SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Synergistic Effects of Cyanus depressus and Schizochytrium sp. Extracts on Growth Indices and The Expression Levels of Antioxidant and Immunity-Related Genes in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Cyanus depressus ve Schizochytrium sp. Ekstraktlarının Sazan Balığında (Cyprinus carpio) Büyüme Endeksleri, Antioksidan ve Bağışıklık İlgili Genlerin İfade Düzeyleri Üzerindeki Sinerjik Etkileri

Boran Karataş(YÜZÜNCÜ YIL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SU ÜRÜNLERİ FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-4353-1293
Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-01-29
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Collectively, these findings indicate that Cyanus depressus and Schizochytrium sp. extracts, especially at a dosage of 0.5 g/kg, have promising potential as dietary supplements for enhancing the physiological health and growth of carp.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aimed to assess the combined effects of Cyanus depressus and Schizochytrium sp. extracts on growth indices and the expression of genes linked to antioxidant activity and immunity in carp (Cyprinus carpio).
📊
Key Findings & Data:Fish, averaging 3.71 ± 0.16 g in weight, were assigned to three dietary groups over a 60-day period: a control group (0 g/kg extract) and two test groups receiving extract mixtures at 0.5 g/kg (CS05) and 1 g/kg (CS1).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Collectively, these findings indicate that Cyanus depressus and Schizochytrium sp. extracts, especially at a dosage of 0.5 g/kg, have promising potential as dietary supplements for enhancing the physiological health and growth of carp.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Cyanus depressus · Extract · Feed supplement

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the combined effects of Cyanus depressus and Schizochytrium sp. extracts on growth indices and the expression of genes linked to antioxidant activity and immunity in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Fish, averaging 3.71 ± 0.16 g in weight, were assigned to three dietary groups over a 60-day period: a control group (0 g/kg extract) and two test groups receiving extract mixtures at 0.5 g/kg (CS05) and 1 g/kg (CS1). The supplemented groups, particularly those at 0.5 and 1 g/kg, showed significant increases in final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate. The highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) gene expression levels were seen in fish on the 0.5 g/kg CS-supplemented diet, and CS-fed groups displayed the greatest expression of the immune-related gene interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) relative to the control. Collectively, these findings indicate that Cyanus depressus and Schizochytrium sp. extracts, especially at a dosage of 0.5 g/kg, have promising potential as dietary supplements for enhancing the physiological health and growth of carp.

Özet

Bu çalışmanın amacı Cyanus depressus ve Schizochytrium sp. özütlerinin sazan balığında büyüme performansı ile antioksidan ve bağışıklıkla ilgili genlerin ifade düzeyleri üzerindeki sinerjik etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Ortalama ağırlığı 3,71 ± 0,16 g olan balıklar 60 günlük bir süre boyunca 0 (Kontrol), 0,5 (CS05), ve 1 (CS1) g/kg seviyelerinde ekstrakt karışımı (CS) içeren diyetler alan üç besleme grubuna ayrıldı. Sonuçlar, 0,5 ve 1 g/kg CS ekstresi ile desteklenen gruplarda son vücut ağırlığında, kilo alımında ve özgül büyüme hızında önemli iyileşmeler olduğunu ortaya koydu. Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), ve katalaz (CAT) gen ekspresyon düzeylerindeki en önemli artış 0,5 g/kg CS özütü ile beslenen balıklarda gözlendi. Tedaviler arasında bağışıklık ile ilgili interlökin-1 beta (IL-1β)'nın en yüksek ekspresyon düzeyi, kontrol grubuna göre CS özütü ile zenginleştirilmiş diyetle beslenen gruplarda bulundu. Sonuç olarak çalışmamız, Cyanus depressus ve Schizochytrium sp. özlerinin özellikle 0,5 g/kg dozunda diyet takviyesi olarak birleştirilmesi sazan balığının çeşitli fizyolojik ve sağlık yönlerini iyileştirmede önemli bir potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Karataş, B. (2025). Synergistic Effects of Cyanus depressus and Schizochytrium sp. Extracts on Growth Indices and The Expression Levels of Antioxidant and Immunity-Related Genes in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, Volume: 12 Issue: 1. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.1581615

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (75)

  1. Ababouch, L., Nguyen, K. A. T., Castro de Souza, M., & Fernandez‐Polanco, J. (2023). Value chains and market access for aquaculture products. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 54(2), 527-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12964
  2. Abu-Elala, N. M., Galal, M. K., Abd-Elsalam, R. M., Mohey-Elsaeed, O., & Ragaa, N. M. (2016). Effects of dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis and garlic on the growth performance and expression levels of immune-related genes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 7(7), 433-442.
