Journals / Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Investigation of Spectroscopic Properties with Computational Chemistry Method of Copper(II)–sulfamethazine-2,2'-bipyridine Complex: Molecular Modeling Study and ADME/T

Bakır(II)–Sulfametazin-2,2'-bipiridin Kompleksinin Hesaplamalı Kimya Yöntemi ile Spektroskopik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi: Moleküler Modelleme Çalışması, ADME/T

Filiz Öztürk(ONDOKUZ MAYIS UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-0493-0446
Pages
39–64
Publication Date
2023-07-21
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

ADME/T properties were examined with the complex, in-silico method and it was discussed whether it has drug properties or not.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Theoretical calculations of the [Cu(smz)2bipy] complex were calculated using the DFT (Density Functional Theory) method and the B3LYP and LanL2DZ basis set.
📊
Key Findings & Data:However, it was calculated using the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G basis set of the sulfamethazine ligand and the results were compared with the complex structure.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:ADME/T properties were examined with the complex, in-silico method and it was discussed whether it has drug properties or not.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:DFT hesaplamaları · Hirshfeld Yüzey Analizi · moleküler kenetleme

Abstract

Theoretical calculations of the [Cu(smz)2bipy] complex were calculated using the DFT (Density Functional Theory) method and the B3LYP and LanL2DZ basis set. In the result of the calculations obtained are quite compatible with the geometric parameters of the experimental structure. However, it was calculated using the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G basis set of the sulfamethazine ligand and the results were compared with the complex structure. After the complex was optimized, EHOMO and ELUMO values were determined. The chemical and biological activities of Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) and complex and free ligand (Hsmz) were compared. Electrophilic and nucleophilic regions of the complex were determined by Mulliken population analysis, MEP (Molecular Electrostatic Potential) and MEP counter notation. The experimental IR (Infrared) results of the complex and the Hsmz ligand were compared with the theoretically obtained values. Intermolecular interactions were investigated in detail with the Hirshfeld surface analysis method. In addition, considering that it gave positive results on E. coli bacteria, Gyrase Type IIA Topoisomerase and DNA Gyrase enzyme were downloaded from PDB (Protein Data Bank) and molecular insertion study was carried out. ADME/T properties were examined with the complex, in-silico method and it was discussed whether it has drug properties or not.

Özet

[Cu(smz)2bipy] kompleksinin teorik hesaplamaları DFT (Yoğunluk Fonksiyonel Teorisi) yöntemi ile B3LYP ve LanL2DZ baz seti kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplamalar sonucunda elde edilen değerler, deneysel yapının geometrik parametreleri ile oldukça uyumludur. Bununla birlikte sulfamethazin ligantının DFT/B3LYP/6-311G baz seti kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır ve sonuçlar kompleks yapı ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Kompleks optimize edildikten sonra EHOMO ve ELUMO değerleri saptanmıştır. Sınır Moleküler Orbitalleri (FMOs) ile kompleks ve serbest ligant (Hsmz)’nin kimyasal ve biyolojik aktiviteleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Mulliken popülasyon analizi, MEP (Moleküler Elektrostatik Potansiyel) ve MEP kontör gösterimi ile kompleksin elektrofilik ve nükleofilik bölgeleri belirlenmiştir. Kompleksin ve Hsmz ligantının deneysel IR (Infrared) sonuçları teorik olarak elde edilen değerler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Hirshfeld yüzey analizi yöntemi ile moleküller arası etkileşimleri ayrıntılı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca E. coli bakterisi üzerinde olumlu sonuçlar verdiği dikkate alınarak PDB (Protein Data Bank)’dan Giraz Tip IIA Topoisomeraz ve DNA Giraz enzimleri indirilerek moleküler kenetleme çalışması yapılmıştır. Kompleks, in-silico yöntem ile ADME/T özellikleri incelenerek ilaç özelliği taşıyıp taşımadığı tartışılmıştır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Öztürk, F., Aycan, T. (2023). Investigation of Spectroscopic Properties with Computational Chemistry Method of Copper(II)–sulfamethazine-2,2'-bipyridine Complex: Molecular Modeling Study and ADME/T. Sinop Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 39–64. https://doi.org/10.33484/sinopfbd.1310057

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (66)

