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Journals / Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Phenolic Compounds and Bioactive Properties of cv. Piraziz Apple (Türkiye)

Piraziz Elma Çeşidinin (Türkiye) Fenolik Bileşikleri ve Biyoaktif Özellikleri

Tuğba Kılıç(KİLİS 7 ARALIK ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-2573-6220
M. Ümit Ünal(CUKUROVA UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING)0000-0002-2686-5286
Pages
486–494
Publication Date
2026-03-16
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Piraziz apple peel is an important bioactive source and may be valuable for pharmacological applications.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:There is a tendency towards natural products in many diseases (prevention and/or treatment).
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Key Findings & Data:Piraziz apples were extracted by ultrasonication using 99.8% ethanol, 99.7% methanol and 97.0% n-hexane solvents.
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Conclusion & Impact:Piraziz apple peel is an important bioactive source and may be valuable for pharmacological applications.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Piraziz elması · Fenolikler · Enzim inhibisyonu

Abstract

There is a tendency towards natural products in many diseases (prevention and/or treatment). The aim was to determine the bioactive properties (antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition) of a local apple variety from the Rosaceae family in Turkey in vitro. Peel and flesh of cv. Piraziz apples were extracted by ultrasonication using 99.8% ethanol, 99.7% methanol and 97.0% n-hexane solvents. Phenolic compounds of the extracts were determined quantitatively by LC-ESI-MS/MS using 53 standard compounds. Peel and water extracts contained the highest total phenolic substance and flavonoids. The highest number of phenolic compounds, 3 phenolic acids and 8 flavonoids, were detected in apple peel ethanol extracts. Among the phenolic compounds of the extracts, epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid were dominant in the flesh, while epicatechin, catechin and isoquercitrin were dominant in the peels. Except for chlorogenic acid, other phenolic compounds were determined more in the peel extracts. Flavonols (isoquercitrin, astragalin, quercetin, and kaempferol) and flavanones (hesperidin and hesperetin) were identified only in apple peel extracts. While it was determined that peel extracts were better than fruit flesh extracts in inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase, only peel extracts were effective in inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Antibacterial activity values determined by disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts varied according to microorganisms and apple part extracts and the best inhibition zones were obtained with water extracts. It was determined that peel extracts contained more bioactive components than fruit flesh extracts and accordingly showed better bioactive properties. In general, water extracts showed better biological activity. Bioactive components and antioxidant capacities of extracts, enzyme inhibition and antibacterial activities depend on apple parts and solvents. This study suggests that cv. Piraziz apple peel is an important bioactive source and may be valuable for pharmacological applications.

Özet

Birçok hastalığın önlenmesi ve/veya tedavi edilmesi amacıyla doğal ürünlere yönelim vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de Rosaceae familyasından yerel bir elma çeşidinin biyoaktif özelliklerini (antioksidan kapasite, antibakteriyel aktivite, enzim inhibisyonu) in vitro olarak belirlemektir. Piraziz elmasının kabuk ve eti %99.8 etanol, %99.7 metanol ve %97.0 n-hekzan çözücüleri kullanılarak ultrasonikasyon ile ekstrakte edilmiştir. Ekstrelerin fenolik bileşikleri, kantitatif olarak LC-ESI-MS/MS ile 53 standart fenolik bileşik kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Elmanın kabuk ve su ekstreleri en yüksek toplam fenolik madde ve flavanoid içermektedir. Elma kabuk etanol ekstrelerinde 3 adet fenolik asit ve 8 adet flavonoid olmak üzere en fazla sayıda fenolik bileşik tespit edilmiştir. Ekstraktların fenolik bileşikleri arasında elma meyve etinde epikateşin, kateşin, klorojenik asit, elma kabuklarında ise epikateşin, kateşin ve izokuersetin baskındır. Klorojenik asit hariç diğer fenolik bileşikler daha fazla elma kabuk ekstrelerinde belirlenmiştir. Flavonoller (izokuersetin, astragalin, kuersetin, kaempferol) ve flavanonlar (hesperidin ve hesperetin) sadece elma kabuğu ekstraktlarında tanımlanmıştır. Kabuk ekstraktlarının α-amilaz ve α-glikozidaz inhibisyonunda meyve eti ekstraktlarından daha iyi olduğu belirlenirken, sadece kabuk ekstraktları asetilkolinesteraz (AChE) inhibisyonunda etkili olmuştur. Disk difüzyon ve ekstraktların minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonu ile belirlenen antibakteriyel aktivite değerleri mikroorganizmalara ve elma kısmının ekstraktlarına göre değişmiş ve en iyi inhibisyon zonları su ekstraktları ile elde edilmiştir. Kabuk ekstraktlarının meyve eti ekstraktlarından daha fazla biyoaktif bileşen içerdiği ve buna bağlı olarak daha iyi biyoaktif özellikler gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak su ekstraktları daha iyi biyolojik aktivite göstermiştir. Ekstraktların biyoaktif bileşenleri ve antioksidan kapasiteleri, enzim inhibisyonu ve antibakteriyel aktiviteleri elmanın kısmına ve çözücülere bağlıdır. Bu araştırma Piraziz elmasının özellikle kabuğunun önemli bir biyoaktif kaynak olduğunu ve farmakolojik çalışmalar için değerli olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

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Cite This Article

Kılıç, T., Ünal, M. Ü. (2026). Phenolic Compounds and Bioactive Properties of cv. Piraziz Apple (Türkiye). Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 486–494. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1625427

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