  3. Ahmadifar, E., Kalhor, N., Yousefi, M., Adineh, H., Moghadam, M. S., Sheikhzadeh, N., Moonmanee, T., Hoseinifar, S. H., & Van Doan, H. (2023). Effects of dietary Plantago ovata seed extract administration on growth performance and immune function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerling exposed to ammonia toxicity. Veterinary Research Communications, 47(2), 731-744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-022-10034-5
  4. Ahmadifar, E., Pourmohammadi Fallah, H., Yousefi, M., Dawood, M. A., Hoseinifar, S. H., Adineh, H., Yilmaz, S., Paolucci, M., & Doan, H. V. (2021a). The gene regulatory roles of herbal extracts on the growth, immune system, and reproduction of fish. Animals, 11(8), 2167. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082167
  5. Ahmadifar, E., Yousefi, M., Karimi, M., Fadaei Raieni, R., Dadar, M., Yilmaz, S., Dawood, M. A., & Abdel-Latif, H. M. (2021b). Benefits of dietary polyphenols and polyphenol-rich additives to aquatic animal health: an overview. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 29(4), 478-511. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1818689
  6. Bahi, A., Ramos‐Vega, A., Angulo, C., Monreal‐Escalante, E., & Guardiola, F. A. (2023). Microalgae with immunomodulatory effects on fish. Reviews in Aquaculture, 15(4), 1522-1539. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12792
  7. Bélanger, A., Sarker, P. K., Bureau, D. P., Chouinard, Y., & Vandenberg, G. W. (2021). Apparent digestibility of macronutrients and fatty acids from microalgae (Schizochytrium sp.) fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): A potential candidate for fish oil substitution. Animals, 11(2), 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020456
  8. Bi, Z. Q., Ren, L. J., Hu, X. C., Sun, X. M., Zhu, S. Y., Ji, X. J., & Huang, H. (2018). Transcriptome and gene expression analysis of docosahexaenoic acid producer Schizochytrium sp. under different oxygen supply conditions. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1250-5
  9. Boyd, C. E., D'Abramo, L. R., Glencross, B. D., Huyben, D. C., Juarez, L. M., Lockwood, G. S., McNevin, A. A., Tacon, A. G. J., Teletchea, F., Tomasso Jr, J. R., Tucker, C. S., & Valenti, W. C. (2020). Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 51(3), 578-633. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12714
  10. Ciji, A., & Akhtar, M. S. (2021). Stress management in aquaculture: A review of dietary interventions. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13(4), 2190-2247. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12565
  11. das Neves, S. C., da Silva, S. M., Costa, G. K., Correia, E. S., Santos, A. L., da Silva, L. C., & Bicudo, Á. J. (2021) Dietary supplementation with fumaric acid improves growth performance in nile tilapia juveniles. Animals, 12(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010008
  12. Dawood, M. A., Koshio, S., & Esteban, M. Á. (2018). Beneficial roles of feed additives as immunostimulants in aquaculture: a review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 10(4), 950-974. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12209
  13. Dos Santos, S. K. A., Schorer, M., Moura, G. D. S., Lanna, E. A. T., & Pedreira, M. M. (2019). Evaluation of growth and fatty acid profile of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with Schizochytrium. Aquaculture research, 50(4), 1068-1074. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13979
  14. Duman, K. E., Dogan, A., & Kaptaner, B. (2022). Ameliorative role of Cyanus depressus (M. Bieb.) Soják plant extract against diabetes‐associated oxidative‐stress‐induced liver, kidney, and pancreas damage in rats. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 46(10), e14314. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.14314
  15. Eroldoğan, O. T., Glencross, B., Novoveska, L., Gaudêncio, S. P., Rinkevich, B., Varese, G. C., Carvalho, M. F., Tasdemir, D., Safarik, I., Nielsen, S. L., Rebours, C., Lada, L. B., Robbens, J., Strode, E., Haznedaroğlu, B. Z., Kotta, J., Evliyaoğlu, E., Oliveira, J., Girao, M., Vasquez, M. I., Cabarkapa, I., Rakita, S., Klun, K., & Rotter, A. (2023). From the sea to aquafeed: A perspective overview. Reviews in aquaculture, 15(3), 1028-1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12740
  16. Escher, G. B., Santos, J. S., Rosso, N. D., Marques, M. B., Azevedo, L., do Carmo, M. A. V., Daguer, H., Molognoni, L., do Prado-Silva, L., Sant'Ana, A. S., da Silva, M. C., & Granato, D. (2018). Chemical study, antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, and cytotoxic/cytoprotective activities of Centaurea cyanus L. petals aqueous extract. Food and chemical toxicology, 118, 439-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.046
