SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Demiryolu Mühendisliği / 2026 / Sayı: 23

Usability of Limestone-Quartz and Marble Wastes in Railway Tunnel Shotcrete Production

Demiryolu Tünel Püskürtme Betonu Üretiminde Kireçtaşı-Kuvars ve Mermer Atıklarının Kullanılabilirliği

Gürkan Erdal(Ulaştırma ve Altyapı Bakanlığı, Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü, Karayolları 9. Bölge Müdürlüğü (Etüt, Proje ve Çevre Başmühendisliği))0009-0006-7625-720X
Abdulrezzak Bakış(Batman Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fak. İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü/Ulaştırma)0000-0002-7487-884X
Pages
116–128
Publication Date
2026-01-20
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

When the findings were evaluated, it was seen that limestone, quartz and marble wastes could be used in the production of railway tunnel shotcrete.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Some of the solid wastes that pollute the environment and cause the formation of waste sites are limestone, quartz, and marble waste.
📊
Key Findings & Data:During production with these rocks extracted from quarries, a significant amount of waste is generated.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:When the findings were evaluated, it was seen that limestone, quartz and marble wastes could be used in the production of railway tunnel shotcrete.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Atık kayaçlar · Demiryolu tünel püskürtme betonu · Reaktif pudra beton

Abstract

Some of the solid wastes that pollute the environment and cause the formation of waste sites are limestone, quartz, and marble waste. During production with these rocks extracted from quarries, a significant amount of waste is generated. In this study, the usability of limestone, quartz and marble wastes in railway tunnel shotcrete production was investigated. As part of the research, 12 different types of railway tunnel shotcrete were created. Water curing for 28 days of 20±3°C and combined curing were applied to the produced tunnel shotcrete. In the study, slump tests were performed on all types of samples before curing. Compressive strength tests were applied to all samples after curing. As a result of the study, compressive strengths of the non-fiber reference tunnel shotcrete composed of limestone, quartz and marble wastes in reference tunnel shotcrete production after water curing were found to be 53.13-52.93-32.37 MPa, respectively. Compressive strengths of the non-fiber reference tunnel shotcrete composed of limestone, quartz and marble wastes after combined curing were found to be 55.47-54.50-38.29 MPa. Compressive strengths of the fibrous reference tunnel shotcrete composed of limestone, quartz and marble wastes after water curing were found to be 58.29- 57.63- 40.87 MPa. Compressive strengths of the fibrous reference tunnel shotcrete composed of limestone, quartz and marble wastes after combined curing were found to be 62.23-61.25-45.46 MPa. In reactive powder tunnel shotcrete production, compressive strengths of the non-fiber reactive powder tunnel shotcrete composed of limestone, quartz and marble wastes after water curing were found to be 51.44-50.98-31.12 MPa. Compressive strengths of the non-fiber reactive powder tunnel shotcrete composed of limestone, quartz and marble wastes after combined curing were found to be 54.04-52.92-36.81 MPa. Compressive strengths of the fibrous reactive powder tunnel shotcrete composed of limestone, quartz and marble wastes after water curing were found to be 56.47-55.79-38.96 MPa. Compressive strengths of the fibrous reactive powder tunnel shotcrete composed of limestone, quartz and marble wastes after combined curing were found to be 61.21-60.50-44.38 MPa. When the findings were evaluated, it was seen that limestone, quartz and marble wastes could be used in the production of railway tunnel shotcrete.

Özet

Çevreyi kirleten ve atık sahalarının oluşmasına neden olan katı atıklardan bazıları kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarıdır. Taş ocaklarından çıkarılan bu kayaçlarla üretim yapılırken, önemli miktarda atık oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarının demiryolu tünel püskürtme betonu üretiminde kullanılabilirliği araştırıldı. Araştırmada, 12 farklı türde demiryolu tünel püskürtme betonu oluşturuldu. Üretilen tünel püskürtme betonlara 28 gün 20±3°C su kürü ve kombine kürü uygulandı. Çalışmada kür öncesi tüm tip numunelerin slump deneyi yapıldı. Kür sonrası tüm numunelere basınç dayanım deneyi uygulandı. Çalışma sonucunda, referans beton üretimlerinde kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarından oluşan lifsiz referans püskürtme betonların su kürü sonrası basınç dayanımları sırasıyla 53,13-52,93-32,37 MPa bulundu. Kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarından oluşan lifsiz referans püskürtme betonların kombine kür sonrası dayanım değerleri 55,47-54,50-38,29 MPa bulundu. Kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarından oluşan lifli referans betonların su kürü sonrası dayanımları 58,29-57,63-40,87 MPa bulundu. Kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarından oluşan lifli referans püskürtme betonların kombine kür sonrası dayanımları 62,23-61,25-45,46 MPa olarak bulundu. Reaktif pudra püskürtme beton üretimlerinde ise; kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarından oluşan lifsiz reaktif pudra püskürtme betonların su kürü sonrası basınç dayanımları sırasıyla 51,44-50,98-31,12 MPa bulundu. Kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarından oluşan lifsiz reaktif pudra püskürtme betonların kombine kür sonrası dayanım değerleri 54,04-52,92-36,81 MPa bulundu. Kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarından oluşan lifli reaktif pudra püskürtme betonların su kürü sonrası dayanımları 56,47-55,79-38,96 MPa bulundu. Kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarından oluşan lifli reaktif pudra püskürtme betonların kombine kür sonrası dayanımları ise 61,21-60,50-44,38 MPa bulundu. Elde edilen bulgular değerlendirildiğinde kireçtaşı, kuvars ve mermer atıklarının demiryolu tünel püskürtme betonu üretiminde kullanılabilirliği görülmüştür.