  1. Tekeli, Y., Lolak, N., Sonmez, G. D., Tekeli, T. & Akocak, S. (2022). Antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA cleavage activity evaluation of substituted phenylureido sulfaguanidine and sulfamethazine derivatives. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 56(3), 345-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11094-022-02654-7
  2. Scozzafava, A., Owa, T., Mastrolorenzo, A. & Supuran, C. T. (2003). Anticancer and antiviral sulfonamides. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 10(11), 925-953. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867033457647
  3. Mansour, A. M., Abdel‐Ghani, N. T. & Ragab, M. S. (2020). DNA/bovine serum albumin binding and cytotoxicity of transition metal ternary complexes based on sulfamethazine and bromazepam drugs. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 34(12), e5995. https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.5995
  4. Timerbaev, A. R., Hartinger, C. G., Aleksenko, S. S. & Keppler, B. K. (2006). Interactions of antitumor metallodrugs with serum proteins: advances in characterization using modern analytical methodology. Chemical Reviews, 106(6), 2224-2248. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr040704h
  5. Baenziger, N. & Struss, A. W. (1976). Crystal structure of 2-sulfanilamidopyrimidinesilver (I). Inorganic Chemistry, 15(8), 1807-1809.
  6. Cook, D. S. & Turner, M. F. (1975). Crystal and molecular structure of silver sulphadiazine (N 1-pyrimidin-2-ylsulphanilamide). Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2, (10), 1021-1025. https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50162a014
  7. Baenziger, N., Modak, S. & Fox, C. (1983). Diamminebis (2-sulfanilamidopyrimidinato) zinc (II),[Zn (C10H9N4O2S) 2 (NH3) 2]. Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications, 39(12), 1620-1623. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270183009506
  8. Ferrer, S., Borrás, J. & Garcia-España, E. (1990). Complex formation equilibria between the acetazolamide ((5-acetamido-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole)-2-sulphonamide), a potent inhibitor of carbonicanhydrase, and Zn (II), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) in aqueous and ethanol-aqueous solutions. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 39(4), 297-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-0134(90)80028-V
  9. Supuran, C. T., Mincione, F., Scozzafava, A., Briganti, F., Mincione, G. & Ilies, M. A. (1998). Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors—part 52. Metal complexes of heterocyclic sulfonamides: a new class of strong topical intraocular pressure-lowering agents in rabbits. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 33(4), 247-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0223-5234(98)80059-7
  10. Scozzafava, A., Menabuoni, L., Mincione, F., Briganti, F., Mincione, G. & Supuran, C. T. (1999). Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Synthesis of water-soluble, topically effective, intraocular pressure-lowering aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing cationic or anionic moieties: is the tail more important than the ring? Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 42(14), 2641-2650. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm9900523
  11. Öztürk, F., Aycan, T. & Özdemir, N. (2019). Cu (II)-sulfamethazine complex with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediamine: synthesis, spectroscopic, structural characterization and antimicrobial activity. Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 72(19-21), 3359-3370. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958972.2019.1692201
  12. Barboiu, M., Cimpoesu, M., Guran, C. & Supuran, C. T. (1996). 1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole derivatives. part 91. synthesis and biological activity of metal complexes of 5-(2-aminoethyl)-2-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole. Metal-Based Drugs, 3(5), 227-232. Briganti, F., Scozzafava, A. & Supuran, C. (1997). Sulfonylamido derivatives of aminoglutethimide and their copper (II) complexes: a novel class of antifungal compounds. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 32(11), 901-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0223-5234(97)82776-6
  13. Tiwari, R., Haridas, M. & Singh, T. (1984). Structure of 4-amino-N-(4, 6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) benzenesulphonamide (sulfadimidine), C12H14N4O2S. Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications, 40(4), 655-657. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270184005229
  14. Giuseppetti, G., Tadini, C. & Bettinetti, G. (1994). 1: 1 Molecular complex of trimethoprim and sulfametrole. Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications, 50(8), 1289-1291. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270193013253
