SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Yerbilimleri / 2026 / Cilt: 47 Sayı: 1

Spatial Mapping of Sediment Distribution Using GIS-Based ArcGIS Software (Case Study of Doğanbey Cape – Ürkmez Coast)

Sediman Dağılımının Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi Tabanlı ArcGIS Yazılımı ile Alansal Haritalanması (Doğanbey Burnu – Ürkmez Kıyısı Örneği)

Özde Bakak(DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ DENİZ BİLİMLERİ VE TEKNOLOJİSİ ENSTİTÜSÜ)0000-0001-8617-8456
Pages
1–34
Publication Date
2026-05-02
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This approach is practical and fundamental for marine research involving the protection, planning, and management of biologically and geochemically important areas such as continental shelves, monitoring temporal changes, and producing tsunami and/or pollution maps, tectonic activity assessments, and similar applications.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Seafloor sediment distribution maps are of great importance for the management of benthic environments and the classification of ecological habitats.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The selected classification methods were eight different sediment classification systems developed by Shepard (1954), Folk (1954, 1974), Oakley et al. (2012), and Schlee (1973).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This approach is practical and fundamental for marine research involving the protection, planning, and management of biologically and geochemically important areas such as continental shelves, monitoring temporal changes, and producing tsunami and/or pollution maps, tectonic activity assessments, and similar applications.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2012 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Sediment dağılımı · haritalama · coğrafi bilgi sistemleri

Abstract

Seafloor sediment distribution maps are of great importance for the management of benthic environments and the classification of ecological habitats. In this study, grain-size analysis was performed on sediment samples collected from the coastal zone of Doğanbey Cape and Ürkmez (İzmir). The proportions of gravel, sand, silt, and clay within the sediment samples were determined, and this information was used for sediment classification and map production. Geographic Information System (GIS)-based ArcGIS software and the Python programming language were used to produce spatial grain-size distribution maps according to different sediment classification schemes. The selected classification methods were eight different sediment classification systems developed by Shepard (1954), Folk (1954, 1974), Oakley et al. (2012), and Schlee (1973). The IDW interpolation method and raster calculation module were utilized to create spatial distributions of sediment grain-size types. Detailed information on each classification method is presented, and spatial distribution maps produced for each classification were compared. As a result, GIS-based mapping techniques were found to be useful and reliable for producing sediment grain-size distribution maps in marine studies. This approach is practical and fundamental for marine research involving the protection, planning, and management of biologically and geochemically important areas such as continental shelves, monitoring temporal changes, and producing tsunami and/or pollution maps, tectonic activity assessments, and similar applications.

Özet

Deniz tabanı sediman dağılım haritaları, bentik çevrelerin yönetimi ve ekolojik habitatların sınıflandırılması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Doğanbey Burnu ve Ürkmez (İzmir) kıyı kesiminde toplanan sediman örneklerine tane boyu analizi yapılmıştır. Sediman örneklerindeki silt, kil, kum, çakıl oranları belirlenmiş olup bu bilgiler sediman sınıflandırması ve harita üretilmesi için kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada farklı sediman sınıflandırma türlerinde alansal sediman tane boylarına ait harita üretmek amacı ile Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) tabanlı ArcGIS yazılımı ve Python dili kullanılmıştır. Sınıflandırma türleri; Shepard (1954), Folk (1954, 1974), Oakley vd. (2012) ve Schlee (1973) tarafından geliştirilen sekiz farklı sediman sınıflandırma türü tercih edilmiştir. Sediman tane boyu türünün alansal dağılımı için IDW interpolasyon yöntemi ve raster hesaplama modülünden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada sınıflandırma türlerine ait detaylı bilgiler sunulmuş olup herbir sınıflandırma için ayrı ayrı üretilen alansal dağılım haritaları karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, CBS tabanlı haritalama tekniklerinin deniz çalışmalarında üretilen sediman tane boyu dağılım haritalarının üretilmesinde kullanışlı ve güvenilir bir yöntem olduğu görülmüştür. Yöntem, kıta sahanlığı gibi biyolojik ve jeokimyasal açıdan önemli alanların korunması, planlanması, yönetimi, zamansal değişim takibi, tsunami ve/veya kirlilik haritaları, tektonik aktivite vb. deniz araştırmaları için kullanışlı ve temeldir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Bakak, Ö. (2026). Spatial Mapping of Sediment Distribution Using GIS-Based ArcGIS Software (Case Study of Doğanbey Cape – Ürkmez Coast). Yerbilimleri, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 1, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.1705966

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (36)

