Journals / Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory / 2026 / Sayı: 1

Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale

Pediatrik Anestezi Uyanma Deliryum Ölçeği’nin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve psikometrik değerlendirmesi

Mehmet Gökhan Taflan(Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Samsun University Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Türkiye)0000-0003-3332-790X
Sevda Akdeniz(Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Samsun University Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Türkiye)0000-0002-9284-183X
Mert Yılmaz(Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Samsun University Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Türkiye)0009-0003-7683-7704
Hatice Selçuk Kuşderci(Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Samsun University Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Türkiye)0000-0002-3963-3265
Serap Samut Bülbül(Department of Pediatric Surgery, Samsun University Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Türkiye)0000-0003-1635-2660
Serkan Dogru(Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, Mersin, Türkiye)0000-0003-1400-7628
Mustafa Süren(Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Samsun University Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Türkiye)0000-0001-6999-6510
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-03-28
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

A cutoff ≥10 is pragmatic for screening; however, ROC findings should be interpreted as screening concordance, given that FLACC is not delirium-specific.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Aim: To evaluate the validity, reliability, construct structure, and screening concordance of the Turkish-adapted Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale (PAED-T).
📊
Key Findings & Data:Material and Methods: In this single-center, prospective observational study, pediatric patients aged 2–16 years (n=364) were enrolled.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:A cutoff ≥10 is pragmatic for screening; however, ROC findings should be interpreted as screening concordance, given that FLACC is not delirium-specific.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:deliryum · genel anestezi · uyanma deliryumu

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the validity, reliability, construct structure, and screening concordance of the Turkish-adapted Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale (PAED-T). Material and Methods: In this single-center, prospective observational study, pediatric patients aged 2–16 years (n=364) were enrolled. The PAED scale was administered at 0 and 10 minutes. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined using the FLACC scale and the Modified Aldrete Score (MAS), respectively. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and, when appropriate, ordinal omega (ω). Construct validity was evaluated with the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure, Bartlett’s test, and principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Screening performance (concordance) was analyzed by ROC curves (AUC), sensitivity/specificity, Youden’s J, and likelihood ratios (LR+/LR−), using FLACC>3 as a behavioral reference measure rather than a delirium-specific reference standard. Results: Mean age was 73.4±29.8 months; 97.3% were male. Internal consistency for PAED-T was α=0.728–0.741. A two-component solution outperformed a one-component model: ED-I (eye contact, purposeful actions, awareness of surroundings; loadings 0.708–0.877; ω=0.750) and ED-II (restlessness, inconsolability; loadings 0.898–0.909; ω=0.833). PAED-T showed a moderate positive correlation with FLACC (ρ=0.373) and a weak negative correlation with MAS (ρ=−0.163). ROC analysis yielded an AUC of 0.794; at a cutoff ≥10, sensitivity was 87.5%, specificity 59.4%, and LR− 0.21. Conclusion: PAED-T is a valid and reliable tool for screening and monitoring behaviors consistent with emergence delirium in pediatric anesthesia. A cutoff ≥10 is pragmatic for screening; however, ROC findings should be interpreted as screening concordance, given that FLACC is not delirium-specific.

