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Journals / Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4

Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Torque, Draft Force and Power Consumption in Vertical Rotary Tillage

Dikey Döner Toprak İşlemede Tork, Çeki Kuvveti ve Güç Tüketiminin Makine Öğrenimi Tabanlı Tahmini

Cihat Gedik(ONDOKUZ MAYIS UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-4955-2220
Mustafa Gökalp Boydaş(ATATURK UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-3290-9089
Muhammed Hakan Özdemir(ATATURK UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-6482-9032
Pages
1150–1164
Publication Date
2026-09-28
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results showed that Gradient Boosting achieved the highest predictive accuracy across all output parameters (R² up to 0.999), while Decision Tree and LightGBM models also produced consistently high accuracy with low error metrics, whereas ANN and SVM exhibited comparatively higher prediction errors, particularly for draft force and power consumption.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Tillage machines play a critical role in agricultural production by improving soil structure through aeration, disintegration, and mixing, while typically operating under high energy demand.
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Key Findings & Data:However, the torque, draft force, and power consumption of vertical rotary tillers are strongly influenced by operational parameters such as rotor speed and blade geometry, and accurately predicting these parameters remains a key challenge for optimizing machine design and energy use.
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Conclusion & Impact:The results showed that Gradient Boosting achieved the highest predictive accuracy across all output parameters (R² up to 0.999), while Decision Tree and LightGBM models also produced consistently high accuracy with low error metrics, whereas ANN and SVM exhibited comparatively higher prediction errors, particularly for draft force and power consumption.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Dikey toprak freze · Gradyan artırma regrasyonu · Karar ağaçları

Abstract

Tillage machines play a critical role in agricultural production by improving soil structure through aeration, disintegration, and mixing, while typically operating under high energy demand. Among the available implements, vertical rotary tillers are widely preferred for seedbed preparation owing to their intensive soil–tool interaction and favorable energy efficiency compared with conventional tillage equipment. However, the torque, draft force, and power consumption of vertical rotary tillers are strongly influenced by operational parameters such as rotor speed and blade geometry, and accurately predicting these parameters remains a key challenge for optimizing machine design and energy use. This study investigates the effects of rotor speed (220, 270, and 310 rpm), horizontal blade angles (0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°), and vertical blade angles (0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°) on torque, draft force, and power consumption of a vertical rotary tiller under controlled laboratory soil bin conditions. Torque and draft force were measured using a custom-designed torque measurement system and a load cell, respectively, while soil penetration resistance and moisture content were maintained at 0.2–0.5 MPa and 18% ± 1%. The experimental dataset, obtained from a full factorial design, was analyzed using six trained machine learning models: Gradient Boosting (GB), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Model performance was evaluated using R², MAPE, MAE, and RMSE metrics, supported by 5-fold cross-validation to assess generalization capability. The results showed that Gradient Boosting achieved the highest predictive accuracy across all output parameters (R² up to 0.999), while Decision Tree and LightGBM models also produced consistently high accuracy with low error metrics, whereas ANN and SVM exhibited comparatively higher prediction errors, particularly for draft force and power consumption. These results confirm the applicability and reliability of machine learning models, particularly GB and DT, for predicting key performance parameters in vertical rotary tillage under varying operational conditions.

Özet

Toprak işleme makineleri, toprağın havalandırılması, parçalanması ve karıştırılması yoluyla bitkisel üretimde önemli bir role sahiptir ve genellikle yüksek enerji gereksinimiyle çalışırlar. Mevcut ekipmanlar arasında dikey toprak frezeleri, yoğun toprak–alet etkileşimi ve geleneksel toprak işleme ekipmanlarına kıyasla sahip oldukları enerji verimliliği avantajı nedeniyle tohum yatağı hazırlığında yaygın olarak tercih edilmektedir. Ancak dikey toprak frezelerinin tork, çeki kuvveti ve güç tüketimi; rotor devri ve bıçak geometrisi gibi işletim parametrelerinden büyük ölçüde etkilenmekte olup, bu parametrelerin doğru bir şekilde tahmin edilmesi makine tasarımının ve enerji kullanımının optimize edilmesi açısından önemli bir zorluk olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kontrollü laboratuvar koşullarında bir toprak kanalında yürütülen deneyler ile dikey toprak frezesinde rotor devri (220, 270 ve 310 rpm), yatay bıçak açıları (0°, 5°, 10° ve 15°) ve dikey bıçak açıları (0°, 10°, 20°, 30° ve 40°) parametrelerinin tork, çeki kuvveti ve güç tüketimi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Tork ve çeki kuvveti ölçümleri sırasıyla özel olarak tasarlanmış bir tork ölçüm sistemi ve yük hücresi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiş, toprak penetrasyon direnci 0.2–0.5 MPa ve toprak nem içeriği %18 ± 1 seviyesinde sabit tutulmuştur. Tam faktöriyel deney tasarımından elde edilen veri seti, Gradient Boosting (GB), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Karar Ağaçları (DT), K-En Yakın Komşular (KNN), Yapay Sinir Ağları (ANN) ve Destek Vektör Makinesi (SVM) olmak üzere altı farklı makine öğrenmesi modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. Model performansı R², MAPE, MAE ve RMSE metrikleri ile değerlendirilmiş, genelleme yeteneğini değerlendirmek amacıyla 5 katlı çapraz doğrulama yöntemiyle desteklenmiştir. Sonuçlar, Gradient Boosting modelinin tüm çıktı parametrelerinde en yüksek tahmin doğruluğunu sağladığını (R² değeri 0.999'a kadar), Karar Ağaçları ve LightGBM modellerinin de düşük hata değerleriyle tutarlı ve yüksek doğruluk sergilediğini, buna karşın ANN ve SVM modellerinin özellikle çeki kuvveti ve güç tüketimi tahmininde nispeten daha yüksek hata oranları gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, ağaç tabanlı makine öğrenmesi modellerinin dikey toprak frezelerinde tork, çeki kuvveti ve güç tüketimi gibi temel performans parametrelerinin tahmininde uygulanabilir ve güvenilir olduğunu doğrulamaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Gedik, C., Boydaş, M. G., Özdemir, M. H. (2026). Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Torque, Draft Force and Power Consumption in Vertical Rotary Tillage. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1150–1164. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1603241

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