Journals / Acta Infologica / 2025 / Volume: 9 Issue: 2

A Simulation Model Based on System Dynamics for Factors Affecting Logistics Development and Planning

Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-12-31
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

These effects cause different levels of change in the capacity utilization of different modes.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This article focuses on the need to understand the dynamic nature of the logistics system despite the difficulty of predicting its development.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The development of countries’ logistics capacities and logistics performance in the international arena mutually affect each other.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:These effects cause different levels of change in the capacity utilization of different modes.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:System Dynamics Analysis · Simulation · Logistics

Abstract

This article focuses on the need to understand the dynamic nature of the logistics system despite the difficulty of predicting its development. Logistics systems develop as complex structures with linear and nonlinear loops and are, affected by social, economic, and environmental factors. The development of countries’ logistics capacities and logistics performance in the international arena mutually affect each other. The development of logistics performance increases demand for the logistics sector. Therefore, this demand increase in the logistics sector or the development of the sectoral capacity affects the basic economic indicators. The interaction between the effective factors in logistics development is important for industry decision-makers, policy-making, and future planning, and traditional logistics modeling is insufficient to model this complex structure. This study uses a system dynamics simulation to investigate the effect of changes in different dynamics on Turkiye’s logistics capacity development. For this purpose, we used a system dynamics approach methodology based on the modeling of complex systems with cause-effect analysis and feedback loop structures. With this method, Turkiye’s logistics capacity development is monitored under different scenarios. This study demonstrates how system dynamics can improve the knowledge of complex logistics behavior. The comparison results of different scenarios indicate that the development of foreign trade activities has been the most important development factor in Turkiye’s logistics capacity performance. Development in investment decisions is another important factor. These effects cause different levels of change in the capacity utilization of different modes.

🔖

Cite This Article

Albayrak, Ö. K. (2025). A Simulation Model Based on System Dynamics for Factors Affecting Logistics Development and Planning. Acta Infologica, Volume: 9 Issue: 2. https://doi.org/10.26650/acin.1785557

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (129)

  1. Abara, Y. (2021). The impact of logistics performance on foreign trade volume, J. Ind. Policy Technol. Manag., 4(2), 133-144 google scholar
  2. Abdelshafie A, Rupnik B, Kramberger T. 2023. Simulated Global Empty Containers Repositioning Using Agent-Based Modeling. Systems, 11(3), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11030130 google scholar
  3. Abduaziz, O., Cheng, J. K., Tahar, R. M. and Varma, R. (2015). Hybrid simulation model for green logistics assessment in the automotive industry Procedia Engineering, 100, 960-969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.01.455 google scholar
  4. Acık, A., & Atacan, C. (2024). Analyzing the convergence of transport network connectivity: The case of Turkiye and its neighbors Oasis, (39), 189-212. https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n39.11. google scholar
  5. Acık, A., Sağlam, B. B., & Kayıran, B. (2019). Industrial production as a leading indicator of container port throughput in Turkey Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 37-56. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.614828https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.614828 google scholar
  6. Andruetto C, Stenemo, E., & Pernestål, A. (2024). Toward sustainable urban logistics: Exploring the implementation of city hubs through system dynamics. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 27, 101204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101204 google scholar
  7. Arman, K., & Organ, A. (2023). Evaluation of the Logistics Performances of EU Member and Candidate Countries with MEREC and CoCoSo, Uluslararası Ticaret ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi 7(2), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.30711/utead.1360959 google scholar
  8. Atacan, C., Kayıran, B., & Açık, A. (2022). Impact of liner shipping connectivity on container traffic in Turkish ports Transactions on Maritime Science, 11(02), 2-2. doi: 10.7225/toms.v11.n02.w01 google scholar