  1. Bauer, J.E., Cai, W.J., Raymond, P.A., Bianchi, T.S., Hopkinson, C.S., Regnier, P.A.G. 2013. The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean. Nature, 504, 61–70. DOI: 10.1038/nature12760
  2. Connor, D.W., Gilliland, P. M., Golding, N., Robinson, P., Todd., D. and Verloing, E. 2006. UKSeaMap: the mapping of seabed and water column features of UK seas. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Duman, M., Avcı, M., Duman, Ş., Demirkurt, Ş. ve Düzbastılar, M.K., 2004. Surficial sediment distribution and net sediment transport pattern in İzmir Bay, western Turkey. Contienental Shelf Research, 24, 965-981. DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2004.02.008
  3. Duman, M., Kucuksezgin, F., Hüsnü Eronat, A., Talas, E., İlhan, T. ve Aydın, Ş., 2022. Combining single and complex indices of pollution with grain size trend analysis of surficial sediments in Edremit Gulf, western Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29:55609–55629. DOI: /10.1007/s11356-022-19355-z
  4. Duman, M., Hünsü Eronat, A. ve Talas, E., 2024. Interplay of natural and anthropogenic factors in sediment dynamics and trace element distribution in Güllük Gulf, western Türkiye: A comprehensive geochemical and hydrodynamic analysis. Continental Shelf Research, 282. DOI: /10.1016/j.csr.2024.105078
  5. Evans, G., 1965. Intertidal flat sedimentation and their environment of deposition in the wash. Journal of Geology Society, 121, 209–241. DOI: 10.1144/gsjgs.121.3.0209
  6. Flemming, B.W., 1999. Mass physical properties of muddy intertidal sediments: some applications, misapplications and non-applications. Intertidal mudflats; properties and processes. Plymouth, England. Flemming, B.W., 2000. A revised textural classification of gravel-free muddy sediments on the basis of ternary diagrams.Continental Shelf Research, 20, 11251137. DOI: 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00011-1
  7. Ford, K.H. ve Voss, S., 2010. Seafloor Sediment Composition in Massachusetts Determined Using Point Data. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries Technical Report TR-45, 26p.
  8. Folk, R.L., 1954. The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. Journal of Geology, 62, 344–359. DOI: 10.1086/626171
  9. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Compilation Group. (2023). GEBCO 2023 Grid (global bathymetric grid). https://doi.org/10.5285/1b4c6a2c-94e6-6c76-e053-6c86abc0d9f2 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2025).
  10. Gopal, V., Krishnamurthy, R.R., Vignesh, R., SabariNathan, C., Anshu, R., Kalaivanan, R., Mohana, R., ve Magesh, N.S., 2022. Heavy metal pollution in the surface sediments off the Vedaranyam coast, Sourhern India. Research Square. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-xxxxx/v1
  11. Harris, P.T., 2014. Macmillan-Lawler, M.; Rupp, J.; Baker, E.K. Geomorphology of the oceans. Marine Geology, 352, 4–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.005
  12. Halpern, B.S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K.A., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., D’Agrosa, C., Bruno, J.F., Casey, K.S., Ebert, C., Fox, H.E., vd., 2008. A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science, 319, 948–952. DOI: 10.1126/science.1149345
  13. James, J.W.C, Pearce, B., Coggan, R.A., Arnott, S.H.L, Clark, R., Plim, J.F., Pinnion, J., Barrio Frójan, C., Gardiner, J.P., Morando, A., Baggaley, P.A., Scott, G., ve Bigourdan, N., 2010. The South Coast Regional Environmental Characterisation.British Geological Survey Open Report OR/09/51. 249 pp.
  14. Kaskela, A.M. Kotilainen, A.T., Alanen, U., Cooper, R., Green, S., Guinan, J., Van Heteren, S., Kihlman, S., Van Lancker, V., Stevenson, A. vd., 2019. Picking up the pieces—Harmonising and collating seabed substrate data for European maritime areas. Geosciences, 9, 84. DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9020084
  15. Mitchell, P.J., Aldridge, J. ve Diesing, M., 2019. Legacy Data: How Decades of Seabed Sampling can Produce Robust Predictions and Versatile Products. Geosciences, 9,182. DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9040182
  16. Moreira, D., Simionato, C.G., Dragani, W., Cayocca, F. ve Luz Clara Tejedor, M., 2016. Characterization of bottom sediments in the Río de la Plata estuary.Journal of Coastal Research, 32 (6), 1473-1494.
  17. Nakamura, T.K., Singer, M.B. ve Gabet, E.J., 2018. Remains of the 19th Century: Deep storage of contaminated hydraulic mining sediment along the Lower Yuba River, California. Elementa Science of the Anthropence, 6: 70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.333.
  18. Oakley, B.A., Alvarez, J.D. ve Boothroyd, C. 2012. Benthic geologic habitats of shallow estuarine environments: Greenwich Bay and Wichford Habor, Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research, 28, 4, 760-773.
