Journals / Adli Tıp Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2

Current Advances in Age and Sex Estimation Using Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Odontology

Adli Diş Hekimliğinde Yapay Zekâ Destekli Yaş ve Cinsiyet Tahminindeki Güncel Gelişmeler

Burak Çarıkçıoğlu(ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-5951-8179
Pages
307–321
Publication Date
2026-08-31
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

AI-based systems to become scientifically robust and legally valid tools in forensic odontology.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Forensic odontology plays a crucial role in human identification, particularly in estimating age and sex in individuals without official identification documents.
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Key Findings & Data:Although traditional methods are widely used, they have significant limitations such as population variability, observer-related errors, and low reproducibility.
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Conclusion & Impact:AI-based systems to become scientifically robust and legally valid tools in forensic odontology.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:adli diş hekimliği · yaş tahmini · cinsiyet tahmini

Abstract

Forensic odontology plays a crucial role in human identification, particularly in estimating age and sex in individuals without official identification documents. Although traditional methods are widely used, they have significant limitations such as population variability, observer-related errors, and low reproducibility. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning approaches have provided more objective, rapid, and reproducible alternatives. In particular, convolutional neural network-based algorithms have reduced mean absolute error in age estimation and achieved accuracy rates exceeding 90% in sex classification by automatically extracting discriminative features from panoramic radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography data. National and international studies support the reliability of these technologies, especially in pediatric and adolescent populations where traditional methods are less precise. However, dataset biases, population-specific variability, limited generalizability across ethnic groups, and the non-transparent nature of deep learning models continue to pose challenges for interpretability and legal admissibility. Therefore, ethical and regulatory frameworks emphasizing transparency, data protection, and explainable-AI (XAI) principles are essential for the responsible implementation of these technologies. Future progress will depend on large-scale, multicenter validation studies and the integration of multimodal datasets combining radiographic, morphological, and demographic information. The adoption of XAI frameworks is expected to enhance transparency, accountability, and forensic reliability, thereby enabling. AI-based systems to become scientifically robust and legally valid tools in forensic odontology.

Özet

Adli diş hekimliği, özellikle resmi kimlik belgeleri bulunmayan bireylerde yaş ve cinsiyet tahmininde insan kimliğinin belirlenmesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Geleneksel yöntemler yaygın biçimde kullanılsa da, popülasyon farklılıkları, gözlemciye bağlı hatalar ve düşük tekrarlanabilirlik gibi önemli sınırlılıklara sahiptir. Son yıllarda yapay zekâ (YZ) ve makine öğrenimi yaklaşımları, daha nesnel, hızlı ve tekrarlanabilir alternatifler sunmaktadır. Özellikle evrişimsel sinir ağı tabanlı algoritmalar, panoramik radyograflar ve konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi verilerinden ayırt edici özellikleri otomatik olarak çıkararak yaş tahmininde ortalama mutlak hatayı azaltmış, cinsiyet sınıflandırmasında ise %90’ın üzerinde doğruluk oranları elde etmiştir. Ulusal ve uluslararası çalışmalar, özellikle geleneksel yöntemlerin daha az hassas olduğu pediatrik ve adölesan popülasyonlarda, bu teknolojilerin güvenilirliğini desteklemektedir. Bununla birlikte, veri seti yanlılıkları, popülasyona özgü değişkenlik, farklı etnik gruplar arasında sınırlı genellenebilirlik ve derin öğrenme modellerinin şeffaf olmayan yapısı, yorumlanabilirlik ve yasal kabul açısından hâlen zorluk oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle, şeffaflık, veri koruma ve açıklanabilir. YZ ilkelerini vurgulayan etik ve düzenleyici çerçeveler, bu teknolojilerin sorumlu şekilde uygulanması için gereklidir. Gelecekteki ilerlemeler, geniş ölçekli çok merkezli doğrulama çalışmalarıyla ve radyografik, morfolojik ve demografik verileri birleştiren çok modlu veri setlerinin entegrasyonu ile sağlanacaktır. Açıklanabilir YZ çerçevelerinin benimsenmesi, şeffaflığı, hesap verebilirliği ve adli güvenilirliği artırarak, YZ tabanlı sistemlerin adli diş hekimliğinde bilimsel olarak sağlam ve yasal açıdan geçerli araçlar haline gelmesini sağlayacaktır.

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Cite This Article

Çarıkçıoğlu, B. (2026). Current Advances in Age and Sex Estimation Using Artificial Intelligence in Forensic Odontology. Adli Tıp Dergisi, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 2, 307–321. https://doi.org/10.61970/adlitip.1818812

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