  9. Alotaibi, S., Quddus, M., Morton, C., & Imprialou, M. (2022). Transport investment, railway accessibility, and their impact on regional economic growth. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 43, 100702. DOI: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100702 google scholar
  10. Bahadir, M. C., & Akdag, H. C. (2019). System dynamics modeling for container capacity and transportation planning policies The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 35(4), 200-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2019.12.007 google scholar
  11. Barlas, Y. (1996). The formal aspects of model validity and validation in the context of system dynamics. System Dynamics Review: The Journal of the System Dynamics Society, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 183-210. google scholar
  12. Bensassi S, Márquez-Ramos, L., Martínez-Zarzoso I, Suárez-Burguet C. 2015. Relationship between logistics infrastructure and trade: Evidence from regional exports in Spain Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 72, 47-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.11.007 google scholar
  13. Beaudoin, J., Farzin, Y. H., & Lawell, C.-Y. (2015). Public transit investment and sustainable transportation: A review of studies on the impact of transit on traffic congestion and air quality Research in Transportation Economics, 52, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec. 2015.10.004 google scholar
  14. Bi, Y., the Yuan, H., & Chang, S. H. (2020). Dynamic correlation analysis of regional logistics from the multifractal feature perspective Fractals, 28(08), 2040015. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218348X20400150 google scholar
  15. Bugarčić, F. Ž., Mićić, V., & Stanišić, N. (2023). Role of logistics in economic growth and global competitiveness Zbornik Radova Ekonomski Fakultet u Rijeka, 41(2), 499-520. https://doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2023.2.499 google scholar
  16. Campuzano, F., Mula, J., & Peidro, D. (2010). Fuzzy estimations and system dynamics for supply chain improvement. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 161(11), 1530-1542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2009.12.002 google scholar
  17. Castaneda, J., Ghorbani, E., Ammouriova, M., Panadero, J., and Juan, A. A. (2022). Optimizing transport logistics under uncertainty with simheuristics: Concepts, review and trends. Logistics, 6(3), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics6030042 google scholar
  18. Čižiūnienė, K., Matijošius, J., Sokolovskij, E., & Balevičiūtė, J. (2024). Assessment of implementing green logistics principles in railway transport: the case of Lithuania. Sustainability, 16(7), 2716. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072716 google scholar
  19. Chen, Y. C., & Hasan, M. K. (2023). Impacts of Liner Shipping Connectivity and Global Competitiveness on Logistics Performance: The Mediating Role of Port and Infrastructure Quality Journal of Shipping and Trade, 8(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41072-023- 00152-4 google scholar
  20. Durmaz, A., & Açık, Ö. (2024). Determining the growth drivers in container shipping Acta Natura et Scientia, 5(2), 136–149. DOI: 10.61326/actanatsci.v5i2.287 google scholar
  21. Forrester, J. (1958). Industrial Dynamics: A breakthrough for decision-makers Harvard Business Review. 35(4): 37. 66. google scholar
  22. Forrester, J. W. (1961). Industrial dynamics. MIT Press. google scholar
  23. Forrester, W. (1969). Urban Dynamics, MIT Press. google scholar
  24. Fugazza, M. and Hoffmann, J. (2017). Liner Shipping Connectivity as Determinant of Trade. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 2(1), 1. doi: 10.1186/s41072-017-0019-5 google scholar
  25. Gani, A. 2017. The effect of logistics performance in international trade. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 33(4), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2017.12.012 google scholar
  26. Geng X, Wen Y, Zhou C, Xiao C. 2017. Establishing a sustainable ecosystem for the regional shipping industry based on system dynamics. Sustainability, 9(5), 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050742 google scholar
  27. Georgatzi, V. V., Stamboulis, Y., & Vetsikas, A. (2020). Examining the determinants of CO2 emissions from the transport sector: Empirical evidence from 12 European countries Economic Analysis and Policy, 65, 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.11.003 google scholar
  28. Georgiadis, P., Vlachos, D., & Iakovou, E. (2005). A system dynamics modeling framework for food chain strategic supply chain management Journal of food engineering, 70(3), 351-364. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.06.030 google scholar
