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Journals / Yerbilimleri / 2026 / Cilt: 47 Sayı: 1

Relationships between Indentation Test Data of Conical and Button Indenters Toward Predicting Performance of Raise Boring Machines

Başyukarı Delme Makinelerinin Performans Tahminine Yönelik Konik ve Buton Uçlarla Yapılan Uç Batırma Deney Verileri Arasındaki İlişkiler

Aydin Shaterpour-Mamaghani(İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MADEN FAKÜLTESİ, MADEN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0001-7751-4796
Hanifi Çopur(İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MADEN FAKÜLTESİ, MADEN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0003-0458-9898
Cemal Balcı(İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MADEN FAKÜLTESİ, MADEN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0001-7524-6660
Deniz Tumaç(İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MADEN FAKÜLTESİ, MADEN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0003-0626-1087
Tayfun Erdoğan(Sargın İnşaat ve Makine Sanayi Ticaret A.Ş.)0000-0000-0000-0000
Engin Doğan0000-0000-0000-0001
Ayhan Koçbay(Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoteknik Hizmetler Dairesi Başkanlığı)0000-0000-0000-0002
Pages
67–79
Publication Date
2026-05-02
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Furthermore, the relationships between the conical indenter test results and physical-mechanical properties of the rocks are also analyzed and some relationships are observed.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Indentation test provides a method for assessing performance of mechanized excavation systems such as Raise Boring Machines (RBMs) and Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs).
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Key Findings & Data:Although not standardized and originally developed for determining the normal forces acting on cutters and drill bits, the method has become an essential tool for evaluating excavation performance.
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Conclusion & Impact:Furthermore, the relationships between the conical indenter test results and physical-mechanical properties of the rocks are also analyzed and some relationships are observed.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Başyukarı delme makinesi · performans tahmini · uç batırma deneyi

Abstract

Indentation test provides a method for assessing performance of mechanized excavation systems such as Raise Boring Machines (RBMs) and Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs). Although not standardized and originally developed for determining the normal forces acting on cutters and drill bits, the method has become an essential tool for evaluating excavation performance. Conical indenters are typically used in the tests. However, real-size button inserts made of prismatic tungsten carbide with flatter surfaces are often preferred on RBM cutting tools. Some of the widely used performance prediction models rely currently on the results from indentation tests conducted with button inserts. Establishing a statistical correlation between the results of tests using conical and button indenters would allow also the conical indenters to be used in RBM performance estimations. In the present study, indentation tests are performed on five different rock samples collected from the shafts excavated by the RBMs in Türkiye. Both conical and button indenters are employed in the tests. The average slope, peak slope, average force slope and indentation work indices are derived from the force-penetration curves and their relationships are analyzed. Strong relationships are observed between the indexes obtained from both types of the indenters. Furthermore, the relationships between the conical indenter test results and physical-mechanical properties of the rocks are also analyzed and some relationships are observed.

Özet

Uç batırma deneyi, Başyukarı Delme Makineleri (BDM) ve Tünel Açma Makineleri (TBM) gibi mekanize kazı sistemlerinin performanslarını tahmin etmek için kullanılabilen bir yöntemdir. Standart bir yöntem olmamakla birlikte, başlangıçta keskiler ve deliciler üzerine etkiyen normal kuvvetin belirlenmesi amacıyla geliştirilmiş, zamanla kazı performansı değerlendirmelerinde sıkça başvurulan bir araç hâline gelmiştir. Deneylerde genellikle konik uçlar kullanılmaktadır. Ancak BDM’lerinde kullanılan buton keskilerde, daha düz yüzeyli ve prizmatik tungsten karbür buton uçlar tercih edilmektedir. Günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan bazı performans tahmin modelleri, gerçek boyutlu buton uçlarla yapılan deney sonuçlarına dayanmaktadır. Konik ve buton uçlarla elde edilen deneysel veriler arasında istatistiksel ilişkiler kurulabilirse, konik uçlar da BDM performans tahminlerinde kullanılabilecektir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de başyukarı delme yöntemiyle açılmış kuyulardan alınan beş farklı kayaç örneği üzerinde, konik ve buton uçlarla uç batırma deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her iki uç tipine ait kuvvet-penetrasyon eğrilerinden ortalama eğim, tepe eğimi, ortalama kuvvet eğimi ve uç batırma iş indeksleri elde edilmiş ve aralarındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Her iki uç tipi ile elde edilen indeksler arasında güçlü korelasyonlar saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, konik uç verileriyle kayaçların fiziksel-mekanik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler de incelenmiş ve bazı anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu görülmüştür.

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Cite This Article

Shaterpour-Mamaghani, A., Çopur, H., Balcı, C., Tumaç, D., Erdoğan, T., Doğan, E., Koçbay, A. (2026). Relationships between Indentation Test Data of Conical and Button Indenters Toward Predicting Performance of Raise Boring Machines. Yerbilimleri, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 1, 67–79. https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.1830607

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