  17. Estim, A., Shapawi, R., Shaleh, S. R. M., Fui-Fui, C., & Mustafa, S. (2024). Transformative Research in Aquaculture for Sustainable Seafood Security. In SDGs in the Asia and Pacific Region (pp. 415-444). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17463-6_118
  18. Fattaheian-Dehkordi, S., Hojjatifard, R., Saeedi, M., & Khanavi, M. (2021). A review on antidiabetic activity of Centaurea spp.: A new approach for developing herbal remedies. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021(1), 5587938. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5587938
  19. Fazelan, Z., Hoseini, S. M., Yousefi, M., Khalili, M., Hoseinifar, S. H., & Van Doan, H. (2020). Effects of dietary eucalyptol administration on antioxidant and inflammatory genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to ambient copper. Aquaculture, 520, 734988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734988
  20. Gawlik-Dziki, U., Wrzesińska-Krupa, B., Nowak, R., Pietrzak, W., Zyprych-Walczak, J., & Obrępalska-Stęplowska, A. (2023). Herbicide resistance status impacts the profile of non-anthocyanin polyphenolics and some phytomedical properties of edible cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) flowers. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 11538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38520-z
  21. Gephart, J. A., Golden, C. D., Asche, F., Belton, B., Brugere, C., Froehlich, H. E., Fry, J. P., Halpern, B. S., Hicks, C. C., Jones, R. C., Klinger, D. H., Little, D. C., McCauley, D. J., Thilsted, S. H., Troell, M., & Allison, E. H. (2020). Scenarios for global aquaculture and its role in human nutrition. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 29(1), 122-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1782342
  22. Ghafarifarsani, H, Hoseinifar, S. H., Adhami, B., Rohani, M. F., & Van Doan, H. (2023). Dietary gallic acid influences serum enzymatic parameters and immunological responses in Cyprinus carpio exposed to crowding stress. Aquaculture Reports, 30, 101630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101630
  23. Ghafarifarsani, H., Hoseinifar, S. H., Adorian, T. J., Ferrigolo, F. R. G., Raissy, M., & Van Doan, H. (2021). The effects of combined inclusion of Malvae sylvestris, Origanum vulgare, and Allium hirtifolium boiss for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) diet: Growth performance, antioxidant defense, and immunological parameters. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 119, 670-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.014
  24. Hashimoto, M., Hossain, S., Al Mamun, A., Matsuzaki, K., & Arai, H. (2017). Docosahexaenoic acid: one molecule diverse functions. Critical reviews in biotechnology, 37(5), 579-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2016.1207153
  25. Hoseini, S. M., Khalili, M., Rajabiesterabadi, H., Hoseinifar, S. H., & Van Doan, H. (2020). Effects of dietary monoterpene, myrcene, administration on immune-and health-related genes expression in common carp gill following exposure to copper sulfate. Fish & shellfish immunology, 98, 438-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.027
  26. Hoseini, S. M., Mirghaed, A. T., Iri, Y., Hoseinifar, S. H., Van Doan, H., & Reverter, M. (2021). Effects of dietary Russian olive, Elaeagnus angustifolia, leaf extract on growth, hematological, immunological, and antioxidant parameters in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 536, 736461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736461
  27. Hoseinifar, S. H., Fazelan, Z., Bayani, M., Yousefi, M., Van Doan, H., & Yazici, M. (2022). Dietary red macroalgae (Halopithys incurva) improved systemic an mucosal immune and antioxidant parameters and modulated related gene expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 123, 164-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.047
  28. Hoseinifar, S. H., Ghafarifarsani, H., Raeisi, M., Raissy, M., Safari, R., Khosraviani, K., Yousefi, M., & Van Doan, H. (2023). Effect of dietary nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) on growth performance, antioxidant status, immune response, and gene expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture Reports, 33, 101787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2023.101787
  29. Hoseinifar, S. H., Zou, H. K., Miandare, H. K., Van Doan, H., Romano, N., & Dadar, M. (2017). Enrichment of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) diet with medlar (Mespilus germanica) leaf extract: Effects on skin mucosal immunity and growth performance. Fish & shellfish immunology, 67, 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.023