  29. Ghannouchi, I., Ouni, F., & Aloulou, F. (2023). Investigating the impact of transportation system and economic growth on carbon emissions: Application of the Global Minimum Minimum (GMM) System for 33 European countries Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(39), 90656-90674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28595-6 google scholar
  30. Ghisolfi, V., Tavasszy, L. A., Correia, G. H. D. A. R., Chaves, G. D. L. D., & Ribeiro, G. M. (2024). Dynamics of decarbonization of freight transport: A simulation study for Brazil Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 127, 104020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.104020 google scholar
  31. Górniak, J. (2022). Selected Logistics Development Level Indicators in European Union Countries: A Review and Comparative Analysis Comparative economic research Central and Eastern Europe, 25(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.25.08 google scholar
  32. Greene, W. H. (2018). Econometric analysis (8th ed.). New York: Pearson, 2001. google scholar
  33. Guan, C., & Hu, Q. (2023). Does high-speed railways impact the agglomeration of the urban logistics industry? Empirical evidence from China’s prefecture-level cities. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 87, 101557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2023.101557 google scholar
  34. Gujarati, D. N., 2004. Basic Econometrics, 4th Edition. USA: Tata McGraw Hill; 2004. google scholar
  35. Gürler, H. E., Özçalıcı, M., & Pamucar, D. (2024). Determining criteria weights with genetic algorithms for multi-criteria decision making methods: The case of logistics performance index rankings of European Union countries. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 91, 101758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2023.101758 google scholar
  36. GyuBae, K. I. M. (2023). Development of Railway Logistics Business Model and Track Capacity Journal of Distribution Science, 21(9), 93-102. google scholar
  37. Hausman, W. H., H. L. Lee, and U. Subramanian. 2013. Impact of logistics performance on trade. Production and Operations Management, 22(2), 236-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2011.01312.xhttps://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2011.01312.x google scholar
  38. Hong, J., Chu, Z. and Wang, Q. (2011). Transport infrastructure and regional economic growth: evidence from China. Transportation, 38, 737-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-011-9349-6 google scholar
  39. Hoffmann, J. (2005). Liner Shipping Connectivity. UNCTAD Transport Newsletter, 27(1): 4-12. google scholar
  40. Hsu, C. W. (2012). A system dynamics model was used to assess the effects of capital subsidies and feed-in tariffs on solar PV installations. Appl Energy, 100(Supplement C):205–217. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.02.039 google scholar
  41. Huong VTT, Van Kiem P, Thuy NT, Trang VTH, Ha HTT (2024). Assessing the impact of green logistics performance on Vietnam’s export trade to regional comprehensive economic partnership countries. Int. J. Innovative Res Sci Stud, 7(2):742–754 google scholar
  42. Irfani, D. P., Wibisono, D., & Basri, M. H. (2019). A logistics performance management system based on the system dynamics model is designed. Measuring Business Excellence, 23(3), 269-291. https://doi.org/10.1108/MBE-01-2019-0008 google scholar
  43. Jakovljević, M., Vertlberg, J. L., Šoštarić, M., & Ševrović, M. (2025). Determination of Factors Influencing Demand for Road Transport: Evidence from Croatia Applied Sciences, 15(4), 2238. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15042238 google scholar
  44. Jifeng, W. A. N. G., Huapu, L. U., & Hu, P. E. N. G. (2008). The system dynamics model of the urban transportation system and its application. Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 8(3), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-6672(08)60027-6https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-6672(08)60027-6 google scholar
  45. Jouili, T. A. (2019). Determinants of the connectivity of liner shipping International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 6, 5-10. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2019.11.002 google scholar
  46. Kale, M. V., & Tilki, İ. (2024). Dünya ülkelerinin lojistik performanslarının çok kriterli karar verme yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi: 2023 Yılı dünya bankası raporu ile karşılaştırmalı analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (80), 13-30. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1387317 google scholar
  47. Kara, M. A., & Ciğerlioğlu, O. (2018). Turkiye ekonomisinde ulaşım altyapısının ekonomik büyümeye etkisi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(2), 577-591. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.382949 google scholar
  48. Kim, D. H. (1999). Introduction to Systems Thinking. 1999 by Pegasus Communications, Inc. 1999. google scholar
