SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Gazi University Journal of Science / 2026 / Volume: 38 Issue: 3

W-Band RCS Prediction of Small Objects: Comparing Two Widely Used Methods with Experimental Validation

Deniz Sezgin(ATILIM ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-9940-6593
Funda Ergün Yardım(GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-8615-1624
Elif Aydın(ÇANKAYA ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-6878-1796
Ali Kara(GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-9739-7619
Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-09-01
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, the outcomes of both methods have largely demonstrated good alignment.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This paper compares the accuracy of Shooting and Bouncing Rays and Electric Field Integral Equation methods for Radar Cross Section prediction of small objects at 77-81 GHz band.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Existing studies on RCS prediction methods often lack comprehensive comparisons between computational and experimental results, particularly for small objects measured with a 77 GHz radar.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Overall, the outcomes of both methods have largely demonstrated good alignment.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:FMCW Radar · SBR · EFIE

Abstract

This paper compares the accuracy of Shooting and Bouncing Rays and Electric Field Integral Equation methods for Radar Cross Section prediction of small objects at 77-81 GHz band. Existing studies on RCS prediction methods often lack comprehensive comparisons between computational and experimental results, particularly for small objects measured with a 77 GHz radar. This study addresses this gap by presenting an in-depth analysis of both simulation and measurement data. In this work, three targets with varying geometries and materials were measured with a frequency modulated continuous wave radar and simulated using Ansys HFSS and CST Studio Suite. The measurements were performed with a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) frequency modulated continuous wave radar operating at 77–81 GHz. This study aims to emphasize the importance of considering both efficiency and accuracy when opting for an RCS prediction method. Overall, the outcomes of both methods have largely demonstrated good alignment. It has been noted that, while Shooting and Bouncing Rays method offers promising time-saving advantages, Electric Field Integral Equation method remains a valuable tool for complex geometries where precise results are crucial.

🔖

Cite This Article

Sezgin, D., Yardım, F. E., Aydın, E., Kara, A., *, F. E. Y. (2025). W-Band RCS Prediction of Small Objects: Comparing Two Widely Used Methods with Experimental Validation. Gazi University Journal of Science, Volume: 38 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1488832

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (18)

  1. Jenn, D. C., Radar and Laser Cross Section Engineering, Amer Inst of Aeronautics, (2005).
  2. Harrington, R. F., Field computation by moment methods, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, (1993).
  3. Ling, H., Chou, R.C. and Lee, S.W., “Shooting and bouncing rays: calculating the RCS of an arbitrarily shaped cavity,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 37(2): 194–205, (1989). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/APS.1986.1149823
  4. Weinmann, F., “Ray Tracing with PO/PTD for RCS Modeling of Large Complex Objects,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 54(6): 1797–1806, (2006). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2006.875910
  5. Yee, K. S. and Chen, J. S., “The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and the finite-volume time-domain (FVTD) methods in solving Maxwell’s equations,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 45(3): 354–363, (1997). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/8.558651
  6. Song, J., Lu, C. C. and Chew, W. C., “Multilevel fast multipole algorithm for electromagnetic scattering by large complex objects,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 45(10):1488–1493, (1997). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/8.633855
  7. Uluisik, C., Cakir, G., Cakir, M. and Sevgi, L., “Radar cross section (RCS) modeling and simulation, part 1: a tutorial review of definitions, strategies, and canonical examples,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 50(1): 115–126, (2008). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MAP.2008.4494511
  8. Bilal, A., Hamza, S. M., Taj, Z. and Salamat, S., “Comparison of SBR and MLFMM techniques for the computation of RCS of a fighter aircraft,” IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation, 13(10): 1805–1810, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2019.0070
  9. Tempelis, A., Jussaume, M. and Jackson J. A., “Comparison of measured and predicted bistatic scattering from a right-angle dihedral,” 2011 IEEE RadarCon (RADAR), 135-140, (2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2011.5960515
  10. Smit, J. C. E. H., Cilliers, E., “Comparison of MLFMM, PO and SBR for RCS investigations in radar applications”, IET International Conference on Radar Systems, 1-5, (2012). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2012.1636
  11. Li, Z., Cui, T. J., Zhong, X. J., Tao, Y. B. and Lin, H., “Electromagnetic Scattering Characteristics of PEC Targets in the Terahertz Regime,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 51(1): 39–50, (2009). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MAP.2009.4939018
  12. Lee, S., Yoon, Y.J., Lee, J.E. and Kim, S.C., “Human–vehicle classification using feature-based SVM in 77-GHz automotive FMCW radar,” IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation, 11(10): 1589–1596, (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2017.0126
  13. Castro, J. D., Singh, S., Arora, A., Louie, S., and Senic, D., “Enabling Safe Autonomous Vehicles by Advanced mm-Wave Radar Simulations,” 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 1476-1479, (2019). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2019.8700843
  14. Shan, J., Rambabu, K., Zhang, Y., Lin, J., “High gain array antenna for 24 GHz FMCW automotive radars,” AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 147: 1-9, (2022). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2022.154144
  15. Lee, S., Kang, S., Kim, S.C., and Lee, J.E., “Radar cross section measurement with 77 GHz automotive FMCW radar,” 2016 IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 1-6, (2016). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2016.7794738
  16. Sezgin, D., “Radar cross section measurement of various objects with 77-81 GHz automotive radar and assessment of radar cross section simulation tools,” M.S. Thesis, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences., Atilim Univ., Ankara, (2022).
  17. Ahmed, B., Kara, A., Zencir, E. and Benzaghta, M., “Opportunities and challenges in RCS measurement of 9-mm bullet model with 77GHz mmwave COTS radar systems,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 62(12): 3772–3778, (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.32521
  18. Balanis, C. A., Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, (2012).