Journals / ANASAY / 2026 / Sayı: 34

FELINE GODDESSES FROM THE OLD KINGDOM THROUGH THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, SIMILARITIES, AND DIVERGENCES

Eski Krallık Dönemi’nden Ptolemaios Çağı’na Sekhmet ve Bastet Özelinde “Kedigİl” Tanrıçaların İşlev, Benzerlik ve Farklılıkları

Cemal Yılmaz(İZMİR BAKIRÇAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-3475-054X
Journal
ANASAY
Pages
38–56
Publication Date
2026-09-29
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The results show that the feline-goddess tradition was not merely a mythological legacy, but also a historico-religious phenomenon that was propelled by the ecological, economic and demographic dynamics of the Nile Delta.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The present study offers a comparative analysis of Sekhmet and Bastet, two of the most enduring mythical goddesses of the ancient Egyptian pantheon over a long chronological span, from the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic Period.
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Key Findings & Data:The study uses philological sources, papyrological evidence, iconographic data, and archaeological findings in an integrated framework; it reads the two deities not as autonomous figures, but as complementary poles of a single divine energy.
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Conclusion & Impact:The results show that the feline-goddess tradition was not merely a mythological legacy, but also a historico-religious phenomenon that was propelled by the ecological, economic and demographic dynamics of the Nile Delta.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Eski Mısır Dini · Mitoloji · Kedigil Tanrıçalar

Abstract

The present study offers a comparative analysis of Sekhmet and Bastet, two of the most enduring mythical goddesses of the ancient Egyptian pantheon over a long chronological span, from the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic Period. Sekhmet, etymologically derived from the root sḫm (“the powerful one”), is conceptualised as the personified destructive eye of Ra and functions along the intertwined axes of war, pestilence, healing, and royal legitimacy. Bastet, whose name is plausibly associated with bȝstt (“she of the ointment jar”), came to prominence at her cult center Bubastis, by virtue of her protective, maternal and royal-tutelary attributes. The two goddesses originally appeared in leonine form; but from the Middle Kingdom onwards, Bastet was increasingly transformed into the form of a domestic cat, thus providing the most explicit example of the "pacified lioness" formula in Egyptian theology. The study uses philological sources, papyrological evidence, iconographic data, and archaeological findings in an integrated framework; it reads the two deities not as autonomous figures, but as complementary poles of a single divine energy. The institutional links between the Sekhmet priesthood and the formalisation of medical practice from the Old Kingdom onwards, the relationship between Amenhotep III’s monumental statuary program and epidemic crises, and the cat-mummy industry that flourished at Bubastis during the Late and Ptolemaic Periods, all show the complex entanglement of cult, state ideology, daily piety, and medical knowledge. The results show that the feline-goddess tradition was not merely a mythological legacy, but also a historico-religious phenomenon that was propelled by the ecological, economic and demographic dynamics of the Nile Delta.

Özet

Bu çalışmada, Eski Mısır panteonunun en uzun ömürlü mitsel tanrıçalarından Sekhmet ve Bastet, Eski Krallık’tan Ptolemaios Çağı’na uzanan geniş bir tarihsel zeminde karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmektedir. Adı “güçlü olan” anlamına gelen sḫm kökünden türeyen Sekhmet, Ra’nın yıkıcı gözünün kişileşmiş hâli olarak konumlandırılmış; savaş, salgın, şifa ve kraliyet meşruiyeti eksenlerinde işlev üstlenmiştir. “Merhem kabının sahibesi” anlamına geldiği düşünülen bȝstt sözcüğüyle ilişkilendirilen Bastet ise kült merkezi Bubastis’te koruyuculuk, annelik ve kraliyet siperi nitelikleriyle öne çıkmıştır. Köken itibarıyla her iki tanrıça da aslan biçimli olarak belirmiş; ancak Bastet, Orta Krallık’tan itibaren giderek evcil kediye dönüşerek Mısır teolojisindeki “yatıştırılmış aslan” formülünün en açık örneğini oluşturmuştur. Çalışma, filolojik kaynaklar, papirüs metinleri, ikonografik veriler ve arkeolojik bulguları bütünleşik biçimde değerlendirerek iki tanrıçayı birbirinden bağımsız figürler olarak değil, aynı ilahî enerjinin birbirini tamamlayan iki kutbu olarak okumaktadır. Sekhmet rahipliği ile Eski Krallık’tan itibaren kurumsallaşan tıp pratiği arasındaki bağ, III. Amenhotep döneminin anıtsal heykel programının salgınla ilişkisi ve Geç Dönem ile Ptolemaios çağında Bubastis’te gelişen kedi mumya endüstrisi, kültün gündelik dindarlık, devlet ideolojisi ve tıbbî bilgi birikimiyle iç içe geçen çok katmanlı yapısını ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular, kedigil tanrıça geleneğinin yalnızca mitolojik bir miras değil; Nil Deltası’nın ekolojik, ekonomik ve demografik dinamikleriyle örülmüş tarihsel-dinî bir olgu olduğunu göstermektedir.

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Cite This Article

Yılmaz, C. (2026). FELINE GODDESSES FROM THE OLD KINGDOM THROUGH THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, SIMILARITIES, AND DIVERGENCES. ANASAY, Sayı: 34, 38–56. https://doi.org/10.33404/anasay.1957575

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