Journals / Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 97 Sayı: 2

In vitro antibacterial and growth-inhibitory effects of a pure Salvia officinalis powder extract against selected veterinary bacterial pathogens

Saf Salvia officinalis toz ekstraktının seçilmiş veteriner bakteriyel patojenler üzerine in vitro antibakteriyel ve üreme baskılayıcı etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi

Orkun Babacan(BALIKESİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ, KEPSUT MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU, VETERİNERLİK BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0003-0258-1825
Pages
124–135
Publication Date
2026-06-15
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, the antibacterial response was species-dependent and generally concentration-related.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study investigated the in vitro antibacterial and growth-inhibitory effects of a commercially available powdered Salvia officinalis extract against clinically important bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis, poultry litter, and urogenital and respiratory infections in cats and dogs.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Disk diffusion assays showed measurable antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria, with inhibition zone diameters decreasing as extract concentration decreased, indicating a concentration-dependent response.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Overall, the antibacterial response was species-dependent and generally concentration-related.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:salvia officinalis · antibakteriyel aktivite · bakteriyel üreme inhibisyonu

Abstract

This study investigated the in vitro antibacterial and growth-inhibitory effects of a commercially available powdered Salvia officinalis extract against clinically important bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis, poultry litter, and urogenital and respiratory infections in cats and dogs. Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus spp. were evaluated using disk diffusion and growth inhibition tests on extract-supplemented media. Disk diffusion assays showed measurable antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria, with inhibition zone diameters decreasing as extract concentration decreased, indicating a concentration-dependent response. The largest inhibition zones were observed at the highest concentration (1/1), particularly for P. aeruginosa (29 mm), Salmonella spp. (27 mm), and MRSA (26 mm), while Klebsiella spp. and E. coli exhibited comparatively lower susceptibility. On Mueller–Hinton agar supplemented with the extract, reduced visible growth was observed for E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. at the 1/8 concentration, and complete inhibition occurred at 1/4. In Salmonella spp., growth decreased further with increasing extract concentration. Visible growth of MRSA and P. aeruginosa was no growth at both concentrations in agar plates. Overall, the antibacterial response was species-dependent and generally concentration-related. As biological replicates were not included, findings were presented descriptively and considered preliminary. The results indicate that powdered S. officinalis extract exhibits measurable inhibitory activity against veterinary pathogens, with the most pronounced effects against MRSA and P. aeruginosa. Further replicated studies and in vivo safety, efficacy, and dosage evaluations are required before practical application.

Özet

Bu çalışma, ticari olarak temin edilen toz formdaki Salvia officinalis ekstraktının sığır mastitisleri, kanatlı kümes altlıkları ile kedi ve köpeklerde görülen ürogenital ve solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarından izole edilen klinik açıdan önemli bakterilere karşı in vitro antibakteriyel ve üreme inhibe edici etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yürütüldü. Çalışmada Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., metisiline dirençli Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa ve Proteus spp. disk difüzyon yöntemi ve ekstrakt ilaveli besiyerinde üreme inhibisyon testleri ile değerlendirildi. Elde edilen bulgular, tüm bakterilere karşı ölçülebilir antibakteriyel aktivite bulunduğunu gösterdi. Ekstrakt konsantrasyonu azaldıkça inhibisyon zon çaplarının küçüldüğü ve buna bağlı olarak konsantrasyonla ilişkili bir yanıt geliştiği belirlendi. En geniş inhibisyon zonları en yüksek konsantrasyonda (1/1), özellikle P. aeruginosa (29 mm), Salmonella spp. (27 mm) ve MRSA (26 mm) için saptandı. Buna karşılık Klebsiella spp. ve E. coli izolatlarında duyarlılığın daha düşük olduğu görüldü. Mueller–Hinton agarda yapılan üreme değerlendirmelerinde 1/8 konsantrasyonda E. coli, Klebsiella spp. ve Proteus spp. için kontrol gruplarına kıyasla görünür üremede azalma belirlendi. 1/4 konsantrasyonda ise bu bakterilerde görünür üreme tamamen inhibe edildi. Salmonella spp.’de ekstrakt konsantrasyonu arttıkça üremenin daha da azaldığı gözlendi. MRSA ve P. aeruginosa için ise her iki konsantrasyonda da görünür üremenin tamamen inhibe olduğu saptandı. Sonuç olarak antibakteriyel yanıtın bakteriyel türe bağlı olduğu ve çoğunlukla konsantrasyonla ilişkili bir eğilim gösterdiği değerlendirildi. Bulgular tanımlayıcı düzeyde sunuldu ve ileri çalışmalar için temel oluşturdu.

🔖

Cite This Article

Babacan, O. (2026). In vitro antibacterial and growth-inhibitory effects of a pure Salvia officinalis powder extract against selected veterinary bacterial pathogens. Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi, Cilt: 97 Sayı: 2, 124–135. https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.1825076

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (23)

  1. Alsanosi SM. Sage (Salvia officinalis), known as “Maramia” in Arabic culture: an overview and herbal monograph. Pharmacogn Res. 2024;16(3):467-471. doi:10.5530/pres.16.3.56
  2. Bouloumpasi E, Hatzikamari M, Christaki S, Lazaridou A, Chatzopoulou P, Biliaderis CG et al. Assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial potential of phenolic extracts from post-distillation solid residues of oregano, rosemary, sage, lemon balm, and spearmint. Processes. 2024;12(1):140. doi:10.3390/pr12010140
  3. Elshafie HS, Mang SM, Camele I. Blended formulations of oregano–sage essential oils: antimicrobial, phytotoxic, and anti-quorum sensing investigations. J Biol Res. 2024;97(1):11999. doi:10.4081/jbr.2024.11999
  4. Ghorbani A, Esmaeilizadeh M. Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components. J Tradit Complement Med. 2017;7(4):433-440. doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014
  5. Mahdavian Mehr H, Hosseini Z, Haddad Khodaparast MH, Edalatian MR. Antimicrobial effect of Salvia leriifolia leaf extract powder on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in hamburger. J Food Saf. 2010;30(4):941-953. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00253.x
  6. Pasca C, Severus Dezmirean D, Bobis O, Mărgăoan R, Paşca C, Al Mărghitaş L et al. The assessment of the antibacterial activity of some plant extracts on normal and pathogenic microflora from milk. Sci Pap Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2015;48(1):166.
  7. AlFadhly NKZ. A study of the antioxidizing and inhibiting effects of the alcoholic extract of sage (Salvia officinalis) on microorganisms. Vet Med Public Health J. 2024;5(2):66-76. doi:10.31559/vmph2024.5.2.6
  8. Santos TDSA, Meccatti VM, Pereira TC, Marcucci MC, Hasna AA, Valera MC et al. (2023). Antibacterial Effect of Combinations of Salvia officinalis and Glycyrrhiza glabra Hydroalcoholic Extracts against Enterococcus spp. Coatings. 2023; 13(9):1579.
  9. Mosafa E, Yahyaabadi S, Doudi M. In vitro antibacterial properties of sage (Salvia officinalis) ethanol extract against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2014;16(10):42-46.
  10. Güneş Y, Anlaş C, Dokuzeylül B. Pharmacological and clinical approach to plant-based complementary health products in lower urinary system diseases in cats and dogs. J Istanbul Vet Sci. 2022;6(3):116-122.
  11. Hemeg HA, Moussa IM, Ibrahim S, Dawoud TM, Alhaji JH, Mubarak AS et al. Antimicrobial effect of different herbal plant extracts against different microbial population. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2020;27(12):3221-3227. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.015
  12. Kapoor S, Gupta DK, Singh RS, Narang D. A new herbal teat dip for preventing mastitis. Indian J Anim Health. 2023;62(2):355-363. doi:10.36062/ijah.2023.16022
  13. Babacan O, Cengiz S, Akan M. Detection of antibacterial effect of oregano plant on various Salmonella serotypes. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2012;59(2):103-106. doi:10.1501/Vetfak_0000002510
  14. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2023.
  15. Tukey JW. Exploratory data analysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1977.
  16. Zar, J. H. Contingency table. In: Biostatistical analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall 2010; 450-517.
  17. Pavlić B, Teslić N, Vidaković A, Vidović S, Velićanski A, Versari A et al. Sage processing from by-product to high-quality powder: I. Bioactive potential. Ind Crops Prod. 2017;107:81-89. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.031
  18. Abhadionmhen OA, Imarenezor EPK. Antimicrobial efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis leaves. Covenant J Health Life Sci. 2023;2(2):1-9.
  19. Gülçin I, Uğuz MT, Oktay M, Beydemir S, Küfrevioğlu ÖI. Evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.). Turk J Agric For. 2004;28(1):25-33. doi:10.3906/tar-0309-2
  20. Karadeniz-Pekgöz A, Turgut AC, Çinbilgel İ, Yavuz O. Phytochemical contents and bioactivity of four endemic Salvia seeds from Turkey: a comparative study to chia seed. J Food Meas Charact. 2024;18(7):5638-5645. doi:10.1007/s11694-024-02594-8
  21. do Nascimento GM, Rodrigues RA, Brugnera HC, Barbosa JC, Favaron FR Jr, Rossi GAM et al. Antimicrobial activity of teat antiseptic formulations based on plant extracts for controlling bovine mastitis: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Vet Sci. 2025;12:293. doi:10.3390/vetsci12040293
  22. Windisch W, Schedle K, Plitzner C, Kroismayr A. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J Anim Sci. 2008; 86(14_suppl): E140–E148.
  23. Sokovic M, Glamoclija J, Marin PD, Brkic D, Van Griensven LJLD. Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model. Molecules. 2010; 15(11): 7532-7546.