SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 27

Variation in the virulence of Diplodia sapinea on Pinus brutia regeneration sites across three locations in Türkiye

Türkiye’de üç farklı lokasyondaki kızılçam gençliklerinde Diplodia sapinea’nın virulensindeki değişim

Ayse Gülden Aday Kaya(YENİŞARBADEMLİ VOCATIONAL SCHOOL)0000-0002-5631-6026
Halime Sağlam(ISPARTA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES)0000-0000-0000-0000
Tuğba Doğmuş Lehtijarvi(Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Orman fakültesi)0000-0002-4971-0922
Pages
22–27
Publication Date
2026-04-27
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results showed that all isolates were pathogenic, that the highest mean lesion length was produced by the H16-2 isolate, and that virulence was significantly associated with elevation.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study was conducted to determine the virulence levels of Diplodia sapinea in Pinus brutia saplings growing at different elevations.
📊
Key Findings & Data:At each site, 15 saplings were inoculated, while control groups received PDA discs only.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The results showed that all isolates were pathogenic, that the highest mean lesion length was produced by the H16-2 isolate, and that virulence was significantly associated with elevation.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Diplodia sapinea · Pinus brutia · Sürgün yanıklığı

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the virulence levels of Diplodia sapinea in Pinus brutia saplings growing at different elevations. In the study, five D. sapinea isolates obtained from cones and shoots of Turkish red pine were subjected to inoculation trials on P. brutia branches located at three sites representing different elevation ranges (Taşağıl, Sütçüler, and Dinar). At each site, 15 saplings were inoculated, while control groups received PDA discs only. After a six-month incubation period, lesion lengths were measured, and the data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM). The results showed that all isolates were pathogenic, that the highest mean lesion length was produced by the H16-2 isolate, and that virulence was significantly associated with elevation. Lesion lengths observed in saplings inoculated at higher elevations were statistically significantly longer than those at lower elevations (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that the virulence of D. sapinea is shaped not only by elevation, but also by the combined effects of site-specific environmental conditions and host-related factors.

Özet

Bu çalışma, farklı yükselti aralıklarında yetişen Pinus brutia gençliklerinde Diplodia sapinea ’nın virülens düzeylerini ortaya koymak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, kızılçam kozalak ve sürgünlerinden izole edilen beş farklı D. sapinea izolatı, üç farklı yükselti aralığını temsil eden Taşağıl, Sütçüler ve Dinar lokasyonlarında bulunan kızılçam ağaçları dallarına inokulasyon denemelerine tabi tutulmuştur. Her lokasyonda 15 ağaç inokule edilmiş, kontrol gruplarına yalnızca PDA diskleri uygulanmıştır. Altı aylık inkübasyon süresinin ardından lezyon boyları ölçülmüş ve veriler Genel Doğrusal Model (General Linear Model- GLM) analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, tüm izolatların patojenik özellik gösterdiğini, en yüksek ortalama lezyon boyunun H16-2 izolatı tarafından oluşturulduğunu ve virülens düzeyinin yükseltiyle anlamlı bir ilişki içerisinde olduğunu göstermiştir. Yüksek yükseltilerde inoküle edilen dallarda oluşan lezyon boylarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede daha uzun olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, D. sapinea ’nın virülensinin yalnızca yükselti faktörüyle değil, lokasyona özgü çevresel koşullar ve konukçu özelliklerinin etkileşimi sonucunda şekillendiğini göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kaya, A. G. A., Sağlam, H., Lehtijarvi, T. D. (2026). Variation in the virulence of Diplodia sapinea on Pinus brutia regeneration sites across three locations in Türkiye. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, Cilt: 27, 22–27. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1800158

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (36)

