Journals / Gazi University Journal of Science / 2026 / Volume: 39 Issue: 1

On Pell and Pell-Lucas Vectors and Their Properties

Mine Uysal(Erzincan binali yıldırım)0000-0002-2362-3097
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-01-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Finally, we derive some important identities calculated in these number sequences for these vector sequences.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this paper, we define a new application of Pell and Pell-Lucas numbers, the vectors of Pell and Pell-Lucas sequences.
📊
Key Findings & Data:We examine them in 2 and 3 dimensions, then we give the definition of generalized vectors.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Finally, we derive some important identities calculated in these number sequences for these vector sequences.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Pell numbers · Pell vectors · Inner product

Abstract

In this paper, we define a new application of Pell and Pell-Lucas numbers, the vectors of Pell and Pell-Lucas sequences. We examine them in 2 and 3 dimensions, then we give the definition of generalized vectors. Then, we define these vectors as vector sequences. We analyze the properties of these vectors both as linear algebra and as a number sequence. We first investigate the vectorial properties of these generalized vectors. Then, we define these generalized vectors as a sequence of numbers and give the recurrence relation. We also calculate the cosines of the angles between these vectors. Finally, we derive some important identities calculated in these number sequences for these vector sequences.

🔖

Cite This Article

Uysal, M., Özkan, E., *, M. U. (2026). On Pell and Pell-Lucas Vectors and Their Properties. Gazi University Journal of Science, Volume: 39 Issue: 1. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1691819

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (28)

  1. Atanassov, K.T., Atanassova, V., Shannon, A.G., Turner, J.C., “New visual perspectives on Fibonacci numbers”, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Springer (2002).
  2. Anđelić, M., Da Fonseca, C. M., Kızılateş, C. and Terzioğlu, N.,“r-min and r-max matrices with harmonic higher order Gauss Fibonacci numbers entries”, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing, 1-25, (2025).
  3. Bednarz, U., Wolowiec-Musial, M., “Distance Fibonacci Polynomials”, Symmetry, 12(9):1540, (2020).
  4. Belaggoun, N., Belbachir, H., “Bi-periodic hyper-Fibonacci numbers”, Kragujevac Journal of Mathematics, 49(4), 603-614, (2025).
  5. Deveci, Ö., Hulku, S., Shannon, A.G., “On the co-complex-type k-Fibonacci numbers”, Chaos Solitons Fractals, 153:111522 (2021).
  6. Dunlap, R.A., “The Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Numbers”, World Science, (1997).
  7. Erduvan, F., “On Gaussian fuzzy Fibonacci numbers”, Maejo International Journal of Science & Technology, 19(1):29-35, (2025).
  8. Falcon, S., Plaza, Á., “The k-Fibonacci sequence and the Pascal 2-triangle”, Chaos Solitons Fractals, 33(1):38–49, (2007).
  9. Guan, H., Khan, W.A., Kızılateş, C., “On Generalized Bivariate (p,q)-Bernoulli-Fibonacci Polynomials and generalized Bivariate (p,q)-Bernoulli-Lucas Polynomials”, Symmetry, 15(4):943-953, (2023).
  10. Han, J.S., Kim, H.S., Neggers, J., “On Fibonacci functions with Fibonacci numbers”, Advances in Difference Equations, 2012: 1–7 (2012).
  11. Hoggatt, V.E. Jr., “Fibonacci numbers and generalized binomial coefficients”, The Fibonacci Quarterly, 5: 383–400, (1967).
  12. Horadam, A.F., “Complex Fibonacci numbers and Fibonacci quaternions”, The American Mathematical Monthly, 70(3): 289–291 (1963).
  13. Koshy, T., Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers with Applications, Vol. 2. John Wiley & Sons, (2019).
  14. Yilmaz, N.Ş., Wloch, A., Özkan. E., Strzalka, D., “On doubled and quadrupled Fibonacci type sequences”, Annales Mathematicae Silesianae, 38(2):336-350, (2024).
  15. Catarino, P., Alves, F.R., Campos, H., “On hyper k-pell, hyper k-pell-lucas and hyper modified k-pell sequences”, Integers: Electronic Journal of Combinatorial Number Theory, 22, (2022).
  16. Çelik, S., Durukan, İ., Özkan, E., “New recurrences on Pell numbers, Pell-Lucas numbers, Jacobsthal numbers, and Jacobsthal-Lucas numbers”, Chaos Solitons Fractals, 150:111173, (2021).
  17. Horadam, A.F., “Pell identities”, The Fibonacci Quarterly 9 (3): 245–252, (1971).
  18. Koshy, T., Pell and Pell-Lucas Numbers, Springer, New York, (2014).
  19. Kuloğlu, B., Özkan, E., “On Generalized (k,r)-Gauss Pell Numbers”, Journal of Science and Arts, 3(56):617–624, (2021).
  20. Narayan M. M., Padhy B., “A Study on Pell and Pell-Lucas Numbers”, International Organization Of Scientific Research: Journal of Mathematics, 19(2): 28-36, (2023).
  21. Özkan, E., Uysal, M., “d-Gaussian Pell polynomials and their matrix representation”, Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications, 15(6): 2250138, (2023).
  22. Patel N. and Shrivastava P., “Pell and Pell-Lucas Identities”, Global Journal of Mathematical Sciences: Theory and Practical, 5(4): 229-236, (2013).
  23. Sarhan, M.A., Shihab, S., Rasheed, M., “Some results on two variables Pell polynomials, Al-Qadisiyah J Pure Sci, 26(1):55–70, (2021).
  24. Taştan, M., Özkan, E., “Catalan transform of the k-Pell, k-Pell-Lucas and modified k-Pell sequence”, Notes Number Theory Discrete Mathematic, 27(1):198–207, (2021).
  25. Uysal, M., Inam, I., Özkan., E., “A short note on the Pell-Lucas-Eisenstein series”, Asian-European Journal of Mathematics, 15(5):2250219, (2022).
  26. Yağmur, T., “Non-Newtonian Pell and Pell-Lucas numbers”, Journal of New Results in Science, 13(1): 22-35, (2024).
  27. Salter, E., “Fibonacci vectors”, Graduate thesis, University of South Florida, (2005).
  28. Bingöl, R., Gökbaş, H., “Some properties of Horadam Vectors”, Adv Math Sci J., 13(4):523–532, (2024).