SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2

The effect of Bi2O3 addition on the physical, structural and Gamma/X-Ray protection performance of enamel frit materials

Bi2O3 katkısınının emaye frit malzemelerinin fiziksel, yapısal ve Gama/X-Işını koruma performansı üzerindeki etkisi

Ebru Yılmaz(Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi)0000-0001-7598-1171
Tuğçe Nazlı Kaya0000-0003-0460-1949
Orhan Şahin0000-0001-6999-2974
Dilay Par0009-0000-6447-8095
Fatih Çalışkan(Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi)0000-0002-9568-7049
Pages
632–648
Publication Date
2026-07-31
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The density values of samples are determined as 2.456, 2.786, 2.856, and 3.218 g/cm3, respectively depending on the increasing additive amount.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The most effective agents for radiation shielding are elements with high atomic numbers and high densities such as bismuth and lead.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The aim of this study is to investigate the physical, structural, and radiation shielding properties of a frit material developed with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) additive for potential use in enamel applications.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The density values of samples are determined as 2.456, 2.786, 2.856, and 3.218 g/cm3, respectively depending on the increasing additive amount.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Frit · emaye · bizmut oksit

Abstract

The most effective agents for radiation shielding are elements with high atomic numbers and high densities such as bismuth and lead. The aim of this study is to investigate the physical, structural, and radiation shielding properties of a frit material developed with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) additive for potential use in enamel applications. To evaluate its radiation attenuation capabilities, key shielding parameters against gamma and X-rays were determined. The physical and structural characteristics of the final product were analyzed using conventional characterization and examination techniques. The mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) and half-value layer (HVL) parameters of the frit samples were calculated using the XCOM database over the energy range of 1.5 keV to 5 MeV. An increase in the Bi2O3 content resulted in a corresponding increase in the mass attenuation coefficient. Photoelectric interactions were observed due to electron ejection from the K-edge of bismuth. Upon sintering of enamel compositions containing varying Bi2O3 contents (0, 9, 18, and 27 wt.%), the structure largely retained its amorphous structure, while the minor α- Bi2O3 crystalline phase was also detected. The density values of samples are determined as 2.456, 2.786, 2.856, and 3.218 g/cm3, respectively depending on the increasing additive amount.

Özet

Bizmut, kurşun gibi yüksek atom numarasına ve yüksek yoğunluğa sahip elementler radyasyon zırhlama için en etkili ajanlar arasında yer alır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, emaye uygulamalarında kullanılmak üzere bizmut oksit (Bi2O3) katkısı ile geliştirilen frit malzemesinin fiziksel, yapısal ve radyasyon (gama ve x-ışınlarına) özelliklerinin incelenmesidir. Radyasyon özelliklerini göstermek için radyasyon zırhlama parametreleri belirlenmiş, nihai ürününün fiziksel ve yapısal özellikleri ise konvansiyonel analiz ve inceleme yöntemleriyle incelenmiştir. Frit numunelerinin kütle zayıflama katsayısı (μm) ve yarı değer kalınlığı parametreleri XCOM ile 1,5 keV-5 MeV enerji aralığında hesaplanmıştır. Artan katkı miktarı ile kütle azaltma katsayı değerinde artış meydana gelmiştir. Bizmutun K kenarından elektron koparılması sonucu fotoelektrik olay meydana gelmiştir. Farklı bizmut oksit katkı oranlarına (ağ. % 0,9,18 ve 27) sahip emaye kompozisyonunun sinterlenmesi sonucunda ağırlıklı olarak yapı amorfluğunu korumuş olup α- Bi2O3 fazı elde edilmiştir. Artan katkı miktarına bağlı olarak yoğunluk değerleri ise sırasıyla 2.456, 2.786, 2.856 ve 3.218 gr/cm3’tür.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yılmaz, E., Kaya, T. N., Şahin, O., Par, D., Çalışkan, F. (2026). The effect of Bi2O3 addition on the physical, structural and Gamma/X-Ray protection performance of enamel frit materials. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 2, 632–648. https://doi.org/10.25092/baunfbed.1785755

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (42)