  15. Koyanagi, N., Nagasu, T., Fujita, F., Watanabe, T., Tsukahara, K., Funahashi, Y., Fujita, M., Taguchi, T., Yoshino, H. & Kitoh, K. (1994). In vivo tumor growth inhibition produced by a novel sulfonamide, E7010, against rodent and human tumors. Cancer Research, 54(7), 1702-1706.
  16. Mansour, A. M. (2013). Molecular structure and spectroscopic properties of novel manganese (II) complex with sulfamethazine drug. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1035, 114-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.09.048
  17. Öztürk, F., Sulfonamid türevlerinin metal komplekslerinin sentezi, yapı analizi, spektroskopik ve elektrokimyasal özelliklerinin incelenmesi / Synthesis, structural, spectroscopic and electrochemical investigation of metal complexes of sulfonamide derivatives, Physics, [Doktora Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs University], 2015, p. 78.
  18. Frisch, M., Trucks, G. W., Schlegel, H. B., Scuseria, G. E., Robb, M. A., Cheeseman, J. R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Mennucci, B. & Petersson, G. e. (2014). Gaussian∼ 09 Revision D. 01.
  19. Dennington II, R., Keith, T. & Millam, J. (2009). GaussView 5.0, Wallingford, CT.
  20. Becke, A. D. (1993). Density‐functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 98(7), 5648-5652. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.464913
  21. Lee, C., Yang, W. & Parr, R. G. (1988). Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density. Physical Review B, 37(2), 785-789. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.37.785.
  22. Chiodo, S., Russo, N. & Sicilia, E. (2006). LANL2DZ basis sets recontracted in the framework of density functional theory. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 125(10), 104107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2345197. 10.1063/1.2345197
  23. Check, C. E., Faust, T. O., Bailey, J. M., Wright, B. J., Gilbert, T. M. & Sunderlin, L. S. (2001). Addition of polarization and diffuse functions to the LANL2DZ basis set for p-block elements. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 105(34), 8111-8116. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp011945l
  24. Frisch, M. J., Pople, J. A. & Binkley, J. S. (1984). Self‐consistent molecular orbital methods 25. Supplementary functions for Gaussian basis sets. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 80(7), 3265-3269. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.447079.
  25. O'boyle, N. M., Tenderholt, A. L. & Langner, K. M. (2008). Cclib: a library for package‐independent computational chemistry algorithms. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 29(5), 839-845. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20823
  26. Turner, M., McKinnon, J., Wolff, S., Grimwood, D., Spackman, P., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. (2017). CrystalExplorer17, The University of Western Australia Perth, WA, Australia.
  27. Trott, O. & Olson, A. J. (2010). AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 31(2), 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334
  28. BIOVIA, D. S. (2015). BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer, v16. 1.0. 15350, San Diego: Dassault Systemes.
  29. Daina, A., Michielin, O. & Zoete, V. (2017). SwissADME: a free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 42717. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42717.
  30. Norinder, U. & Bergström, C. A. (2006). Prediction of ADMET properties. ChemMedChem: Chemistry Enabling Drug Discovery, 1(9), 920-937. https://doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.200600155
  31. Banerjee, P., Eckert, A. O., Schrey, A. K. & Preissner, R. (2018). ProTox-II: a webserver for the prediction of toxicity of chemicals. Nucleic Acids Research, 46(W1), W257-W263. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky318
  32. Banerjee, P., Dehnbostel, F. O. & Preissner, R. (2018). Prediction is a balancing act: ımportance of sampling methods to balance sensitivity and specificity of predictive models based on ımbalanced chemical data sets. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00362.
  33. Drwal, M. N., Banerjee, P., Dunkel, M., Wettig, M. R. & Preissner, R. (2014). ProTox: a web server for the in silico prediction of rodent oral toxicity. Nucleic Acids Research, 42(W1), W53-W58. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gku401
  34. Öztürk, F., Bulut, I. & Bulut, A. (2015). Structural, spectroscopic, magnetic and electrochemical studies of monomer N-substituted-sulfanilamide copper (II) complex with 2, 2′-bipyridine. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 138, 891-899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.10.065
