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Journals / Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4

Comparative Analysis of the Physico-chemical and Microbiological Profiles of Mammalian Milk: A Multi-Species Study on Cow, Sheep, Goat, Camel, Buffalo, Iraqi Reem Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), and Human Milk

Atheer Jasim Mohammed Jandal(Tikrit University)0000-0002-3803-0067
Ahmed Hamad Muhammed(Tikrit University)0009-0004-3394-294X
Mohanad Mahdi Jumaa Jandal(Tikrit University)0009-0004-1560-5819
Pages
1434–1453
Publication Date
2026-09-28
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results demonstrated that found many significantly differences within all analyzed milk samples in their chemical, physical, mineral levels and microbiological analysis, which this highlights the qualitative differences in milk quality and is considered an important indicator in assessing the safety and quality of different dairy products.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The current study presents a comprehensive assessment of the physico-chemical properties, mineral and trace element concentrations, and microbiological analysis of milk samples collected from different type of animals including cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, camel, Iraqi Reem Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica) and Mother milk, from different regions in Salah Al-Din, Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah Governorates.
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Key Findings & Data:ANOVA analysis revealed a significant difference (P≤0.01) among different types of analyzed milk samples in all determined characterizations.
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Conclusion & Impact:The results demonstrated that found many significantly differences within all analyzed milk samples in their chemical, physical, mineral levels and microbiological analysis, which this highlights the qualitative differences in milk quality and is considered an important indicator in assessing the safety and quality of different dairy products.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Milk species · Physical · Chemical properties

Abstract

The current study presents a comprehensive assessment of the physico-chemical properties, mineral and trace element concentrations, and microbiological analysis of milk samples collected from different type of animals including cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, camel, Iraqi Reem Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica) and Mother milk, from different regions in Salah Al-Din, Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah Governorates. ANOVA analysis revealed a significant difference (P≤0.01) among different types of analyzed milk samples in all determined characterizations. Significantly, gazelle milk was statistically increased in the percentages of fat, total proteins, total solids, ash, solid non-fat and calorific values were respectively reached (10.32%, 7.40%, 18.61%, 1.163%, 13.24%, 137.58 Kcal/100 g). Besides that, mother milk was a significant increase in lactose and water contents were (6.81% and 88.22%), whereas goat milk showed high value in water content (87.38%). In physical properties, buffalo and cow milk were significantly (P≤0.01) higher than other species in freezing point which indicated as (- 0.518 and - 0.534 °C). Iraqi Reem Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica) milk distinguished increased of specific gravity and titratable acidity were reached (1.039 and 0.271%), while mother milk was superior in pH value (7.46). Regarding to mineral and trace element levels, Iraqi Reem Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica) milk has better in Ca, P, and Fe levels were (2691.93, 1922.37, 12.30 PPM), when goat milk showed a more favorable Mg and K concentrations were reached (1223.93 and 1815.20 PPM), meanwhile, camel milk was notable for its high concentrations of Cl and Na were reached (2841.93 and 591.40 PPM). According to microbial analysis which indicated that superior of goat milk in total count, Coliform count and yeast were (7.11, 2.94 and 2.79 CFU/mL), while camel milk recorded higher averages in the coliform count was (3.16 CFU/mL), then cow milk was superior in molds count (1.65 CFU/mL). Also, human and gazelle milk was superior in methylene blue reduction test. The results demonstrated that found many significantly differences within all analyzed milk samples in their chemical, physical, mineral levels and microbiological analysis, which this highlights the qualitative differences in milk quality and is considered an important indicator in assessing the safety and quality of different dairy products.

Özet

The current study presents a comprehensive assessment of the physico-chemical properties, mineral and trace element concentrations, and microbiological analysis of milk samples collected from different type of animals including cow, sheep, goat, buffalo, camel, Iraqi Reem Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica) and Mother milk, from different regions in Salah Al-Din, Kirkuk, and Sulaymaniyah Governorates. ANOVA analysis revealed a significant difference (P≤0.01) among different types of analyzed milk samples in all determined characterizations. Significantly, gazelle milk was statistically increased in the percentages of fat, total proteins, total solids, ash, solid non-fat and calorific values were respectively reached (10.32%, 7.40%, 18.61%, 1.163%, 13.24%, 137.58 Kcal/100 g). Besides that, mother milk was a significant increase in lactose and water contents were (6.81% and 88.22%), whereas goat milk showed high value in water content (87.38%). In physical properties, buffalo and cow milk were significantly (P≤0.01) higher than other species in freezing point which indicated as (- 0.518 and - 0.534 °C). Iraqi Reem Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica) milk distinguished increased of specific gravity and titratable acidity were reached (1.039 and 0.271%), while mother milk was superior in pH value (7.46). Regarding to mineral and trace element levels, Iraqi Reem Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica) milk has better in Ca, P, and Fe levels were (2691.93, 1922.37, 12.30 PPM), when goat milk showed a more favorable Mg and K concentrations were reached (1223.93 and 1815.20 PPM), meanwhile, camel milk was notable for its high concentrations of Cl and Na were reached (2841.93 and 591.40 PPM). According to microbial analysis which indicated that superior of goat milk in total count, Coliform count and yeast were (7.11, 2.94 and 2.79 CFU/mL), while camel milk recorded higher averages in the coliform count was (3.16 CFU/mL), then cow milk was superior in molds count (1.65 CFU/mL). Also, human and gazelle milk was superior in methylene blue reduction test. The results demonstrated that found many significantly differences within all analyzed milk samples in their chemical, physical, mineral levels and microbiological analysis, which this highlights the qualitative differences in milk quality and is considered an important indicator in assessing the safety and quality of different dairy products.

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Cite This Article

Jandal, A. J. M., Muhammed, A. H., Jandal, M. M. J. (2026). Comparative Analysis of the Physico-chemical and Microbiological Profiles of Mammalian Milk: A Multi-Species Study on Cow, Sheep, Goat, Camel, Buffalo, Iraqi Reem Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), and Human Milk. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1434–1453. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1884633

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