🔖

Cite This Article

Erdal, G., Bakış, A. (2026). Usability of Limestone-Quartz and Marble Wastes in Railway Tunnel Shotcrete Production. Demiryolu Mühendisliği, Sayı: 23, 116–128. https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.1775390

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (42)

  1. Püskürtme beton-Bölüm 2: Uygulama, TS EN 14487-2, TSE, Ankara, 2007
  2. Z. Chu, Z. Wu, B. Liu, and Q. Liu, “Coupled analytical solutions for deep-buried circular lined tunnels considering tunnel face advancement and soft rock rheology effects,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 94, no. 103111, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103111
  3. Q. Wang, P. Geng, X. Guo, G. Zeng, C. Chen, and C. He, “Experimental study on the tensile performance of circumferential joint in shield tunnel,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 112, no. 103937, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2021.103937
  4. X. Zhang, Z. Lin, K. Zhang, H. Di, C. Chen, C. He, and S. Zhou, “Full–scale experimental test for load–bearing behavior of the carbon fiber shell reinforced stagger–jointed shield tunnel,” Composite Structures, vol. 311, no. 116773, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.116773
  5. D. Liu, M. Li, J. Zuo, Y. Gao, F. Zhong, Y. Zhang, and Y. Chang, “Experimental and numerical investigation on cracking mechanism of tunnel lining under bias pressure,” Thin-Walled Structures, vol. 163, no. 107693, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.107693
  6. D. Liu, Q. Shang, M. Li, J. Zuo, Y. Gao, and F. Xu, “Cracking behaviour of tunnel lining under bias pressure strengthened using FRP grid-PCM method,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 123, no. 104436, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104436Get rights and content
  7. Y. Sui, X. Cheng, Z. Zhao, and W. Ma, “Investigation of cracking mechanism of the first tunnel lining during double-arch tunnel construction,” Underground Space, vol. 14, pp. 1–17, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2023.05.011
  8. G. K. Lohar, A. Kumar, and N. Roy, “Design and analysis of shotcrete lining in tunnels under squeezing ground conditions: a case study of Atal tunnel,” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, vol. 42, pp. 6857–6888, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-024-02899-x
  9. B. Benmokrane, S. Mousa, K. Mohamed, and M. S. Ahmed, “Physical, mechanical, and durability characteristics of newly developed thermoplastic GFRP bars for reinforcing concrete structures,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 276, no. 122200, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122200
  10. Y. Pan, and D. Yan, “Study on the durability of GFRP bars and carbon/glass hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (HFRP) bars aged in alkaline solution,” Composite Structures, vol. 261, no. 113285, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.113285
  11. S. Solyom, and G. L. Balázs, “Bond of FRP bars with different surface characteristics,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 264, no. 119839, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119839
  12. B. Ibrahim, S. Mousa, H. M. Mohamed, and B. Benmokrane, “Quasi-static cyclic behavior of precast high-strength concrete tunnel segments reinforced with GFRP bars,” Engineering Structures, vol. 286, no. 116159, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116159
  13. T. A. Mehmandari, M. Shokouhian, M. Imani, and A. Fahimifar, “Experimental and numerical analysis of tunnel primary support using recycled, and hybrid fiber reinforced shotcrete,” Structures, vol. 63, no. 106282, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2024.106282
  14. C. Liu, X. Lai, and Y. Qin, “Steel fiber-reinforced recycled coarse aggregate shotcrete repair for tunnel lining corrosion: experimental tests and calculation analysis,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 157, no. 106236, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2024.106236
  15. C. Gong, W. Ding, K. M. Mosalam, S. Günay, and K. Soga, “Comparison of the structural behavior of reinforced concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete tunnel segmental joints,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 68, pp. 38–57, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.05.010
  16. H. Yazici, M. Y. Yardimci, S. Aydin, and A. S. Karabulut, “Mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete containing mineral admixtures under different curing regimes,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 3, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.08.003
