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Journals / Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3

Subjective Effort Scale for Athletes (SESA): A Validity and Reliability Study

Sporcularda Öznel Çaba Ölçeği (SÖÇÖ): Geçerlik Güvenirlik Çalışması

Nuriye Şeyma Kara(Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu)0000-0003-0460-2263
Pages
1019–1033
Publication Date
2025-12-22
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Reliability analysis yielded Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of α = .90 for Psychological Effort, α = .71 for Physical Effort, and α = .88 for the overall scale.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to assess athletes’ subjective effort levels by evaluating their psychological and physical efforts toward their athletic goals.
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Key Findings & Data:Based on content validity analyses, a pilot draft form comprising 34 items was created.
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Conclusion & Impact:Reliability analysis yielded Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of α = .90 for Psychological Effort, α = .71 for Physical Effort, and α = .88 for the overall scale.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Öznel çaba · Sporcu · ölçek geliştirme

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to assess athletes’ subjective effort levels by evaluating their psychological and physical efforts toward their athletic goals. The scale development process involved focus group interviews, open-ended compositions, literature reviews, and expert opinions. Based on content validity analyses, a pilot draft form comprising 34 items was created. The scale was designed as a 7-point Likert-type instrument, ranging from 1 = “Does Not Describe Me at All” to 7 = “Describes Me Completely.” Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure—Psychological Effort and Physical Effort—which explained 56.47% of the total variance. The factor structure was tested through confirmatory factor analysis, and the model fit indices indicated acceptable levels (χ²/df = 4.46, RMSEA = .055, CFI = .98, GFI = .95). Reliability analysis yielded Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of α = .90 for Psychological Effort, α = .71 for Physical Effort, and α = .88 for the overall scale. The findings suggest that the Subjective Effort Scale for Athletes is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring subjective effort levels in athletes.

Özet

Bu araştırma, sporcuların sportif hedeflerine yönelik psikolojik ve fiziksel çaba düzeylerini değerlendirerek öznel çaba düzeyleri tespit eden geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmek üzere gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçek geliştirme süreci; odak grup görüşmeleri, açık uçlu kompozisyonlar, literatür taramaları ve uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda yürütülmüş, kapsam geçerliği analizleri sonucunda 34 maddelik deneme form oluşturulmuştur. Ölçek, 1 = "Beni Hiç Tanımlamıyor" ile 7 = "Beni Tamamen Tanımlıyor" arasında puanlanan 7’li derecelendirme tipi bir ölçme aracı olarak yapılandırılmıştır. Keşfedici Faktör Analizi (KFA) sonucunda ölçeğin iki faktörlü (Psikolojik Çaba ve Fiziksel Çaba) bir yapıya sahip olduğu ve toplam varyansın %56.47’sini açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. Faktör yapısı, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) ile test edilmiş ve modelin uyum iyiliği indeksleri kabul edilebilir düzeyde bulunmuştur (χ²/sd = 4.46, RMSEA = .055, CFI = .98, GFI = .95). Güvenirlik analizinde, Psikolojik Çaba için Cronbach α = .90, Fiziksel Çaba için α = .71 ve tüm ölçek için α = .88 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular, Sporcularda Öznel Çaba ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir yapı sunduğunu ve sporcularda öznel çaba düzeyini değerlendirmede kullanılabilecek uygun bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Kara, N. Ş. (2025). Subjective Effort Scale for Athletes (SESA): A Validity and Reliability Study. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 1019–1033. https://doi.org/10.17860/mersinefd.1739580

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