  30. Idenyi, J. N., Eya, J. C., Nwankwegu, A. S., & Nwoba, E. G. (2022). Aquaculture sustainability through alternative dietary ingredients: Microalgal value-added products. Engineering Microbiology, 2(4), 100049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engmic.2022.100049
  31. Ivanova, S., Sukhikh, S., Popov, A., Shishko, O., Nikonov, I., Kapitonova, E., Krol, O., Larina, V., Noskova, S., & Babich, O. (2024). Medicinal plants: a source of phytobiotics for the feed additives. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 101172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101172
  32. Jeney G, Wet LD, Jeney Z, & Yin G (2015) Plant extracts. Dietary nutrients, additives, and fish health, 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119005568.ch16
  33. Ji, S., Xue, R., Zhou, L., Sun, J., & Ji, H. (2025). The individual and combined effect of DHA and high-fat diet on flesh quality, antioxidant capacity and myofiber characteristics of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Aquaculture, 595, 741487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741487
  34. Jin, X., Su, M., Liang, Y., & Li, Y. (2023) Effects of chlorogenic acid on growth, metabolism, antioxidation, immunity, and intestinal flora of crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 1084500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1084500
  35. Jitendrasinh, R. R., Kotiya, A. S., & Dipakbhai, J. M. (2024). Bioactive Feed Ingredients used in Aquaculture: A Review. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 30(5), 399-414. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i51956
  36. Kalaiselvan, P., Malarvizhi, K., & Ranjan, A. (2024). Exploring phytobiotics in aquaculture: sources, mode of action, effects, administration, and its bioavailability in fish. Aquaculture International, 1-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01444-0
  37. Karataş, B. (2024). Dietary Cyanus depressus (M. Bieb.) Soják plant extract enhances growth performance, modulates intestinal microbiota, and alters gene expression associated with digestion, antioxidant, stress, and immune responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquacult Int 32, 7929–7951. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01548-7
  38. Khammar, A., & Djeddi, S. (2012). Pharmacological and biological properties of some Centaurea species. Eur J Sci Res, 84(3), 398-416.
  39. Kiadaliri, M., Firouzbakhsh, F., & Deldar, H. (2020). Effects of feeding with red algae (Laurencia caspica) hydroalcoholic extract on antioxidant defense, immune responses, and immune gene expression of kidney in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Aquaculture, 526, 735361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735361
  40. Kousoulaki, K., Sveen, L., Norén, F., & Espmark, Å. (2022). Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) performance fed low trophic ingredients in a fish meal and fish oil free diet. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 884740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.884740
  41. Koven, W., Yanowski, E., Gardner, L., Nixon, O., & Block, B. (2024). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a driving force regulating gene expression in bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) larvae development. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 23191. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74152-7
  42. Kuebutornye, F. K. A., Roy, K., Folorunso, E. A., & Mraz, J. (2024). Plant‐based feed additives in Cyprinus carpio aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 16(1), 309-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12840
  43. Li, Y., Le, Q., Zhang, M., Xu, S., He, S., Yan, X., Hu, J., & Wang, Y. (2023). The effect of Schizochytrium on growth, fatty acid profile and gut microbiota of Silver Pomfret (Pampus argenteus). Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(2), 414. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020414
  44. Lin, Y., Li, S., Li, Y., Fang, L., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., & Ruan, G. (2024). Effects of luteolin supplementation on growth, histology, antioxidant capacity, non− specific immunity and intestinal microbiota of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 313, 115986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2024.115986
  45. Livak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. methods, 25(4), 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
  46. Magalhães, R., Guardiola, F. A., Guerreiro, I., Fontinha, F., Moutinho, S., Olsen, R. E., Peres, H., & Oliva-Teles, A. (2021). Effect of different dietary arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid content on selected immune parameters in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Fish and Shellfish Immunology Reports, 2, 100014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100014