  1. Litwinek, E., Izak, P., Wójcik, Ł., Gajek, M., Leśniak, M., & Mastalska-Popławska, J. (2020). The effect of the addition of bismuth (III) oxide on the properties of low-melting boron frits: part 1. Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society, 56, 363-369.
  2. Garland, B. T. (1986). The designing of products utilising the special properties of vitreous enamel. Materials & Design, 7(1), 44-48.
  3. Rossi, S., Russo, F., & Calovi, M. (2021). Durability of vitreous enamel coatings and their resistance to abrasion, chemicals, and corrosion: a review. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 18, 39-52.
  4. Romero, M., Robla, J. I., Padilla, I., García-Hierro, J., & López-Delgado, A. (2018). Eco-efficient melting of glass frits by concentrated solar energy. Solar Energy, 174, 321-327.
  5. AbuAlRoos, N. J., Amin, N. A. B., & Zainon, R. (2019). Conventional and new lead-free radiation shielding materials for radiation protection in nuclear medicine: A review. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 165, 108439.
  6. Ogawa, M., Nakajima, Y., Kubota, R., & Endo, Y. (2008). Two cases of acute lead poisoning due to occupational exposure to lead. Clinical Toxicology, 46(4), 332-335.
  7. Mahamuda, S., Swapna, K., Rao, A. S., Jayasimhadri, M., Sasikala, T., Pavani, K., & Moorthy, L. R. (2013). Spectroscopic properties and luminescence behavior of Nd3+ doped zinc alumino bismuth borate glasses. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 74(9), 1308-1315.
  8. Singh, S. P., & Karmakar, B. (2012). Bismuth oxide and bismuth oxide doped glasses for optical and photonic applications.
  9. Faust, W. D. (2009). Enamels, porcelain or vitreous. Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.
  10. Russo, F., Rossi, S., & Compagnoni, A. M. (2021). Porcelain enamel coatings. Encyclopedia, 1(2), 388-400.
  11. Lejeune, A., Benedetto, A., Steyer, P., Trillaud, V., Jamart, J., Meille, S.,. & Chevalier, J. (2025). Role of crystallization on the thermomechanical behavior of enamels used for automotive application. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 45(5), 117106.
  12. Şakar, E., Özpolat, Ö. F., Alım, B., Sayyed, M. I., & Kurudirek, M. (2020). Phy-X/PSD: development of a user friendly online software for calculation of parameters relevant to radiation shielding and dosimetry. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 166, 108496.
  13. Kırkbınar, M. (2025). Physical, chemical, mechanical and radiation shielding properties of ZrO2-B2O3-SiO2 based waste glass ceramics containing different Bi2O3 concentrations. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 113176.
  14. Marzban, H., Soleimani, B., Dastjerdi, M. C., & Mokhtari, J. (2025). Development and characterization of polyethylene containing bismuth oxide powder as gamma ray shielding. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 112866.
  15. Sanchez-Ramos, S., Bosch-Reig, F., Gimeno-Adelantado, J. V., Yusa-Marco, D. J., Domenech-Carbo, A., & Berja-Perez, J. A. (2000). Validation of a method for the determination of boron in ceramic materials by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 55(11), 1669-1677.
  16. Finkelshtein, A. L., Dergin, A. A., Nepomnyashchikh, A. I., Amosova, A. A., & Chubarov, V. M. (2022). X-Ray Fluorescence Determination of the Boron Content in Lithium Borate Glasses. Glass Physics and Chemistry, 48(1), 6-9.
  17. Ricardo, P., Wiesmann, J., Nowak, C., Michaelsen, C., & Bormann, R. (2001). Improved analyzer multilayers for aluminium and boron detection with x-ray fluorescence. Applied Optics, 40(16), 2747-2754.
  18. Kaky, K. M., Sayyed, M. I., Hamad, M. K., Biradar, S., Mhareb, M. H. A., Altimari, U., & Taki, M. M. (2024). Bismuth oxide effects on optical, structural, mechanical, and radiation shielding features of borosilicate glasses. Optical Materials, 155, 115853.
  19. Swami, R., Shukla, A. K., Sreenivas, K., Deepa, S., Rathi, P. L., & Kumar, P. S. (2025). Effects of Bi2O3 as sintering aid on the microstructure and electrical properties of La2Ti2O7 ceramics. Applied Physics A, 131(4), 1-19.
  20. Gao, G., Hu, L., Fan, H., Wang, G., Li, K., Feng, S.,. & Chen, H. (2009). Effect of Bi2O3 on physical, optical and structural properties of boron silicon bismuthate glasses. Optical Materials, 32(1), 159-163.
  21. Biswas, D., Patra, D., Hota, S. B., Das, A., Modak, N., Mondal, R., & Kabi, S. (2025). Influence of bismuth content on the properties of glass-ceramics with composition xBi2O3-(0.40-x)B2O3-0.15ZnO-0.45P2O5: Synthesis, structural, thermal analysis, and dielectric relaxation process. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 697, 416728.
  22. Kim, B. S., Lim, E. S., Lee, J. H., & Kim, J. J. (2007). Effect of Bi2O3 content on sintering and crystallization behavior of low-temperature firing Bi2O3–B2O3–SiO2 glasses. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 27(2-3), 819-824.
