SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Sağlık Bilimlerinde İleri Araştırmalar Dergisi / 2025 / Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Long-Term Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: A One-Year Follow-Up Study

Çocuk ve Ergenlerde COVID-19 Pandemisinin Obsesif-Kompulsif Bozukluk Belirtileri Üzerindeki Uzun Vadeli Etkisi: Bir Yıllık İzlem Çalışması

Murat Coşkun(İstanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)0000-0002-4808-5870
Yaşar Tanır(İstanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)0000-0003-0689-4247
Ali Karayağmurlu(İstanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)0000-0001-5464-2891
Zeynep Nur Karadoğan(İstanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)0000-0001-8497-9778
Yahya Esad Özdemir(İstanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)0000-0002-9986-6159
Ömer Faruk Bulut(İstanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)0000-0003-0396-0106
Pınar Karan(University of Maryland, College of Education)0000-0001-9895-0175
Saliha Büşra Selman(Ibn Haldun University, Department of Psychology)0000-0003-4444-9582
Pages
—
Publication Date
2025-10-28
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

This pattern indicates partial recovery and underscores the need for continued monitoring and timely evidence-based care during and after crises.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Objective: To examine how COVID-19 affected obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptom trajectories in children and adolescents across pre-, during-, and post-pandemic periods over one year.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Materials and Methods: Thirty-six youth with a prior diagnosis of OCD (Mage=13.5 years, SD=2.9) completed the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scale at three time points: before the pandemic, during the pandemic, and after the pandemic.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:This pattern indicates partial recovery and underscores the need for continued monitoring and timely evidence-based care during and after crises.
🔬Design:Research Article
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:OCD · COVID-19 · children

Abstract

Objective: To examine how COVID-19 affected obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptom trajectories in children and adolescents across pre-, during-, and post-pandemic periods over one year. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six youth with a prior diagnosis of OCD (Mage=13.5 years, SD=2.9) completed the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scale at three time points: before the pandemic, during the pandemic, and after the pandemic. Nonparametric repeated-measures tests (Friedman) with DunnBonferroni post hoc contrasts evaluated the change over time. Results: Time effects were significant for global severity (CGIS: χ²(2)=7.35, p=0.025) and CY-BOCS total (χ²(2)=6.44, p=0.040), with descriptively highest total symptoms during the pandemic (18.66±6.73) versus pre-pandemic (14.55±5.20; p=0.08) and postpandemic (12.80±8.00; p=0.17); pairwise contrasts for totals were not significant. Obsessions showed a significant during-to-post reduction (χ²(2)=9.27, p=0.010; Dunn-Bonferroni p=0.047), with a marginal pre-to-during increase (p=0.055). Compulsion had a significant effect (χ²(2)=6.33, p=0.042), but post hoc comparisons were not significant. Conclusion: Youth with OCD showed increased severity during the pandemic that later eased; obsessions improved post-pandemic, while total and compulsion scores showed no clear pairwise changes. This pattern indicates partial recovery and underscores the need for continued monitoring and timely evidence-based care during and after crises.

Özet

Amaç: COVID-19’un, çocuk ve ergenlerde obsesif-kompulsif bozukluk (OKB) belirti seyirlerini pandemi öncesi, pandemi sırası ve pandemi sonrası bir yıllık izlem boyunca incelemek. Gereç ve Yöntemler: OKB tanısı olan 36 genç (ortalama yaş=13,5, SS=2,9) pandemi öncesi, pandemi sırası ve pandemi sonrasında üç zaman noktasında değerlendirildi. Ölçümler için Çocuk Yale-Brown Obsesif Kompulsif Ölçeği (CY-BOCS) ile Klinik Genel İzlenim-Şiddet Ölçeği (CGI-S) kullanıldı. Zamana bağlı değişimi test etmek üzere parametrik olmayan tekrarlı ölçümler için Friedman testi ve DunnBonferroni düzeltmeli ikili karşılaştırmalar uygulandı. Bulgular: Zamana bağlı etkiler, CGI-S (CGI-S: χ²(2)=7,35, p=0,025) ve CY-BOCS toplamı için anlamlıydı (χ²(2)=6,44, p=0,040); toplam belirti düzeyleri betimsel olarak pandemi sırasında en yüksekti (18,66±6,73), pandemi öncesine (14,55±5,20; p=0,08) ve pandemi sonrasına (12,80±8,00; p=0,17) kıyasla; toplam puanlar için ikili karşılaştırmalar anlamlı değildi. Obsesyonlar, pandemi sırasından pandemi sonrasına anlamlı bir azalma gösterdi (χ²(2)=9,27, p=0,010; Dunn-Bonferroni p=0,047) ve pandemi öncesinden pandemi sırasına artış marjinaldi (p=0,055). Kompulsiyonlar için genel etki anlamlıydı (χ²(2)=6,33, p=0,042), ancak post-hoc karşılaştırmalar anlamlı değildi. Sonuç: Pandemi döneminde genel şiddet arttı ve sonrasında hafifledi; obsesyonlarda pandemi sonrası belirgin iyileşme görüldü, toplam ve kompulsiyon puanlarında ise net ikili değişimler saptanmadı. Bulgular kısmi iyileşmeye ve kriz dönemlerinde sürekli izlem ile kanıta dayalı tedavinin önemine işaret etmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Coşkun, M., Tanır, Y., Karayağmurlu, A., Karadoğan, Z. N., Özdemir, Y. E., Bulut, Ö. F., Karan, P., Selman, S. B. (2025). Long-Term Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: A One-Year Follow-Up Study. Sağlık Bilimlerinde İleri Araştırmalar Dergisi, Volume: 8 Issue: 3. https://doi.org/10.26650/JARHS2025-1657050