  35. Öztürk, F. & Aycan, T. (2021). Çinko (II)–Sulfatiyazol-Dietilentriamin Kompleksinin hesaplamalı kimya yöntemi ile spektroskopik özelliklerinin incelenmesi: Moleküler modelleme çalışması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(1), 65-83. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.823025
  36. İnkaya, E., Günnaz, S., Özdemir, N., Dayan, O., Dinçer, M. & Çetinkaya, B. (2013). Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, X-ray structure and DFT studies on 2,6-bis(1-benzyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)pyridine. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 103, 255-263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2012.11.039
  37. Parr, R. G. & Yang, W. (1984). Density functional approach to the frontier-electron theory of chemical reactivity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 106(14), 4049-4050. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00326a036
  38. Parr, R. G., Donnelly, R. A., Levy, M. & Palke, W. E. (1978). Electronegativity: the density functional viewpoint. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 68(8), 3801-3807. https://doi.org/ 10.1063/1.436185
  39. Parr, R. G. & Pearson, R. G. (1983). Absolute hardness: companion parameter to absolute electronegativity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 105(26), 7512-7516. Srivastava, H., Pasha, F. & Singh, P. (2005). Atomic softness‐based QSAR study of testosterone. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 103(3), 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.436185
  40. Parr, R. G., Szentpály, L. v. & Liu, S. (1999). Electrophilicity index. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121(9), 1922-1924. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja983494x
  41. Chattaraj, P. K., Maiti, B. & Sarkar, U. (2003). Philicity: a unified treatment of chemical reactivity and selectivity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 107(25), 4973-4975. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp034707u
  42. Cakmak, S., Aycan, T., Yakan, H., Veyisoglu, A., Tanak, H. & Evecen, M. (2023). Preparation, spectroscopic, X-ray crystallographic, DFT, antimicrobial and ADMET studies of N-[(4-flourophenyl) sulfanyl]phthalimide. Acta Crystallographica Section C, 79(6), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053229623003418
  43. Temel, E., Alaşalvar, C., Eserci, H. & Ağar, E. (2017). Experimental (X-ray, IR and UV–vis.) and DFT studies on cocrystallization of two tautomers of a novel Schiff base compound. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1128, 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.08.038
  44. Xavier, R. J. & Dinesh, P. (2014). Spectroscopic (FTIR, FT-Raman, 13C and 1H NMR) investigation, molecular electrostatic potential, polarizability and first-order hyperpolarizability, FMO and NBO analysis of 1-methyl-2-imidazolethiol. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 118, 999-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.120
  45. Arshad, M. N., Asiri, A. M., Alamry, K. A., Mahmood, T., Gilani, M. A., Ayub, K. & Birinji, A. S. (2015). Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic and density functional theory (DFT) study of N-[3-anthracen-9-yl-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-allylidene]-N-benzenesulfonohydrazine. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 142, 364-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2015.01.101
  46. Saka, E. T., Uzun, S. & Çağlar, Y. (2016). Synthesis, structural characterization, catalytic activity on aerobic oxidation of novel Co (II) and Fe (II) phthalocyanines and computational studies of 4-[2-(2, 3-dichlorophenoxy) ethoxy] phthalonitrile. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 810, 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.03.005
  47. Dani, R., Bharty, M., Kushawaha, S., Prakash, O., Singh, R. K. & Singh, N. (2013). Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) complexes of (Z)-N′(1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) acetimidate: Synthesis, spectral, solid state electrical conductivity, X-ray diffraction and DFT study. Polyhedron, 65, 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2013.08.015
  48. Luque, F. J., López, J. M. & Orozco, M. (2000). Perspective on “Electrostatic interactions of a solute with a continuum. A direct utilization of ab initio molecular potentials for the prevision of solvent effects”. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 103(3-4), 343-345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002149900013
  49. Ersanlı, C. C. (2017). Synthesis, X-ray and Quantum Chemical Characterizations Studies on (E)-2-Bromo-4-chloro-6-[(4-chloro-2, 5-dimethoxyphenylimino) methyl] phenol Compound. Gazi University Journal of Science, 30(4), 531-543.
  50. Öztürk, F., Bulut, İ., Bekiroğlu, Y. & Bulut, A. (2016). Spectroscopic, structural, electrochemical and antimicrobiological studies of Cu (II)-sulfathiazole complex with diethylenetriamine ligand. Polyhedron, 119, 420-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2016.07.019