  1. Aday Kaya, A. G., Yeltekin, Ş., Doğmuş Lehtijärvi, T., Lehtijärvi, A., & Woodward, S. (2019). Severity of Diplodia shoot blight (caused by Diplodia sapinea) was greatest on Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra in a plantation containing five pine species. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 58(2), 249-260.
  2. Aday Kaya, A.G., Lehtijärvi, A., Kaya, Ö., & Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, T. (2014). First report of Diplodia pinea on Pseudotsuga menziesii in Turkey. Plant Disease, 98, 689.
  3. Blumenstein, K., Bußkamp, J., Langer, G.J., & Terhonen, E. (2022). Diplodia tip blight pathogen’s virulence empowered through host switch. Frontiers in Fungal Biology, 3, 939007.
  4. Bosso, L., Luchi, N., Maresi, G., Cristinzo, G., Smeraldo, S., & Russo, D. (2017). Predicting current and future disease outbreaks of Diplodia sapinea shoot blight in Italy: species distribution models as a tool for forest management planning. Forest Ecology and Management, 400, 655-664. Boydak, M., Dirik, H., & Çalıkoğlu, M. (2006). Kızılçamın (Pinus brutia Ten.) biyolojisi ve silvikültürü, Ankara: Ormancılığı Geliştirme ve Orman Yangınları ile Mücadele Hizmetlerini Destekleme Vakfı Yayını, Lazer Ofset Matbaası.
  5. Brodde, L. (2023). Diplodia tip blight affecting Scots pine. Factors determining infection and spread in Swedish forests. (Phd Thesis). Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae, Uppsala.
  6. Burgess, T.I., Wingfield, M.J., & Wingfield, B.D. (2004). Global distribution of Diplodia pinea genotypes revealed using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Australas. Plant Pathology. 33, 513–519.
  7. CABI. (2021). Invasive Species Compendium: CABI Compendium, US. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/19160.
  8. Capretti, P., Santini, A., & Solheim, H. (2013). 21 Branch and Tip Blights. In P. Gonthier (Ed.) Infectious Forest Diseases, (pp. 420-435). CABI Digital Library.
  9. Desprez-Loustau, M.L., Robin, C., Reynaud, G., Déqué, M., Badeau, V., Piou, D., Husson, C., & Marçais, B. (2007). Simulating the effects of a climate-change scenario on the geographical range and activity of forest-pathogenic fungi. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 29, 101–120.
  10. Doğmuș- Lehtijärvi, H., Lehtijärvi, A., Karaca, G., & Aday, A. (2007). Sphaeropsis sapinea Dyko & Sutton associated with shoot blight on Pinus brutia Ten. in Southwestern Turkey. Acta Silvatica & Lignaria Hungarica,Special edition, 3, 95-99.
  11. Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, H.T., Lehtijärvi, A., Karaca, G., Aday, A.G., & Oskay, F. (2009). Susceptibility of different coniferous seedlings inoculated with Diplodia pinea. In Proceedings o IUFRO Congress of Foliage, Shoot and Stem Diseases of Forest Trees (11–15 May, Eğirdir, Turkey pp. 48–57).
  12. Doğmuş Lehtijarvi, H.T., Aday Kaya, A.G., Lehtijarvi, A., Oskay, F., & Kaya, Ö.D. (2014). Occurrence and genetic similarity of Diplodia pinea on shoots and cones in seed orchards of Pinus spp. in north-western Turkey. Plant Protection Science, 50(4), 217-220.
  13. Fabre, B., Piou, D., Desprez-Loustau, M.L., & Marçais, B. (2011). Can the emergence of pine Diplodia shoot blight in France be explained by changes in pathogen pressure linked to climate change? Global Change Biology, 17, 3218–27.
  14. Gezer, A., & Aslan, S. (1980). Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde iyi gelişim gösteren bazı iğne yapraklı ağaç türlerinin seçimi üzerine araştırmalar. Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten Serisi, No: 103, Ankara.
  15. Hu, B., Liu, Z., Haensch, R., Mithöfer, A., Peters, F. S., Vornam, B., & Rennenberg, H. (2023). Diplodia sapinea infection reprograms foliar traits of its pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) host to death. Tree Physiology, 43(4), 611-629.
  16. Kayacık, H. (1980). Orman ve park ağaçlarının özel sistematiği. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, Yayın No. 2642, O.F. Yayın No. 281, Bozok Matbaası.
  17. Laz, B., Babur, E., Akpınar, D.M., & Avgın, S.S. (2018). Kahramanmaraş-Elmalar yeşil kuşak ek-3 plantasyon sahasında görülen biyotik ve abiyotik zararlıların tespiti. Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 2, 926.