  17. P. S. Song, and S. Hwang,, “Mechanical properties of high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 18, no. 9, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.027
  18. F. Civici, “Flexural toughness of steel fiber reinforced concrete,” Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 183–188, August 2006.
  19. W. Zheng, B. Luo, and Y. Wang, “Compressive and tensile properties of reactive powder concrete with steel fibers at elevated temperatures,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 41, pp. 844–851, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.066
  20. P. S. Song, S. Hwang, and B. C. Sheu, “Strength properties of nylon and polypropylene-fiber-reinforced concretes,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 35, no. 8, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.033
  21. S. L. Suhaendi, and T. Horiguchi, “Effect of short fibers on residual permeability and mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced high strength concrete after heat exposition,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 36, no. 9, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.006
  22. U. Gündesli, “A litereture review on the use of fly ash, silica fume and blast - furnace slag in concrete and cement as an additive,” Master dissertation, Dept. Civil Eng., Cukurova Univ., Adana, Turkey, 1993
  23. N. H. Yi., J. H. J. Kim, T. S. Han, Y. G. Cho, and J. H. Lee, “Blast- resistant characteristics of ultra-high strength concrete and reactive powder concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 28, no. 1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.09.014
  24. H. Yazici, H. Yigiter, A. S. Karabulut, and B. Baradan, “Utilization of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag as an alternative silica source in reactive powder concrete,” Fuel, vol. 87, no. 12, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.03.005
  25. H. Yigiter, “The toughness property of high performance concretes,” Master dissertation, Dept. Civil Eng., Dokuz Eylul Univ., Izmir, Turkey, 2002
  26. Adabag, “Beton Santrali,” 2024. [Online]. Available: http://www.adabag.com.tr [Accessed December 7, 2024]
  27. F. Hattatoglu, and A. Bakis, “Usability of ignimbrite powder in reactive powder concrete road pavement,” Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 18, no. 6, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1213182
  28. Limak, “Cimento,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.limakcimento.com/urunler-ve-hizmetler/cimento [Accessed December 7, 2024]
  29. A. Bakis, “Increasing the durability and freeze‐thaw strength of concrete paving stones produced from Ahlat stone powder and marble powder by special curing method,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2019, no. 3593710, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3593710
  30. Iksa, “Beton Katkilari,” 2024. [Online]. Available: http://www.iksa.com.tr/urun.html [Accessed December 7, 2024]
  31. Atlas Bir Yapi, “Beton Fiber,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://atlas1.com.tr/fiber-donati [Accessed December 7, 2024]
  32. Aggregates for concrete, TS 706 EN 12620+A1, TSE, Ankara, 2009
  33. Design of concrete mixes, TS 802, TSE, Ankara, 2016
  34. Testing fresh concrete - Part 2: Slump test, TS EN 12350-2, TSE, Ankara, 2019
  35. Testing hardened concrete-Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens, TS EN 12390-3, TSE, Ankara, 2019
  36. F. C. D. Larrard, and T. Sedran, “Optimization of ultra-high-performance concrete by the use of a packing model,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 24, no. 6, 1994, https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90022-1
  37. M. Ipek, “Effects of pre-setting pressure applied during setting phase to mechanical behaviors of reactive powder concrete,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Civil Eng., Sakarya Univ., Sakarya, Turkey, 2009
  38. P. Richard, and M. Cheyrezy, “Reactive powder concretes with high ductility and 200–800 MPa compressive strength, concrete technology: past, present and future,” in Proc. Of V. M. Malhotra Symp, Zilina, USA, 1994, pp. 507–518
  39. Demiryollar, Limanlar, Havameydanlari Inşaatı Genel Mudurlugu, Demiryolları malzeme,yapım, kontrol ve bakım onarım teknik esasları. Ankara, 2007
  40. Karayolları Genel Mudurlugu, Karayollari teknik sartnamesi: yol altyapısı, sanat yapıları, köprü ve tüneller, ustyapi ve cesitli isler. Ankara, 2013
  41. Betonarme yapıların tasarım ve yapım kuralları, TS 500/T3, TSE, Ankara, 2014
  42. Adabag, “Beton Santrali,” 2024. [Online]. Available: http://www.adabag.com.tr [Accessed December 7, 2024]