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Some Studies on Market-Sold Galium aparine L. (Yogurt herb) Samples: Morphological and Anatomical Examinations, Determination of Total Phenol and Heavy Metal-Micro Element Contents

Piyasada Satılan Galium aparine L. (Yoğurt otu) Örnekleri Üzerine Bazı Araştırmalar: Morfolojik ve Anatomik İncelemeler, Toplam Fenol ve Ağır Metal-Mikro Element İçeriklerinin Belirlenmesi

Fatma Gül Delimustafaoğlu(SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, GÜLHANE SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ, FARMAKOGNOZİ (DR))0000-0002-9954-6534
Serdar Çetinkaya(SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, GÜLHANE SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0001-9469-5066
Onur Erdem(SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, GÜLHANE ECZACILIK FAKÜLTESİ, ECZACILIK MESLEK BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, FARMASÖTİK TOKSİKOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-5849-3552
Ayşe Baldemir Kılıç(SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, GÜLHANE ECZACILIK FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-2473-4837
Pages
101–121
Publication Date
2026-05-31
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Subsequently, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the amounts of heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and lead (Pb), as well as micro elements such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn).

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In Anatolia, the sap of Galium L. (Rubiaceae) species is traditionally used to curdle milk, hence it is known as "yogurt herb".
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Key Findings & Data:Various parts of the plant are used in folk medicine for different purposes, such as a diuretic, choleretic, for gout, epilepsy, and some stomach ailments.
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Conclusion & Impact:Subsequently, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the amounts of heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and lead (Pb), as well as micro elements such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn).
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Galium aparine · Yoğurt otu · Anatomik ve Morfolojik İncelemeler

Abstract

In Anatolia, the sap of Galium L. (Rubiaceae) species is traditionally used to curdle milk, hence it is known as "yogurt herb". Various parts of the plant are used in folk medicine for different purposes, such as a diuretic, choleretic, for gout, epilepsy, and some stomach ailments. The Galium aparine , collected from the wild and used as a standard specimen in this study, is a climbing plant. The first stage of this study aimed to examine the anatomical and morphological characteristics of G. aparine collected from the wild in detail and to identify, determine foreign matter in, and analyze the powdered drug of samples sold commercially under the name "yogurt herb". Transverse sections were taken from the leaves and superficial sections from the upper and lower epidermis of G. aparine collected from the wild; transverse sections of the pedicel, peduncle and stem were also examined anatomically. Examination of the leaf transverse section revealed that the epidermis contained covering hairs and that the palisade parenchyma extended along the midrib. Examination of the pedicel, peduncle and stem transverse sections showed the presence of simple crystals and needle-like crystals on the epidermal, parenchymal and collenchyma cells. In the second stage of the study, methanol extracts of the samples were obtained by maceration and their total phenolic content was determined. In addition, microwave-heated acid dissolution was applied to the samples for heavy metal and micro element analysis. Subsequently, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the amounts of heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and lead (Pb), as well as micro elements such as copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn).

Özet

Anadolu’da Galium L. (Rubiaceae) türlerinin özsuyu geleneksel olarak sütü pıhtılaştırmak için kullanıldığından "Yoğurt otu" olarak bilinir. Bitkinin çeşitli kısımları halk hekimliğinde farklı amaçlarla, örneğin diüretik, koleretik, gut, epilepsi ve bazı mide rahatsızlıkları için kullanılmaktadır. Çalışmada standart örnek olarak kullanılan ve doğadan toplanan G. aparine türü ise tırmanıcı bir bitkidir. Bu çalışmanın ilk basamağında türün anatomik ve morfolojik özellikleri detaylı incelenerek, piyasada yoğurt otu adıyla satılan örneklerin teşhisi, yabancı madde tayini ve toz drog analizlerinin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Türün yaprağından enine kesit ile üst ve alt epidermadan yüzeyel kesitler alınmış; ayrıca pedisel, pedunkul ve gövdeye ait enine kesitler de anatomik açıdan incelenmiştir. Yaprak enine kesiti incelendiğinde epidermisin örtü tüyleri içerdiği, palizat parenkimasının orta damar boyunca ilerlediği görülmüştür. Pedisel, pedunkul ve gövde enine kesitleri incelendiğinde epiderma, parenkima ve kollenkima hücreleri üzerinde basit billur ve iğnemsi kristallerin varlığı gözlenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci basamağında numunelerin ve standart örneğin metanol ekstreleri maserasyon yöntemiyle elde edilmiş ve toplam fenolik madde içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca örnekler üzerinde ağır metal ve mikro element analizleri için mikrodalga ısıtmalı asitle çözünürleştirme işlemi uygulanmıştır. Sonrasında indüktif eşleşmiş plazma kütle spektrometresi (ICP-MS) kullanılarak arsenik (As), kadmiyum (Cd), civa (Hg), krom (Cr), kobalt (Co) ve kurşun (Pb) gibi ağır metaller ile bakır (Cu), manganez (Mn), magnezyum (Mg), nikel (Ni) ve çinko (Zn) gibi mikro elementlerin miktarları belirlenmiştir.

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Cite This Article

Delimustafaoğlu, F. G., Çetinkaya, S., Erdem, O., Kılıç, A. B., *, A. B. K. (2026). Some Studies on Market-Sold Galium aparine L. (Yogurt herb) Samples: Morphological and Anatomical Examinations, Determination of Total Phenol and Heavy Metal-Micro Element Contents. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 101–121. https://doi.org/10.35193/bseufbd.1809359

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