  23. Hongwei Guo. Crystallization Kinetics of Bi2O3-SiO2 Binary System. In: Advances in Glass Science and Technology. Edited by Vincenzo M. Sglavo, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74177.
  24. Li, W., Xu, C., Xie, A., Chen, K., Yang, Y., Liu, L., & Zhu, S. (2021). Microstructure Study of Phase Transformation of Quartz in Potassium Silicate Glass at 900 C and 1000 C. Crystals, 11(12), 1481.
  25. Effendy, N., Ab Aziz, S. H., Kamari, H. M., Zaid, M. H. M., Budak, C. E. A., Shabdin, M. K.,. & Wahab, S. A. A. (2020). Artificial neural network prediction on ultrasonic performance of bismuth-tellurite glass compositions. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(6), 14082-14092.
  26. Schwarz, C. M., Kang, M., Altemose, Q., Raichle, K., Schnable, B., Grabill, C.,. & Kuebler, S. M. (2020). Processing and properties of novel ZnO–Bi2O3–B2O3 glass-ceramic nanocomposites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 820, 153173.
  27. Artamonov, D. A., Tsibulnikova, A. V., Slezhkin, V. A., Kozhevnikov, A. S., Samusev, I. G., Lyatun, I. I., & Bryukhanov, V. V. (2023). Nonradiative Energy Transfer in Bi2O3/Tm2O3 Powders under IR Excitation at Liquid Nitrogen Temperature. Crystals, 13(3), 534.
  28. Rao, L. S., Hussain, S., Navalika, A., & Hila, F. C. (2024). Morphology, structural, and radiation shielding characteristics of Bi2O3-B2O3-Cr2O3:ZrO2 glass ceramics. Ceramics International, 50(6), 9811-9819.
  29. Condurache-Bota, S., Tigau, N., & Constantinescu, C. (2020). Effect of substrate temperature on bismuth oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. SN Applied Sciences, 2(3), 417.
  30. Kumar, A. M., Manjula, G., & Rao, A. N. (2021). Measurement of mass attenuation coefficient of ZIRCONIUM (Zr), Zirconium Chloride (ZrCl4) and Zirconium Silicate (ZrSiO4) near the K-edge using synchrotron Radiation. Materials Today: Proceedings, 38, 2927-2934.
  31. Loisel, G. P. (2016). X-Ray Absorption and Emission Energies of the Elements (No. SAND2016-8603D). Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States).
  32. Putra, O. A., Faniandari, S., & Syamputra, D. N. I. (2024). Effect of ZrO2 on radiation shielding properties of xZrO2-(55-x)B2O3-15Bi2O3-10MgO-20PbO glass: XCOM and Phy-X/PSD database software. International Journal of Research, 11(11), 79-88.
  33. Dong, M. G., Sayyed, M. I., Lakshminarayana, G., Ersundu, M. Ç., Ersundu, A. E., Nayar, P., & Mahdi, M. A. (2017). Investigation of gamma radiation shielding properties of lithium zinc bismuth borate glasses using XCOM program and MCNP5 code. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 468, 12-16.
  34. Alhakami, M. H., Abouhaswa, A. S., Althubiti, N. A., & Taha, T. A. M. (2025). Investigation of optical and radiation shielding properties in bismuth oxide-doped barium borate glasses. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 57(9), 103633.
  35. Bootjomchai, C., Laopaiboon, J., Yenchai, C., & Laopaiboon, R. (2012). Gamma-ray shielding and structural properties of barium–bismuth–borosilicate glasses. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 81(7), 785-790.
  36. Bagheri, R., Moghaddam, A. K., & Yousefnia, H. (2017). Gamma ray shielding study of barium–bismuth–borosilicate glasses as transparent shielding materials using MCNP-4C code, XCOM program, and available experimental data. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 49(1), 216-223.
  37. Hendi, A. A., Rashad, M., & Sayyed, M. I. (2020). Gamma radiation shielding study of tellurite glasses containing V2O5 and Bi2O3 using Geant4 code. Ceramics International, 46(18), 28870-28876.
  38. Ratep, A., Abdelaziem, A., Hanfi, M. Y., Mahmoud, K. A., & Kashif, I. (2024). Enhancing gamma-ray shielding with bismuth oxide-infused boron oxides. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 56(2), 143.
  39. Lejeune, A., Benedetto, A., Steyer, P., Trillaud, V., Jamart, J., Meille, S.,. & Chevalier, J. (2025). Role of crystallization on the thermomechanical behavior of enamels used for automotive application. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 45(5), 117106.
  40. Gao, G., Hu, L., Fan, H., Wang, G., Li, K., Feng, S.,. & Chen, H. (2009). Effect of Bi2O3 on physical, optical and structural properties of boron silicon bismuthate glasses. Optical Materials, 32(1), 159-163.
  41. Effendy, N., Ab Aziz, S. H., Kamari, H. M., Zaid, M. H. M., Budak, C. E. A., Shabdin, M. K.,. & Wahab, S. A. A. (2020). Artificial neural network prediction on ultrasonic performance of bismuth-tellurite glass compositions. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(6), 14082-14092.
  42. Schwarz, C. M., Kang, M., Altemose, Q., Raichle, K., Schnable, B., Grabill, C.,. & Kuebler, S. M. (2020). Processing and properties of novel ZnO–Bi2O3–B2O3 glass-ceramic nanocomposites. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 820, 153173.