  49. Kim S, Kim H. (2016). A new absolute percentage error metric for intermittent demand forecasts International Journal of Forecasting, 32(3), 669-679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2015.12.003 google scholar
  50. La, K. W., & Song, J. G. (2019). Empirical study on the effects of export promotion on Korea-China-Japan using the logistics performance index Journal of Korea Trade, 23(7), 96-112. google scholar
  51. Lewis, C. D. (1982). Industrial and business forecasting methods: A practical guide to exponential smoothing and curve fitting, London; Boston: Butterworth Scientific. google scholar
  52. Li, J., Zhai, J., Chen, Y., Liu, S., 2010. System Dynamic Simulation Approach for Supply Chain with Capability, Limit. J. Comput, 5(7), 1125-1132. https://doi.org/10.4304/jcp.5.7.1125-1132 google scholar
  53. Li, W., & Yang, S. (2023). High-speed railway-based fast logistics service network design problem. Modern Physics Letters B, 37(13), 2350020. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217984923500203 google scholar
  54. Li, X., Fan, Y., & Wu, L. (2017). CO2 emissions and expansion of railway, road, airline and in-land waterway networks over the 1985–2013 period in China: A time series analysis. Journal of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Transportation research Part D: Transport and environment, 57, 130-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.09.008https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.09.008 google scholar
  55. Liu, P., Atifeh, M., Khorshidnia, M., & Taheri, S. G. (2023). System dynamics: an approach to supply chain performance measurement modeling Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(4), 1291-1317. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2023.19211 google scholar
  56. Lütkepohl, H. and Xu, F. (2012). Role of the log transformation in forecasting economic variables Empirical Economics, 42, 619-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-010-0440-1 google scholar
  57. Mallick, R. B. (2023). System Dynamics for Complex Problems in sidewalk Engineering, Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press. google scholar
  58. Mahpour, A., Farzin, I., Baghestani, A., Ashouri, S., Javadi, Z., and Asgari, L. (2023). Modeling the impact of countries’ logistic performance, economic features, and demographic factors on seaborne trade. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 39(2), 60-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2023.02.003 google scholar
  59. Morcillo, J. D., Franco, C. J., & Angulo, F. (2018). Simulation of demand growth scenarios in the Colombian electricity market: An integration of system dynamics and dynamic systems Applied Energy, 216, 504–520. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.104 google scholar
  60. Morecroft, J. D. W. (2007). Strategic modeling and business dynamics: A feedback systems approach. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. google scholar
  61. Martí, L., Puertas, R., & García, L. (2014). Importance of the Logistics Performance Index in International Trade: Evidence from OECD Countries International Economics, 139, 99–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2014.05.002 google scholar
  62. Martí, L., Puertas, R., & García, L. (2015). Importance of the logistics performance index in international trade: The Spanish case Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 78, 82–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.05.006 google scholar
  63. McKinnon, A. (2012). Environmental sustainability: A new priority for logistics managers In: McKinnon A, Browne M, Whiteing A, editors. Green Logistics: Improving the Environmental Sustainability of Logistic, Kogan Page Publishers, 3–10. google scholar
  64. Menezes, E., Maia, A. G. and de Carvalho, C. S. (2017). Effectiveness of low-carbon development strategies: Evaluation of policy scenarios for the urban transport sector in a Brazilian megacity Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 226-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.016 google scholar
  65. Meşin, K., & Cura, F. (2022). Turkiye Dış Ticaretinin Lojistik Performans Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal ekonomik araştırmalar dergisi, 22(2), 139-149. https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1148908https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1148908 google scholar
  66. Michail, N., Melas, K. D., & Batzilis, D. (2021). Container shipping trade and real GDP growth: A panel vector autoregressive approach, Economics Bulletin, 41(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3724480 google scholar
  67. Minegishi, S., & Thiel, D. (2000). Modeling and simulation of system dynamics of a particular food supply chain Simulation practice and theory, 8(5), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-4869(00)00026-4 google scholar
  68. Mohamad, R., Kamonchanok, S., & Pongsa, P. (2015). Liner shipping connectivity and international trade in maritime Southeast Asian countries Journal of International Logistics and Trade, 13(3), 43-74. https://doi.org/10.24006/jilt.2015.13.3.43https://doi.org/10.24006/jilt.2015.13.3.43 google scholar
