Journals / El-Cezeri / 2026 / Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications

Kompakt ve Çok Bantlı Uygulamalar için Koch Şekilli Antenin Performans Değerlendirmesi

Journal
El-Cezeri
Pages
465–476
Publication Date
2026-09-07
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Compared with reported fractal antennas, the proposed design demonstrates superior multiband support, higher bandwidth, and compact dimensions (30 × 30 mm²), making it highly suitable for integration into IoT devices, wearable electronics, radar platforms, and next-generation wireless communication systems.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this work, a compact Koch-shaped fractal antenna is designed, simulated, and experimentally validated for multi-band wireless communication in the 1–10 GHz spectrum.
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Key Findings & Data:By leveraging the recursive space-filling property of the Koch geometry, the antenna achieves significant miniaturization while maintaining strong electromagnetic performance.
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Conclusion & Impact:Compared with reported fractal antennas, the proposed design demonstrates superior multiband support, higher bandwidth, and compact dimensions (30 × 30 mm²), making it highly suitable for integration into IoT devices, wearable electronics, radar platforms, and next-generation wireless communication systems.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Koch fraktalı · Minyatürleştirilmiş Anten · Çok Bantlı Çalışma

Abstract

In this work, a compact Koch-shaped fractal antenna is designed, simulated, and experimentally validated for multi-band wireless communication in the 1–10 GHz spectrum. By leveraging the recursive space-filling property of the Koch geometry, the antenna achieves significant miniaturization while maintaining strong electromagnetic performance. The proposed design exhibits resonances at 2.46, 3.95, 6.20, 7.34, 9.15, and 9.42 GHz, effectively covering multiple wireless standards such as Wi-Fi (2.4/5 GHz), Bluetooth, ISM bands, and sub-6 GHz 5G channels. The antenna achieves return loss values below –10 dB at all resonant frequencies, with a measured bandwidth exceeding 6 GHz and a consistent gain between 3.2–4.0 dBi. The E-field analysis confirms improved surface current distribution with successive fractal iterations, while group delay studies demonstrate enhanced phase stability. Experimental validation of S₁₁ using a vector network analyzer shows strong agreement with simulations, confirming the practical feasibility of the design. Compared with reported fractal antennas, the proposed design demonstrates superior multiband support, higher bandwidth, and compact dimensions (30 × 30 mm²), making it highly suitable for integration into IoT devices, wearable electronics, radar platforms, and next-generation wireless communication systems.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, 1–10 GHz spektrumunda çok bantlı kablosuz iletişim için kompakt Koch biçimli fraktal bir anten tasarlanmış, benzetimi yapılmış ve deneysel olarak doğrulanmıştır. Koch geometrisinin özyineli boşluk doldurma özelliğinden yararlanılarak anten, güçlü elektromanyetik performansını korurken önemli ölçüde minyatürleştirilmiştir. Önerilen tasarım, 2.46, 3.95, 6.20, 7.34, 9.15 ve 9.42 GHz’de rezonans göstermekte olup Wi-Fi (2.4/5 GHz), Bluetooth, ISM bantları ve 6 GHz altı 5G kanalları gibi birçok kablosuz standardı etkin bir şekilde kapsamaktadır. Anten, tüm rezonans frekanslarında –10 dB’nin altında yansıma kaybı değerleri elde etmekte, 6 GHz’i aşan bant genişliği ve 3.2–4.0 dBi arasında tutarlı kazanç sağlamaktadır. E-alanı analizi, ardışık fraktal iterasyonlarla yüzey akım dağılımının iyileştiğini doğrularken, grup gecikmesi çalışmaları faz kararlılığının arttığını göstermektedir. Vektör ağ analizörü kullanılarak yapılan S₁₁’in deneysel doğrulaması, benzetimlerle güçlü uyum göstermekte ve tasarımın pratik uygulanabilirliğini doğrulamaktadır. Rapor edilen fraktal antenlerle karşılaştırıldığında, önerilen tasarım daha üstün çok bantlı destek, daha yüksek bant genişliği ve kompakt boyutlar (30 × 30 mm²) sunmakta olup IoT cihazları, giyilebilir elektronikler, radar platformları ve yeni nesil kablosuz iletişim sistemlerine entegrasyon için son derece uygundur.

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Cite This Article

Dandu, R. V., G, C. R., M., V. S., D., G. K., Kalluru, P. V. (2026). Performance Evaluation of Koch Shaped Antenna for Compact and Multi-Band Applications. El-Cezeri, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 465–476. https://doi.org/10.31202/ecjse.1782599

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