Özet

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Pediatrik Anestezi Uyanma Deliryum (PAED) ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanmış versiyonunun (PAED-T) geçerlilik, güvenilirlik ve tarama performansını değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Tek merkezli, prospektif, gözlemsel çalışmaya 2–16 yaş arası pediatrik hastalar (n=364) dâhil edildi. PAED ölçeği 0. ve 10. dakikalarda uygulandı. Yakınsama ve ayırt edici geçerlilik sırasıyla FLACC ve Modifiye Aldrete Skoru (MAS) ile incelendi. İç tutarlılık Cronbach alfa ve gerekli durumlarda ordinal omega (ω) ile değerlendirildi. Yapı geçerliliği için KMO, Bartlett testi ve varimaks rotasyonlu temel bileşenler analizi kullanıldı. Tarama performansı, deliryuma özgü bir altın standart olmayıp davranışsal bir referans ölçüt (ağrı/ajitasyon göstergesi) olarak kullanılan FLACC>3’e göre ROC analizi (AUC), duyarlılık/özgüllük, Youden’s J ve olasılık oranları (LR+/LR−) ile değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Ortalama yaş 73,4±29,8 ay; hastaların %97,3’ü erkekti. PAED-T için iç tutarlılık α=0,728–0,741 bulundu. İki faktörlü çözüm tek faktörlü modele kıyasla daha iyi performans gösterdi: ED-I (göz teması, amaca yönelik hareketler, çevrenin farkında olma; yükler 0,708–0,877; ω=0,750) ve ED-II (huzursuzluk, teselli edilememesi; yükler 0,898–0,909; ω=0,833). PAED-T ile FLACC arasında orta düzey pozitif korelasyon (ρ=0,373), MAS ile zayıf negatif korelasyon saptandı (ρ=−0,163). ROC analizinde AUC=0,794 idi; ≥10 eşik değerinde duyarlılık %87,5, özgüllük %59,4 ve LR−=0,21 bulundu. Sonuç: PAED-T, pediatrik anestezide uyanma deliryumunun taranması ve izlenmesinde geçerli ve güvenilir bir araçtır. Klinik tarama için ≥10 eşik değeri pratik görünmekle birlikte, FLACC’nin deliryuma özgü olmaması nedeniyle ROC bulguları tarama bağlamında yorumlanmalıdır

🔖

Cite This Article

Taflan, M. G., Akdeniz, S., Yılmaz, M., Kuşderci, H. S., Bülbül, S. S., Dogru, S., Süren, M. (2026). Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Turkish version of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, Sayı: 1. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.1864192

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (17)

  1. Zhang W, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Wei Y, Xie H, Huang J. Association between emergence delirium and brain status parameters in children undergoing general anesthesia: A prospective observational study. Paediatr Anaesth 2024; 34: 130-37.
  2. Liu K, Liu C, Ulualp SO. Prevalence of emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2022; 2022: 1465999.
  3. Chen YC, Foster J, Wang ML, Rohmah I, Tseng YH et al. Global prevalence and risk factors of emergence delirium in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia: A systemic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 77: 74-80.
  4. Mason KP. Paediatric emergence delirium: a comprehensive review and interpretation of the literature. Br J Anaesth 2017; 118: 335-43.
  5. Sobol M, Sobol MK, Kowal M. Adult behavior toward the child before surgery and pediatric emergence delirium. Paediatr Anaesth 2022; 32: 43-48.
  6. Dahmani S, Delivet H, Hilly J. Emergence delirium in children: an update. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2014; 27: 309-15.
  7. Shi X, Su L, Sun Y, Ma C, Wang Z. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing emergence delirium in children under general anesthesia: A scoping review. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 77: e38-53.
  8. Sikich N, Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 1138-45.
  9. Bong CL, Ng ASB. Evaluation of emergence delirium in Asian children using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19: 593-600.
  10. Simonsen BY, Skovby P, Lisby M. An evaluation of the Danish version of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2020; 64: 613-19.
  11. Epulef V, Muñoz S, Alarcón AM, Vial M. Spanish version of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale: translation and cross-cultural adaptation. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22: 349.
  12. Ringblom J, Wåhlin I, Proczkowska M. A psychometric evaluation of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale. Paediatr Anaesth 2018; 28: 332-37.
  13. World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA 2013; 310: 2191-94.
  14. Jones PS, Lee JW, Phillips LR, Zhang XE, Jaceldo KB. An adaptation of Brislin’s translation model for cross-cultural research. Nurs Res 2001; 50: 300-4.
  15. Ringblom J, Wåhlin I, Proczkowska M, Korhonen L, Årestedt K. Measurement properties of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale: A confirmatory factor analysis-based study. Paediatr Anaesth 2025; 35: 155-62.
  16. Zhao D, Tian T, Jin S. Preoperative virtual reality for pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. Paediatr Anaesth 2025. doi:10.1111/pan.70016.
  17. Li Y, Jiang Y, Zhang L. The effect of different dosage of intranasal dexmedetomidine on preventing emergence delirium or agitation in children: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2024; 19: e0304796.