  69. Morecroft, J. D. W., 2007. Strategic Modeling and Business Dynamics: A Feedback Systems Approach. Chichester, England; Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc google scholar
  70. Munim, Z. H., & Schramm, H. J. (2018). Impacts of Port Infrastructure and Logistics Performance on Economic Growth: The Mediating Role of Seaborne Trade Journal of Shipping and Trade, 3(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41072-018-0027-0 google scholar
  71. Nassar, R. F., Ghisolfi, V., Annema, J. A., van Binsbergen, A., & Tavasszy, L. A. (2023). A system dynamics model for analyzing modal shift policies in freight transportation toward decarbonization. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 48, 100966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2023.100966 google scholar
  72. Nasreen S, Saidi S, Ozturk I. (2018). Linkages between energy consumption, freight transport, and economic growth: Evidence from dynamic simultaneous equation models Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 25(17), 16825–16841. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1760-5 google scholar
  73. Orji, I. J., & Wei, S. (2015). Innovative integration of fuzzy logic and system dynamics in sustainable supplier selection: A case study on the manufacturing industry Computers and Industrial Engineering, 88, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.06.019https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.06.019 google scholar
  74. Ohakwe, C. R. (2025). Impact of macroeconomic indicators on logistics performance Journal of Transport Geography, 124, 103829. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2025.103829 google scholar
  75. Özen, M., Fayyaz, M., & Yaman, H. T. (2020). Factors affecting capacity utilization of road freight transport in Turkey Teknik Dergi, 31(2), 9813-9832. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.413807 google scholar
  76. Özer, M., Yıldırım, S., & Turan, T. (2021). Impact of Container Transport on Turkey’s Economic Growth Research in Transportation Business & Management, 41, 100627. DOI: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100627 google scholar
  77. Peng, M., Peng, Y., & Chen, H. (2014). Post-seismic supply chain risk management: A system dynamics disruption analysis approach for inventory and logistics planning. Journal of Applied Mechanics and Logistics Management, 27(4), e0163. Computers and Operations Research, 42, 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2013.03.003 google scholar
  78. Pierreval, H., Bruniaux, R. and Caux, C. (2007). A continuous simulation approach for automotive supply chains Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory, 15(2), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2006.09.019 google scholar
  79. Pindyck, R., & Rubinfeld, D. (1976). Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts New York: McGraw Hill. google scholar
  80. Radzicki, M. J., & Sterman, J. D. (1994). Evolutionary economics and system dynamics Evolutionary concepts in contemporary economics, 61-89. google scholar
  81. Raczynski, S. (2023). Research and Understanding Models: Exploring Dynamic Systems, Unconventional Approaches, and Applications Springer. google scholar
  82. Rezaei, J., Roekel, W. and Tavasszy, L. (2018). Measuring the relative importance of the logistics performance index indicators using best worst method, Transport Policy, Vol. 68, September, pp. 158-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.05.007 google scholar
  83. Saparovna, M., K., Sarsengalievich, O., S., Antoni, A., & Duzbaievna, S. (2018). Evaluation of the efficiency of railway transport and logistics infrastructure Pomorstvo, 32(1), 88-101. https://doi.org/10.31217/p.32.1.3 google scholar
  84. Sardarabady, N. J., Ahmed, S., & Kumar, R. (2024). A systematic literature review on the logistics sector’s economic impact Case Studies on Transport Policy, 12(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2023.12.004 google scholar
  85. Schwaninger M, Groesser S. 2020. System dynamics modeling: Validation for quality assurance. In B. Dangerfield (Ed.), System dynamics (pp. 119–138). Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8790-0_540 google scholar
  86. Sezer S, Abasiz T. 2017. The impact of the logistics industry on economic growth: An application in OECD countries Eurasian Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 11-23. google scholar
  87. Shepherd, S. P. (2014). A review of system dynamics models applied in transportation. B: Transp. Dynam. 2 (2), 83–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/21680566.2014.916236 google scholar
  88. Shafique, M., Azam, A., Rafiq, M., & Luo, X. (2021). Investigating the nexus among transport, economic growth, and environmental degradation: Evidence from panel ARDL approach. Transport Policy, 109, 61–71. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.014 google scholar