  47. Martos-Sitcha, J. A., Mancera, J. M., Prunet, P., & Magnoni, L. J. (2020). Welfare and stressors in fish: Challenges facing aquaculture. Frontiers in physiology, 11, 162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00162
  48. Mugwanya, M., Dawood, M. A., Kimera, F., & Sewilam, H. (2023). Replacement of fish meal with fermented plant proteins in the aquafeed industry: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Reviews in Aquaculture, 15(1), 62-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12701
  49. Nagarajan, D., Varjani, S., Lee, D. J., & Chang, J. S. (2021). Sustainable aquaculture and animal feed from microalgae–nutritive value and techno-functional components. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 150, 111549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111549
  50. Naiel, M. A., El-Kholy, A. I., Negm, S. S., Ghazanfar, S., Shukry, M., Zhang, Z., Ahmadifar, E., & Abdel-Latif, H. M. (2023). A mini-review on plant-derived phenolic compounds with particular emphasis on their possible applications and beneficial uses in aquaculture. Annals of Animal Science, 23(4), 971-977. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2023-0007
  51. Onomu, A. J., & Okuthe, G. E. (2024). The Role of Functional Feed Additives in Enhancing Aquaculture Sustainability. Fishes, 9(5), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050167
  52. Önalan, Ş. (2019). Expression differences of stress and immunity genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) with different bacterial fish diseases. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 71.
  53. Pradhan, B., Patra, S., Dash, S. R., Nayak, R., Behera, C., & Jena, M. (2021). Evaluation of the anti-bacterial activity of methanolic extract of Chlorella vulgaris Beyerinck [Beijerinck] with special reference to antioxidant modulation. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00172-5
  54. Rajabiesterabadi, H., Yousefi, M., & Hoseini, S. M. (2020). Enhanced haematological and immune responses in common carp Cyprinus carpio fed with olive leaf extract‐supplemented diets and subjected to ambient ammonia. Aquaculture Nutrition, 26(3), 763-771. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.13035
  55. Rashidian, G., Zare, M., Tabibi, H., Stejskal, V., & Faggio, C. (2023). The synergistic effects of four medicinal plant seeds and chelated minerals on the growth, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 139, 108930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108930
  56. Reverter, M., Tapissier‐Bontemps, N., Sarter, S., Sasal, P., & Caruso, D. (2021). Moving towards more sustainable aquaculture practices: a meta‐analysis on the potential of plant‐enriched diets to improve fish growth, immunity and disease resistance. Reviews in Aquaculture, 13(1), 537-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12485
  57. Rombenso, A., Araujo, B., & Li, E. (2022). Recent advances in fish nutrition: Insights on the nutritional implications of modern formulations. Animals, 12(13), 1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131705
  58. Sarker, P. K. (2023). Microorganisms in fish feeds, technological innovations, and key strategies for sustainable aquaculture. Microorganisms, 11(2), 439. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020439
  59. Sattanathan, G., Liu, W. C., Padmapriya, S., Pushparaj, K., Sureshkumar, S., Lee, J. W., Balasubramanian, B., & Kim, I. H. (2022). Effects of Dietary Blend of Algae Extract Supplementation on Growth, Biochemical, Haemato-Immunological Response, and Immune Gene Expression in Labeo rohita with Aeromonas hydrophila Post-Challenges. Fishes, 8(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes8010007
  60. Serrano, E., Simpfendorfer, R., Medina, A., Sandoval, C., Martínez, A., Morales, R., & Davies, S. J. (2021). Partially replacing fish oil with microalgae (Schizochytrium limacinum and Nannochloropsis oceanica) in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared in saltwater with reference to growth performance, muscle fatty acid composition and liver ultrastructure. Aquaculture Research, 52(9), 4401-4413. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15279
  61. Shang, G. J., Liu, S. Y., Zhu, R., Li, D. L., Meng, S. T., Wang, Y. T., & Wu, L. F. (2024). Chlorogenic acid improves common carp (Cyprinus carpio) liver and intestinal health through Keap-1/Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways: Growth performance, immune response and antioxidant capacity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 146, 109378.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109378
  62. Song, C., Sun, C., Liu, B., & Xu, P. (2023). Oxidative stress in aquatic organisms. Antioxidants, 12(6), 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061223