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (30)

  1. Liao J, Liu L, Fu X, Feng Y, Liu W, Yue W, et al. The immediate and long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A one-Year follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 2021;306:114268. google scholar
  2. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard. 2023. Available from: https://covid19.who.int. google scholar
  3. Cakir B. COVID-19 in Turkey: Lessons learned. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2020;10(2):115. google scholar
  4. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health (MoH-TR). COVID-19 information platform. 2023. Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr. google scholar
  5. Johns Hopkins University and Medicine. Coronavirus Resource Center Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering. 2020. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. google scholar
  6. World Health Organization. Turkey. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/ countries/tur. google scholar
  7. Cunning C, Hodes M. The COVID-19 pandemic and obsessive-compulsive disorder in Young people: Systematic review. Clin Child PsYchol Psychiatry 2022;27(1):18-34. google scholar
  8. Tanir Y, Karayagmurlu A, Kaya I, Kaynar TB, Türkmen G, Dambasan BN, et al. Exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 2020;293:113363. google scholar
  9. Visnjic-Jevtic A, Paz-Albo J, Sahin-Sak İT, Varga NagY A, Sânchez-Perez N, Ozturk G, et al. Policies and practices of early childhood education and care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives from five countries. J Child Educ Soc 2021;2(2):200-16. google scholar
  10. White MD, Fradella HF. Policing a pandemic: Stay-at-home orders and what they mean for the police. Am J Crim Justice 2020;45:702-17. google scholar
  11. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psYchological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020;395(10227):912-20. google scholar
  12. Oxford ARC StudY. Achieving resilience during COVID-19 weeklY report 2. Mental Health Res Matters 2020. Available from: http://mentalhealthres earchmatters.org.uk/achieving-resilience-during-covid-19-psYcho-social-risk-protective-factors-amidst-a-pandemic-in-adolescents/. google scholar
  13. Cam HH, Ustuner-Top F, Kuzlu-AYYildiz T. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and health-related qualitY of life among universitY students in TurkeY. Curr PsYchol 2022;41(2):1033-42. google scholar
  14. Chen B, Sun J, Feng Y. How have COVID-19 isolation policies affected Young people’s mental health? Front PsYchol 2020;11:1529. google scholar
  15. Durak-Batigun A, Senkal-Erturk I. COVID-19 associated psychological symptoms in Turkish population: A path model. Curr Psychol 2023;42(3):2436-47. google scholar
  16. Ozdin S, BaYrak-Ozdin S. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Pychiatry 2020;66(5):504-11. google scholar
  17. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: American PsYchiatric Association; 2013. google scholar
  18. Mataix-Cols D, Rauch SL, Baer L, Eisen JL, Shera DM, Goodman WK, et al. SYmptom stabilityin adult obsessive-compulsive disorder: Data from a naturalistic two-Year follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(2):263-8. google scholar
  19. Ball SG, Baer L, Otto MW. SYmptom subtYpes of obsessive-compulsive disorder in behavioral treatment studies: A quantitative review. Behav Res Ther 1996;34(1):47-51. google scholar
  20. Davide P, Andrea P, Martina O, Andrea E, Davide D, Mario A. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with OCD: Effects of contamination sYmptoms and remission state before the quarantine in a preliminarY naturalistic studY. PsYchiatrY Res 2020;291:113213. google scholar
  21. Reynolds DL, Garay JR, Deamond SL, Moran MK, Gold W, Styra R. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect 2008;136(7):997-1007. google scholar
  22. Ruscio AM, Stein DJ, Chiu WT, Kessler RC. The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National ComorbiditY SurveY Replication. Mol PsYchiatrY 2010;15(1):53-63. google scholar
  23. Coskun M, Zoroglu S, Ozturk M. Phenomenology, psychiatric comorbidity and family history in referred preschool children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2012;6:1-9. google scholar
  24. Darvishi E, Golestan S, Demehri F, Jamalnia S. A cross-sectional study on cognitive errors and obsessive-compulsive disorders among young people during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. Activ Nerv Super 2020;62:137-42. google scholar
  25. Busner J, Targum SD. The Clinical Global Impressions Scale: Applying a Research Tool in Clinical Practice. Psychiatry (Edgemont). 2007;4:28-37. google scholar
  26. Scahill L, Riddle MA, McSwiggin-Hardin M, Ort SI, King RA, Goodman WK, et al. Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Reliability and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36(6):844-52. google scholar
  27. Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Larson MJ, Murphy TK, Goodman WK, Geffken GR, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychiatry Res 2004;128(2):163-73. google scholar
  28. Yucelen AG, Rodopman-Arman A, Topcuoglu V, Yazgan MY, Fisek G. Interrater reliability and clinical efficacy of the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in an outpatient setting. Compr Psychiatry 2006;47(1):48-53. google scholar
  29. Spielberger CD. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography. 2nd ed. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1989. google scholar
  30. Oner N, LeCompte MD. Manual of state trait anxiety inventory. Boğaziçi University Print House, 1998. google scholar