  89. Shaw, B. K., Sangal, I., & Sarkar, B. (2022). Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in an imperfect production process under breakdown consideration. AIMS Environ. Sci, 9, 658-691. https://doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2022038 google scholar
  90. Shi, R. and Conrad, S. A. (2009). Correlation and regression analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 103(4), S34-S41. DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.014 google scholar
  91. Song, M. J., & Lee, H. Y. (2022). The relationship between international trade and logistics performance: A focus on the South Korean industrial sector Research in Transportation Business & Management, 44, 100786. DOI: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100786 google scholar
  92. Sterman, J. D. (1984). Appropriate summary statistics for evaluating the historical fit of system dynamics models. Dynamica, vol. 10, no. 2, 51-66. google scholar
  93. Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business dynamics: Systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. google scholar
  94. Sterman, J. D. (2001). System dynamics modeling: - tools for learning in a complex world. Calif. Manage. Rev, 43 (4). https://doi.org/10.2307/41166098 google scholar
  95. Sterman, J. D. (2006). Learning from evidence in a complex world American Journal of Public Health, 96(3), 505-514. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.066043 google scholar
  96. Sterman, J. D. (2014). System dynamics at sixty: The path forward. System Dynamics Review, 30(1–2), 5–49. DOI: 10.1002/sdr.1601 google scholar
  97. Stević, Ž., Ersoy, N., Başar, E. E., & Baydaş, M. (2024). Addressing the Global Logistics Performance Index Rankings with Methodological Insights and an Innovative Decision Support Framework Applied Sciences, 14(22), 10334. google scholar
  98. J. Thomas, R. Crowe, K. Schulz, H. E. Wang, M. C. D. O. Otto, B. Karfunkle, Huebinger, R. (2024). Association between the intubation rate and intubation success of emergency medical service agenciesemergency medical service agency intubation rate and intubation success. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 84(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.11.005 google scholar
  99. Tong, T., & Yu, T. E. (2018). Transportation and economic growth in China: A heterogeneous panel co-integration and causality analysis Journal of Transport Geography, 73, 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.10.016 google scholar
  100. Turna, Y. (2024). The Impact of Countries’ Logistics Performance on Their Exports: The Case of G-8 Countries Journal of Transportation and Logistics, 9 (1), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.26650/JTL.2024.1353603 google scholar
  101. Ülker, T., Eken, E. N., & Bulut, N. (2024). The Impact of Logistic Performance Index and Ease of Doing Business on Trade Volume in Eurasian Countries: A Gravity Model, Internatıonal Congress On Eurasıan Economıes 2024, DOI: 10.36880/C16.02909. google scholar
  102. Xiangwei, X. I. E., Jie, P. A. N., Jinjing, Z. H. A. O., & Miao, S. U. (2023). Examining the Economic Effects of Logistics Infrastructure: The Case of the New Western Land-Sea Corridor in China Journal of Distribution Science, 21(8), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.21.08.202308.23 google scholar
  103. Wang, S., & Fu, S. (2022). Path design and planning and investment and construction mode of multimodal transport network based on big data analysis. Discrete Dynam. Nat. Soc., 2022 (1), 9185372. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9185372 google scholar
  104. Wang, P., Zhang, Y., & Guo, W. (2023). Demand forecast of railway transportation logistics supply chain based on machine learning model. International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach (IJITSA), 16(3), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJITSA.323441 google scholar
  105. Wang, W., Wu, Q., & Su, J. (2024). The impact of international logistics performance on import and export trade: an empirical case of the “Belt and Road” initiative countries. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599- 024-03541-0 google scholar
  106. Wang, S. (2024). Impact of international logistics performance on China’s imports and exports: An extended gravity model approach Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 301. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02946-2 google scholar
  107. Wilmsmeier, G., Hoffmann, J., & Sanchez, R. J. (2006). The impact of port characteristics on international maritime transport costs. Research in Transportation Economics, 16: 117-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-8859(06)16006-0https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739- 8859(06)16006-0 google scholar