  63. Souza, F. P. D., Lima, E. C. S. D., Urrea-Rojas, A. M., Suphoronski, S. A., Facimoto, C. T., Bezerra Junior, J. D. S., de Oliveira, T. E. S., Pereira, U. P., Di Santis, G. W., de Oliveira, C. A. L., & Lopera-Barrero, N. M. (2020). Effects of dietary supplementation with a microalga (Schizochytrium sp.) on the hemato-immunological, and intestinal histological parameters and gut microbiota of Nile tilapia in net cages. PloS one, 15(1), e0226977. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226977
  64. Tadese, D. A., Song, C., Sun, C., Liu, B., Liu, B., Zhou, Q., Xu, P., Ge, X., Liu, M., Tamiru, M., Zhou, Z., Lakew, A., & Kevin, N. T. (2022). The role of currently used medicinal plants in aquaculture and their action mechanisms: A review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 14(2), 816-847. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12626
  65. Trevi, S., Uren Webster, T., Consuegra, S., & Garcia de Leaniz, C. (2023). Benefits of the microalgae Spirulina and Schizochytrium in fish nutrition: a meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 2208. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29183-x
  66. Vijayaram, S., Ringø, E., Ghafarifarsani, H., Hoseinifar, S. H., Ahani, S., & Chou, C. C. (2024). Use of Algae in Aquaculture: A Review. Fishes, 9(2), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9020063
  67. Vijayaram, S., Sun, Y. Z., Zuorro, A., Ghafarifarsani, H., Van Doan, H., & Hoseinifar, S. H. (2022). Bioactive immunostimulants as health-promoting feed additives in aquaculture: A review. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 130, 294-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.011
  68. Wang, J., Deng, L., Chen, M., Che, Y., Li, L., Zhu, L., Chen, G., & Feng, T. (2024). Phytogenic feed additives as natural antibiotic alternatives in animal health and production: A review of the literature of the last decade. Animal Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.012
  69. Xie, J., Fang, H., Liao, S., Guo, T., Yin, P., Liu, Y., Tian, L., & Niu, J. (2019). Study on Schizochytrium improving the growth performance and non-specific immunity of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) while not affecting the antioxidant capacity. Fish & shellfish immunology, 95, 617-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.028
  70. Xu, G., Xing, W., Yu, H., Jiang, N., Ma, Z., Luo, L., & Li, T. (2022). Evaluation of chlorogenic acid supplementation in koi (Cyprinus carpio) diet: growth performance, body color, antioxidant activity, serum biochemical parameters, and immune response. Aquaculture Nutrition, (1), 2717003. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2717003
  71. Yousefi, M., Farsani, M. N., Ghafarifarsani, H., Hoseinifar, S. H., & Van Doan, H. (2021). The effects of dietary supplementation of mistletoe (Viscum album) extract on the growth performance, antioxidant, and innate, immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 536, 736385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736385 Yousefi, M., Ahmadifar, M., Mohammadzadeh, S., Kalhor, N., Esfahani, D. E., Bagheri, A., Mashhadizadeh, N., Moghadam, M. S., & Ahmadifar, E. (2022). Individual and combined effects of the dietary Spirulina platensis and Bacillus licheniformis supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, innate immunity, relative gene expression and resistance of goldfish, Carassius auratus to Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 127, 1070-1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.015
  72. Zhang, J., Wang, Z., Shi, Y., Xia, L., Hu, Y., & Zhong, L. (2023). Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on growth, intestinal inflammation, hepatic antioxidant capacity, muscle development and skin color in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed an oxidized fish oil diet. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 134, 108511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108511
  73. Zhang, T. T., Xu, J., Wang, Y. M., & Xue, C. H. (2019). Health benefits of dietary marine DHA/EPA-enriched glycerophospholipids. Progress in lipid research, 75, 100997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100997
  74. Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Liu, P., Guo, R., Jin, S., Liu, J., Chen, L., Ma, Z., & Liu, Y. (2020). Evaluation and analysis of water quality of marine aquaculture area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041446
  75. Zhou, L., Li, K., Duan, X., Hill, D., Barrow, C., Dunshea, F., Martin, G., & Suleria, H. (2022) Bioactive compounds in microalgae and their potential health benefits. Food Bioscience, 49, 101932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101932