  51. Al-Dawood, A. Y., El-Metwaly, N. M. & El-Ghamry, H. A. (2016). Molecular docking and DFT studies on some nano-meter binuclear complexes derived from hydrazine-carbothioamide ligand, synthesis, thermal, kinetic and spectral characterization. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 220, 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.04.079
  52. Aycan, T., Hekzaakua-bis(sulfat) içeren nikotinamitli kobalt(II) ve çinko(II) koordinasyon bileşikleri: sentezlenmesi, yapısal, spektroskopik ve termal özelliklerinin incelenmesi, in: C.C. Ersanlı, E. Tezel Ersanlı, C. Başlak (Eds.), Geleceğin Dünyasında Bilimsel ve Mesleki Çalışmalar 2020/ Fen Bilimleri I, Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım, Bursa, 2020, pp. 94-111.
  53. Ranjith, P. K., Mary, Y. S., Panicker, C. Y., Anto, P. L., Armaković, S., Armaković, S. J., Musiol, R., Jampilek, J. & Van Alsenoy, C. (2017). New quinolone derivative: Spectroscopic characterization and reactivity study by DFT and MD approaches. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1135, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.01.045
  54. Kalarani, R., Sankarganesh, M., Kumar, G. V. & Kalanithi, M. (2020). Synthesis, spectral, DFT calculation, sensor, antimicrobial and DNA binding studies of Co (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) metal complexes with 2-amino benzimidazole Schiff base. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1206, 127725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127725
  55. Tabbì, G., Giuffrida, A. & Bonomo, R. P. (2013). Determination of formal redox potentials in aqueous solution of copper (II) complexes with ligands having nitrogen and oxygen donor atoms and comparison with their EPR and UV–Vis spectral features. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 128, 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.035
  56. Spackman, M. A. & Jayatilaka, D. (2009). Hirshfeld surface analysis. CrystEngComm, 11(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1039/B818330A
  57. Hirshfeld, F. (1977). Synthesis, crystal structure, and hirshfeld surface analysis of a new mixed ligand copper (II) complex. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 44, 129-138. https://doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2015.2024 Clausen, H. F., Chevallier, M. S., Spackman, M. A. & Iversen, B. B. (2010). Three new co-crystals of hydroquinone: crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analysis of intermolecular interactions. New Journal of Chemistry, 34(2), 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1039/B9NJ00463G
  58. Rohl, A. L., Moret, M., Kaminsky, W., Claborn, K., McKinnon, J. J. & Kahr, B. (2008). Hirshfeld surfaces identify inadequacies in computations of intermolecular interactions in crystals: pentamorphic 1, 8-dihydroxyanthraquinone. Crystal Growth and Design, 8(12), 4517-4525. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg8005212
  59. Spackman, M. A. & McKinnon, J. J. (2002). Fingerprinting intermolecular interactions in molecular crystals. CrystEngComm, 4(66), 378-392. https://doi.org/10.1021/cg8005212
  60. Parkin, A., Barr, G., Dong, W., Gilmore, C. J., Jayatilaka, D., McKinnon, J. J., Spackman, M. A. & Wilson, C. C. (2007). Comparing entire crystal structures: structural genetic fingerprinting. CrystEngComm, 9(8), 648-652. https://doi.org/10.1039/B704177B
  61. Wolff, S., Grimwood, D., McKinnon, J., Turner, M., Jayatilaka, D. & Spackman, M. (2012). Crystal explorer, University of Western Australia Crawley, Australia.
  62. Samanta, T., Dey, L., Dinda, J., Chattopadhyay, S. & Seth, S. (2014). Structural characterization and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a CoIIcomplex with imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridine. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1068, 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989018003857
  63. Tailor, S. M. & Patel, U. H. (2015). Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, antimicrobial activity and crystal structure of silver and copper complexes of sulfamethazine. Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 68(13), 2192-2207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958972.2015.1055258
  64. Hodgson, J. (2001). ADMET—turning chemicals into drugs. Nature Biotechnology, 19(8), 722-726. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958972.2015.1055258
  65. Lipiński, E. (2001). Semitic languages: outline of a comparative grammar, Peeters Publishers.
  66. İslamoğlu, F. & Hacıfazlıoğlu, E. (2022). Investigation of the usability of some triazole derivative compounds as drug active ingredients by ADME and molecular docking properties. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry,