Journals / Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 48 Sayı: 1

The Role of Cytogenetic and FISH Analyses in Multiple Myeloma: A Methodological Evaluation Based on Experience of 1279 Cases

Multiple Myeloma’da Sitogenetik Ve FISH Analizlerinin Rolü: 1279 Olguluk Deneyime Dayalı Yöntemsel Bir Değerlendirme

Sevgi Işık(ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-0243-784X
Gülçin Günden(ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-1707-1764
Gozde Fidan(ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-0058-6801
Filiz Yavaşoğlu(ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-4017-4668
Beyhan Durak Aras(ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-1881-1912
Pages
133–136
Publication Date
2025-12-15
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is considered the gold standard for detecting chromosomal abnormalities with known prognostic value in MM, and its performance on plazma cell–enriched samples is recommended.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

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Objective & Hypothesis:Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clinically heterogeneous hematological malignancy, and genetic abnormalities contribute significantly to this heterogeneity.
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Key Findings & Data:Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is considered the gold standard for detecting chromosomal abnormalities with known prognostic value in MM, and its performance on plazma cell–enriched samples is recommended.
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Conclusion & Impact:Laboratories lacking enrichment capability should not refrain from these analyses, as valuable diagnostic and prognostic information can still be obtained.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Multiple myelom · FISH · sitogenetik

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clinically heterogeneous hematological malignancy, and genetic abnormalities contribute significantly to this heterogeneity. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is considered the gold standard for detecting chromosomal abnormalities with known prognostic value in MM, and its performance on plazma cell–enriched samples is recommended. However, conventional karyotyping (KS), which analyzes all chromosomes, has a reported success rate of approximately 10% in MM patients. Since not all laboratories can enrich plazma cells, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of FISH and KS tests performed without this process. We retrospectively analyzed 1794 FISH and KS tests performed on 1279 MM cases at diagnosis and/or follow-up. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 312 cases (24.39%) by FISH and/or KS. The detection rate for FISH alone was 13.39%. The most frequently observed abnormalities were chromosome 1 alterations and IGH rearrangements. The KS test showed a success rate of 63.82%, significantly higher than the commonly reported rate. Notably, 111 tests showed normal FISH results but chromosomal abnormalities were identified by KS. Among these, the most recurrent anomalies beyond the standard MM FISH panel were loss of the Y chromosome and 6q deletions. Our anomaly detection rate using direct FISH (without plazma cell enrichment) aligns with published data. The high success rate and complementary role of the KS test in detecting additional abnormalities underscore the importance of performing both tests concurrently. Laboratories lacking enrichment capability should not refrain from these analyses, as valuable diagnostic and prognostic information can still be obtained.

Özet

Multiple myeloma klinik açıdan heterojen bir hematolojik hastalık olup, bu heterojenitede genetik anomalilerin çeşitliliği rol oynamaktadır. MM’da prognostik önemi olduğu bilinen kromozom anomalilerinin tespitinde FISH yöntemi altın standarttır ve plazma hücreleri ayrıştırılarak bu testin uygunlanması önerilmektedir. Tüm kromozomların analizine imkan veren KS testinin ise bu hasta grubunda başarı oranı %10 olarak bilinmektedir. Plazma hücrelerinin ayrıştırılması olanağına her laboratuvar sahip olmadığı için, çalışmamızda bu uygulama yapılmadan FISH ve KS testlerinin çalışıldığı 1279 olguya ait verileri değerlendirmeyi ve bu testlerin etkinliklerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Çalışma kapsamında olguların tanı ve takiplerinde eş zamanlı çalışılan toplam 1794 FISH ve KS test sonuçlarını değerlendirdik. FISH ve/veya KS ile anomali saptanan olgu sayısı 312 (%24,39)’dir. Sadece FISH analizleri anomali saptama oranı ise %13,39’dur. Kromozom 1 anomalileri ve IGH yeniden düzenlenmeleri en sık saptanan anomaliler arasındadır. 1794 KS testinin başarı oranı ise %63.82’dir. Ayrıca FISH analizleri normal sonuçlanan ancak KS ile anomali saptanan analiz sayısı 111’dir. Multiple myelom FISH paneli dışında bu 111 analizde en sık tekrarlayan anomaliler Y kaybından sonra 6q delesyonlarıdır. Plazma hücrelerini hedef almadan yapılan direkt FISH testlerinde anomali saptama oranımız literatürdeki veriler ile uyumludur. Çalışmamız sonucunda yapılan KS test başarı oranı ise literatürde belirtilen oranın oldukça üstündedir. Ayrıca FISH testi ile tespit edilemeyen kromozom anomalilerin saptanmasında KS testinin rolü bir kez daha ortaya koyulmuştur. Sonuç olarak; elde edilen veriler MM progresyonunda etkili ve yeni tedavi hedefi olabilecek anomalilerin tanımlanması için FISH ve KS testlerinin eş zamanlı yürütülmesi gerekliliğine ve plazma hücresi ayrıştırma imkanı bulamayan merkezlerin bu testleri yapmaktan uzak durmamaları gerekliliğine dikkat çekecek özelliktedir.

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Cite This Article

Işık, S., Günden, G., Fidan, G., Yavaşoğlu, F., Aras, B. D. (2025). The Role of Cytogenetic and FISH Analyses in Multiple Myeloma: A Methodological Evaluation Based on Experience of 1279 Cases. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi, Cilt: 48 Sayı: 1, 133–136. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.1785263

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