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Journals / Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1

The effects of agriculture and economic growth on ecological balance in Türkiye: a Fourier-Shin cointegration analysis

Türkiye’de tarım ve ekonomik büyümenin ekolojik denge üzerindeki etkileri: Fourier-Shin eşbütünleşme analizi

Hüseyin Ünal(KARADENIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES)0000-0001-6323-1322
Pages
145–159
Publication Date
2026-06-26
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The third contribution lies in being one of the pioneering studies to investigate the agriculture-environment relationship in the context of Türkiye using Fourier methods.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Purpose: This study aims to analyze the impact of agricultural activities and economic growth on environmental quality in Türkiye during the period 1961-2024.
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Key Findings & Data:In the research model, ecological deficit is employed as the main indicator of environmental quality, along with its components: ecological footprint and biocapacity.
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Conclusion & Impact:The third contribution lies in being one of the pioneering studies to investigate the agriculture-environment relationship in the context of Türkiye using Fourier methods.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:2024 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Çevre kalitesi · ekolojik açık · ekonomik büyüme

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the impact of agricultural activities and economic growth on environmental quality in Türkiye during the period 1961-2024. In the research model, ecological deficit is employed as the main indicator of environmental quality, along with its components: ecological footprint and biocapacity. Design/Methodology/Approach: The stationarity properties of the variables used in the study were analyzed using the KPSS and Fourier KPSS tests. The presence of a long-run relationship among the variables was examined through the Shin and Fourier Shin cointegration tests. Finally, to estimate the long-run coefficients, the study employed DOLS and FMOLS methods, which are robust to heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation. Findings: The empirical findings of the study reveal the existence of a cointegration relationship between agricultural value added, economic growth, and the indicators of ecological deficit, ecological footprint, and biocapacity. During the period under investigation, agricultural value added in Türkiye contributed to reducing the ecological deficit, whereas per capita income was found to exacerbate it. Originality/Value: This study is expected to make three main contributions to the literature by examining the complex interaction between agriculture and environmental quality. The first contribution is the inclusion of the ecological balance variable and its components -rarely used in the literatüre- as indicators of environmental quality in the analysis. The second is the use of Fourier-based methods, which account for smooth structural breaks, instead of traditional econometric approaches that overlook such breaks. The third contribution lies in being one of the pioneering studies to investigate the agriculture-environment relationship in the context of Türkiye using Fourier methods.

Özet

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin 1961-2024 dönemini kapsayan tarımsal faaliyetlerin ve ekonomik büyümenin çevre kalitesi üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma modelinde çevre kalitesinin ana göstergesi olarak ekolojik açık ve bunun bileşenleri olan ekolojik ayak izi ve biyolojik kapasite değişkenleri kullanılmıştır. Tasarım/Metodoloji/Yaklaşım: Araştırmada kullanılan değişkenlerin durağanlık düzeyleri KPSS ve Fourier KPSS testleri aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli ilişki olup olmadığı ise Shin ve Fourier Shin eşbütünleşme testleri ile araştırılmıştır. Son olarak uzun dönem katsayıların tahmini için değişen varyans ve otokorelasyona karşı dirençli olan DOLS ile FMOLS yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmanın ampirik bulguları, tarımsal katma değer ve ekonomik büyüme ile ekolojik açık, ekolojik ayak izi ve biyolojik kapasite arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığını ortaya koymaktadır. İlgilenilen dönemde analiz sonuçları, Türkiye’de tarımsal katma değerin ekolojik açığın kapanmasına katkıda bulunduğu, kişi başına gelirin ise ekolojik açığı daha da derinleştirdiğini göstermektedir. Özgünlük/Değer: Bu çalışmanın, tarım ile çevre kalitesi arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimi inceleyerek literatüre üç temel katkı sunması beklenmektedir. Bu katkılardan birincisi, çevre kalitesi göstergesi olarak literatürde nadiren kullanılan ekolojik denge değişkeni ve bileşenlerinin analize dahil edilmesidir. İkincisi, yapısal kırılmaları göz ardı eden geleneksel ekonometrik yöntemler yerine, yumuşak yapısal kırılmaları dikkate alan Fourier tabanlı yöntemlerin tercih edilmesidir. Üçüncüsü ise, Türkiye özelinde tarım ve çevre ilişkisini Fourier yöntemleri çerçevesinde ele alan öncü çalışmalardan biri olmasıdır.

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Cite This Article

Ünal, H. (2026). The effects of agriculture and economic growth on ecological balance in Türkiye: a Fourier-Shin cointegration analysis. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 145–159. https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.1807374

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