  108. Wilmsmeier, G. and Hoffmann, J. (2008). Liner Shipping Connectivity and Port Infrastructure as Determinants of Freight Rates in the Caribbean Maritime Economics and Logistics, 10(1-2): 130-151. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100195https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100195 google scholar
  109. Wiman, H., Tuominen, A., Mesimäki, J., Penttinen, M., Innamaa, S., & Ylén, P. (2022). System dynamics simulation of transport mode choice transitions under structural and parametric uncertainty. European transport research review, 14(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-022-00564-zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-022-00564-z google scholar
  110. World Bank. (2023). Connecting to Compete 2023: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy: Logistics Performance Index (LPI) and its Indicators Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from https://lpi.worldbank.org google scholar
  111. Wu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, P., Yu, J., & Du, Y. (2023). Research on Partner Selection of High‐Speed Railway Dynamic Logistics Alliance Based on the Dynamic Programming Model. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2023(1), 6987845. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6987845 google scholar
  112. Yang, Z., Sun, Y., & Lee, P. T. W. (2020). Impact of the development of the China-Europe Railway Express: A case on the Chongqing International Logistics Center Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 136, 244-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.03.022https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.03.022 google scholar
  113. Yegengil M, Arslan, H., & Sevinç, A. (2011). Örnek bir tedarik zincirinin sistem dinamikleri yaklaşımı ile modellenmesi. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 2-10. google scholar
  114. Yu, Z., & Solis, D. (2019). Logistics Performance, Exports, and Growth: Evidence from Asian Countries Research in Transportation Business & Management, 31, 100378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2019.100378 google scholar
  115. Zhang, Y., & Xiang, J. (2022). Has the Belt and Road Initiative promoted railway logistics efficiency?-An application of three-stage DEA International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 14(4), 348-370. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTL.2022.123713 google scholar
  116. Zhou, T., Wang, J., & Li, Y. (2022). Efficiency evaluation and influencing factors analysis of the logistics industry Sustainability, 14(15), 9427213. DOI: 10.3390/su14159427 google scholar
  117. Zhao, Y., Nasihatgozar, M., & Ming, F. (2024). The effect of nanoparticles on the economics study of railway logistics transport based on mathematical model Advances in Nano Research, 16(5), 521. DOI: 10.12989/anr.2024.16.5.521 google scholar
  118. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkiye (CBRT), https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/en/tcmb+en, 29.12.2024. google scholar
  119. Councıl Of Supply Chaın Management Professıonals (CSCMP), Definitions of Supply Chain Management, https://cscmp.org/, 11.01.2025. google scholar
  120. Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure General Directorate of Highways (MTIDDH). https://www.kgm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/KGM/SiteTr/Istatistikler/ButceOdenekHarcamaGelir.aspx, 29.12.2024. google scholar
  121. Presidency of the Republic of Turkiye (PRT) (2024), Twelfth Development Plan (2024-2028), https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Twelfth-Development-Plan_2024-2028.pdf google scholar
  122. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure (RTMTI 1), https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/, 07.01.2025. google scholar
  123. Republic of Turkiye-Ministry of Trade (TB). Statistic. Retrieved from https://wwws.trades.govs.tr/statistics/statistic. 15. 02. 2025. google scholar
  124. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure (RTMTI 2), 2053 transport and logıstıcs master. Retrieved from https://www.uab.gov.tr/uploads/pages/bakanlik-yayinlari/2053-ulastirma-ve-lojistik-ana-plani-rev.pdf. 20.02.2025 google scholar
  125. Society for System Dynamics (2024). What is system dynamics? Retrieved from https://systemdynamics.org google scholar
  126. Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI), 2024. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Transportation-and-Communication-112. google scholar
  127. Wordbank (WB) (2025), https://databank.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/1ff4a498/Popular-Indicators, 04. 01.2025. google scholar
  128. Sterman, J. D. (2014). System dynamics at sixty: The path forward. System Dynamics Review, 30(1–2), 5–49. DOI: 10.1002/sdr.1601 google scholar
  129. Republic of Turkiye-Ministry of Trade (TB). Statistic. Retrieved from https://wwws.trades.govs.tr/statistics/statistic. 15. 02. 2025. google scholar