadır. Bu tür düzenlemeler, erişilebilirliği korurken şeffaflık, öngörülebilirlik ve yenilik teşviklerinin güçlendirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir.Elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye’nin fiyatlandırma sisteminin güçlü bir maliyet kontrolü ve geniş erişilebilirlik sağladığını göstermektedir. Ancak bu durum, özellikle orijinal ve yenilikçi ilaçların pazara giriş sürecinde önemli gecikmelere yol açmaktadır. Sabit Avro kuru uygulaması ile piyasadaki gerçek döviz kuru arasındaki ciddi farklılık, ilaç firmalarının maliyetlerini karşılamasını zorlaştırmakta ve ürün lansmanlarının 2–4 yıl ertelenmesine sebep olmaktadır. Ayrıca, şeffaflık ve öngörülebilirlik eksikliği, yatırım planlamasını ve klinik araştırma yatırımlarını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Özellikle onkoloji ve nadir hastalık ilaçlarında görülen gecikmeler, hem hasta erişimi hem de piyasa cazibesi açısından kritik sorunlar doğurmaktadır. Bu makale, orta gelirli bir ülke bağlamında kapsamlı ve sistematik bir çerçeve sunarak literatürdeki önemli bir boşluğu doldurmaktadır. Bulgular, politika yapıcılar açısından önemli çıkarımlar içermektedir. Sabit Avro kurunun piyasa koşullarına daha yakın belirlenmesi, HTA süreçlerinin karar mekanizmalarına daha etkin şekilde entegrasyonu ve değer temelli tedarik yaklaşımlarının benimsenmesi, Türkiye’nin ilaç ekosistemini daha sürdürülebilir ve yenilikçi hale getirebilir. Böylece hem hasta erişimi güvence altına alınacak hem de firmaların uzun vadeli yatırım ve Ar-Ge faaliyetlerine daha elverişli bir ortam sağlanacaktır.

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Cite This Article

San, S. (2026). REGULATING FOR AFFORDABILITY OR UNDERMINING INNOVATION? A CRITICAL LOOK AT PHARMACEUTICAL SYSTEM IN TURKIYE. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 465–486. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1775724

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