  19. Pejrup, M., 1988. The triangular diagram used for classification of estuarine sediments: a new approach. In: DeBoer PL, Van Gelder A, Nio SD (eds) Tide-influenced sedimentary environments and facies, D Reidel Publication Company. Holland, pp 289–300. Perumal, K., Antony, J. ve Muthuramalingam, S., 2021. Heavy metal pollutants and their spatial distribution in surface sediments from Thondi coast, Palk Bay, South Indi. Environmental Science Europe. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00501-2.
  20. Pierce, B., James, C., Coggan R., Chambers, C., Hill J. ve Tappin, D. 2011. Rationalisin seabed sediment classifiction to promote consistency i biotope classfication and improve accuracy in predictive biotope mapping. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) CM, G:05.
  21. Poppe, L.J., Eliason, A.H. ve Hastings, M.E., 2003. A Visual Basic program to classify sediments based to gravel-sand-silt-clay ratios. Computers & Geocsiences, 29, 805- 809. DOI: 10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00047-7
  22. Poppe, L.J. ve Eliason, A.H., 2008. A Visual Basic program to plot sediment grain-size data on ternary diagrams. Computers & Geosiences, 34, 561-565. DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2007.07.007
  23. Przeslawski, R., Berents, P., Clark, M., Edgar, G., Frid, C., Hughes, L., Ingleton, T., Kennedy, D., Nichol, S., Smith, J., 2018. Marine sampling field manual for grabs and box corers. In Field Manuals for Marine Sampling to Monitor AustralianWaters, Przeslawski R, Foster S (Eds). National Environmental Science Programme (NESP), 172-195.
  24. Schlee, J., 1973. Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States — Sediment Texture of the Northeastern Part. U.S. Geological Survey Professional.
  25. Shepard, FP., 1954. Nomenclature based on Sand-silt-clay Ratios. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 24 (3), 151–158. DOI: 10.1306/D4269199-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D
  26. Şen, G., ve Yakupoğlu, T., 2022. Moralli Deresi Sisteminin Kuvarterner Yaşlı Tortullarının Tane Boyu Dağılımı ve Depolanma Ortamları (Tuşba, Van, Türkiye). Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 65, 187-216.
  27. Talas, E., Duman, M., Hüsnü Eonat, A. ve Küçüksezgin, F. 2023. Multi-index assessment of sea bottom sediments of the Izmir Gulf, Aegean Sea: A study of interrelation between anthropogenic and hydrodynamic effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 194. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114176
  28. Talas, E. ve Duman, M., 2023. Comparison of Grain Size Trend Analysis and Multi-Index Pollution Assessment of Marine Sediments of the Gülbahçe Bay, Aegean Sea. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10, 2, 159-179. DOI: 10.30897/ijegeo.1280120
  29. Tappin, D.R., Pearce, B., Fitch, S., Dove, D., Geary, B., Hill, J.M., Chambers, C., Bates, R., Pinnion, J., Green, M., Gallyot, J., Georgiou, L., Brutto, D., Marzialetti, S., Hopla, E., Ramsay, E., Fielding, H., 2011.The Humber Regional Environmental Characterisation Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (MALSF), British Geological Survey Open Report OR/10/54. 317pp.
  30. Wentworth, C.K.İ., 1922. A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology, 30, 377-392. DOI: 10.1086/622910
  31. Yeşim, E.Y., 2012. A New Assessment of Heavy Metal COntaminations in an Eutropicted Bay (Inner Izmir Bay, Turkey) Turkish Journal of Fishers and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 135-147. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v12_1_15
  32. Zananiri, I., Vakalas, I. 2019. Geostatistical mapping of marine surficial sediment types in the Northern Aegean Sea using indicator kriging. Geo-Marine Letter, 39, 363–376. DOI: 10.1007/s00367-019-00582-1
  33. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Compilation Group. (2023). GEBCO 2023 Grid (global bathymetric grid). https://doi.org/10.5285/1b4c6a2c-94e6-6c76-e053-6c86abc0d9f2 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2025).
  34. James, J.W.C, Pearce, B., Coggan, R.A., Arnott, S.H.L, Clark, R., Plim, J.F., Pinnion, J., Barrio Frójan, C., Gardiner, J.P., Morando, A., Baggaley, P.A., Scott, G., ve Bigourdan, N., 2010. The South Coast Regional Environmental Characterisation.British Geological Survey Open Report OR/09/51. 249 pp.
  35. Talas, E. ve Duman, M., 2023. Comparison of Grain Size Trend Analysis and Multi-Index Pollution Assessment of Marine Sediments of the Gülbahçe Bay, Aegean Sea. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10, 2, 159-179. DOI: 10.30897/ijegeo.1280120
  36. Yeşim, E.Y., 2012. A New Assessment of Heavy Metal COntaminations in an Eutropicted Bay (Inner Izmir Bay, Turkey) Turkish Journal of Fishers and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 135-147. DOI: 10.4194/1303-2712-v12_1_15