  18. Linaldeddu, B.T, Scanu, B., Madau, L., & Franceschini, A. (2011). Diplodia africana causing dieback on Juniperus phoenicea: a new host and first report in the northern hemisphere. Phytopathology Mediterrenean, 50, 473–477.
  19. Linaldeddu, B. T., Scanu, B., Maddau, L., Franceschini, A., & Belbahri, L. (2014). Diplodia corticola and Phytophthora cinnamomi: The main pathogens involved in holm oak decline on Caprera Island (Italy). Forest Pathology, 44(3), 191–200.
  20. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü. (2020). Ormancılık istatistikleri 2024: Resmi istatistik programı kapsamındaki ormancılık istatistikleri. Ankara, Türkiye. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/e-kutuphane/resmi-istatistikler
  21. Oskay, F., Lehtijärvi, A., Doğmuş-Lehtijärvi, H., & Woodward, S. (2018a). First report of Diplodia sapinea on Cedrus libani in Turkey. New Disease Reports, 38, 13-13. Oskay, F., Lehtijärvi, A., & Doğmuş Lehtijärvi, H.T. (2018b). Ülkemiz çam ormanlarının en yaygın ve tehlikeli hastalığı; Diplodia sürgün yanıklığı. In III. Türkiye Orman Entomolojisi ve Patolojisi Sempozyumu, (10-12 Mayıs, Artvin, s. 117).
  22. Oskay, F., Lehtijarvi, A., Doğmuş Lehtijarvi, H.T., Woodward, S., & Cleary, M. (2018c). Diplodia shoot blight in sentinel plantings in Sweden and Turkey sentinel plantings for detecting alien, potentially damaging tree pests. In State of the art 2018 COST Conference, (9-12 October, Campus Sursee, Switzerland, p. 133).
  23. Özkazanç, N.K., & Maden, S. (2013). Some important shoot and stem fungi in pine (Pinus spp.) and firs (Abies sp.) in western Blacksea region, Turkey. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 15, 32-38.
  24. Ritzer, E., Schebeck, M., & Kirisits, T. (2023). The pine pathogen Diplodia sapinea is associated with the death of large Douglas fir trees. Forest Pathology, 53(4), e12823.
  25. Soylu, S., Kurt, Ş., & Soylu, E. (2001). Determination of important fungal disease agents on pine trees in the Kahramanmaraş regional forests. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 30, 79.
  26. Stanosz, G.R., Smith, D.R, Guthmiller, M.A., & Stanosz, J.C. (1997). Persistence of Sphaeropsis sapinea on or in asymptomatic shoots of red and jack pines. Mycologia, 89, 525–530.
  27. Stanosz, G.R., Blodgett, J.T., Smith, D. R., & Kruger, E.L. (2001). Water stress and Sphaeropsis sapinea as a latent pathogen of red pine seedlings. New Phytologist, 149(3), 531-538.
  28. Sturrock, R.N., Frankel, S.J., Brown, A.V., Hennon, P.E., Kliejunas, J.T., Lewis, K.J., Worrall, J.J., & Woods, A.J. (2011). Climate change and forest diseases. Plant Pathology, 60, 133–149.
  29. Sümer, S. (2000). Shoot blight disease caused by Sphaeropsis sapinea in pine stands at the South-Eastern Region, Turkey. Kahramanmaraş: (OGM inceleme raporu) Kahramanmaraş Yöresi için Hazırlanan Rapor.
  30. Swart W.J., Wingfield M.J., & Knox-Davies P.S. (1987). Conidial dispersal of Sphaeropsis sapinea in three climat ic regions of South Africa. Plant Disease, 71, 1038–1040.
  31. Ünal, F., Koca, E., Aşkın, A., Kurbetli, İ., & Sarpkaya, K. (2018). Identification and virules of Sphaeropsis tip blight (Sphaeropsis sapinea) on Pinus spp. in Istanbul and Bursa parks. Acta Biologica Turcica, 31, 18-21.
  32. Ünligil, H., & Ertaş, A. (1993). İstanbul yakınlarındaki çam ağaçlarında Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & Sutton mantar hastalığı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 43, 131-138.
  33. Wingfield, M. J., Slippers, B., Barnes, I., Duong, T. A., & Wingfield, B. D. (2024). The pine pathogen Diplodia sapinea: Expanding frontiers. Current Forestry Reports, 11(2), 1-14.
  34. Yeltekin, Ş. (2015). Kerpe araştırma ormanı konifer türlerinde Diplodia spp.’den kaynaklanan kozalak ve sürgün enfeksiyonlarının belirlenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta.
  35. Zwolinski, J.B., Swart, W. J., & Wingfield, M. (1990). Economic impact of a post-hail outbreak of dieback induced by Sphaeropsis sapinea. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 20, 405–411.
  36. Zlatković, M., Keča, N., Wingfield, M.J., Jami, F., & Slippers, B. (2017). New and unexpected host associations for Diplodia sapinea in the Western Balkans. Forest Pathology, 1-11.