Journals / Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi / 2024 / Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Socıoeconomıc And Cultural Problems Experıenced By The European Unıon After The Coronavırus Outbreak And The Russıan-Ukraıne War

Avrupa Birliği'nin Koronavirüs Salgını Ve Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Sonrası Yaşadığı Sosyoekonomik Ve Kültürel Sorunlar

Turgut Çılğın(KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-1629-9759
Pages
65–87
Publication Date
2024-10-25
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

It is thought that especially economic problems and the resulting nationalism will have shattering effects on the integrity and unity of the EU.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Purpose – The negative effects of two very important factors that affected the whole world and caused historical changes, such as the Coronavirus Pandemic and the Ukrainian War, on the socioeconomic and cultural life of the EU and the policies developed to solve the problems experienced were investigated.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Methodology – Literature review and document review methods, which are qualitative research methods, were used in writing this article.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:It is thought that especially economic problems and the resulting nationalism will have shattering effects on the integrity and unity of the EU.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Avrupa Birliği · Koronavirüs Salgını · Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı

Abstract

Purpose – The negative effects of two very important factors that affected the whole world and caused historical changes, such as the Coronavirus Pandemic and the Ukrainian War, on the socioeconomic and cultural life of the EU and the policies developed to solve the problems experienced were investigated. Methodology – Literature review and document review methods, which are qualitative research methods, were used in writing this article. Findings – As a result of the research, it is seen that the EU is facing many socioeconomic, political, military and cultural problems due to the negative consequences of the epidemic and war. It has been seen that some of these problems are problems from the past and have become chronic as a result of war and pandemic. Conclusions – Many studies are carried out by the EU to solve existing problems and reports are prepared. However, it is seen that the targets have not been achieved and have failed in two important issues, especially the problems arising from economic and cultural developments, such as welfare and integration, which are the founding goals of the EU. It is thought that especially economic problems and the resulting nationalism will have shattering effects on the integrity and unity of the EU.

Özet

Amaç -Koronavirüs Salgını ve Ukrayna Savaşı gibi tüm dünyayı etkileyen ve tarihi değişimlere neden olan çok önemli iki faktörün AB’nin sosyoekonomik ve kültürel hayatına yaptığı olumsuz etkileri ve yaşanan sorunların çözümü için geliştirilen politikalar araştırılmıştır. Yöntem-Bu makalenin yazılmasında nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden literatür taraması ve doküman incelemesi yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular – Araştırma sonucunda AB’nin salgın ve savaşın yarattığı olumsuz sonuçlar nedeniyle sosyoekonomik, siyasi, askeri ve kültürel anlamda birçok sorun ile karşı karşıya olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sorunların bazılarının ise geçmişten gelen sorunlar olduğu ve savaş ve salgın neticesinde kronikleştiği görülmüştür. Sonuç – AB tarafından mevcut sorunların çözümleri için bir çok çalışma yürütülmekte ve raporlar hazırlanmaktadır. Ancak özellikle ekonomik ve kültürel gelişmelere bağlı oluşan sorunların refah ve entegrasyon gibi AB’nin kuruluş hedefi olan iki önemli konuda hedeflere ulaşılamadığı ve başarısız olunduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle ekonomik sorunlar ve buna bağlı oluşan milliyetçiliğin AB’nin bütünlüğünü ve birliğini sarsıcı etkileri olacağı düşünülmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Çılğın, T. (2024). Socıoeconomıc And Cultural Problems Experıenced By The European Unıon After The Coronavırus Outbreak And The Russıan-Ukraıne War. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 65–87. https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1504803

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (73)

  1. Arzheimer, K. (2018). Explaining Electoral Support for the Radical Right. In, The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right. Rydgren, Jens (Edt.). Oxford University Press. 143-165. https://www.kai-arzheimer.com/explanations-radical-right-voting.pdf
  2. Akçay, Ü. (2020). Yeni Bir Bretton Woods. https://www.academia.edu/44394967/Yeni_Bir_Bretton_Woods?email_work_card=view-paper
  3. Basiouny, A. (2022). Is This the End of Globalization? https://magazine.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/fall-winter-2022/is-this-the-end-of-globalization/
  4. Bassetti, F. (2022). Success or failure? The Kyoto Protocol’s troubled legacy. Foresight. https://www.climateforesight.eu/articles/success-or-failure-the-kyoto-protocols-troubled-legacy/
  5. Belgian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (2024). European Pillar of Social Rights: The La Hulpe Declaration on the Future of Social Europe. La hulpe. Belgium. https://belgian-presidency.consilium.europa.eu/media/bj0adazv/declaration-finale.pdf
  6. Beyrer, M. (2024). Address by Markus Beyrer, Dırector General of Busınesseurope. High-level conference on the European pillar of social rights la hulpe. https://www.businesseurope.eu/sites/buseur/files/media/speeches/2024-04-16_mb_speech-_la_hulpe_-_final.pdf
  7. Bloomberght, (2020a). IMF ve Dünya Bankası'ndan küresel ekonomi için 'alarm zilleri'. https://www.bloomberght.com/imf-ve-dunya-bankasi-ndan-kuresel-ekonomi-icin-alarm-zilleri-2320799.
  8. Brubaker, R (2017). Why populism? Theory and Society. 46, 357–385 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-017-9301-7
  9. Cable, J. (2022). World at rising risk of recession as inflation hits consumers. https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/global-economy-world-rising-risk-recession-inflation-hits-consumers-2022-08-23/
  10. Cormann, M. (2020). IMF ve Dünya Bankası'ndan küresel ekonomi için 'alarm zilleri'. https://www.bloomberght.com/imf-ve-dunya-bankasi-ndan-kuresel-ekonomi-icin-alarm-zilleri-2320799
  11. De Jonge, L. & Heinze, A.-S. (2023). How to Respond to the Far Right. VerfBlog. https://verfassungsblog.de/how-to-respond-to-the-far-right/
  12. Dell’Ariccia, G., Mauro, P., Spilimbergo, A. and Zettelmeyer, J. (2020). Economic Policies For The COVID-19 War. IMF Blog. https://cdn.cursdeguvernare.ro/wpcontent/uploads/2020/04/FMI-Economic-policies-for-the-COVID-19-War.pdf
  13. Dettmer, J. (2022). Why African states are reluctant to pick sides on Ukraine. Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/africa-reluctant-to-pick-sides-on-ukraine-russia-war-food-shortage-crises/
  14. Draghi, M. (2024). Speech Mario Draghi La Hulpe. European Pillar of Social Rights: The La Hulpe Declaration on the Future of Social Europe. https://i2.res.24o.it/pdf2010/Editrice/ILSOLE24ORE/ILSOLE24ORE/Online/_Oggetti_Embedded/Documenti/2024/04/16/20240416%20Speech%20Mario%20Draghi%20La%20Hulpe%2016%20April%202024.pdf
  15. European Comission [EC] (2010). A European strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. https://ec.europa.eu/eu2020/pdf/COMPLET%20EN%20BARROSO%20%20%20007%20-%20Europe%202020%20-%20EN%20version.pdf
  16. European Comission [EC] (2017). European pillar of social rights. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ce37482a-d0ca-11e7-a7df-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-62666461
  17. European Comission [EC] (2021a). The European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan. https://op.europa.eu/webpub/empl/european-pillar-of-social-rights/en/
  18. European Comission [EC] (2021b). The Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF). https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy-euro/economic-recovery/recovery-and-resilience-facility_en#map
  19. European Comission [EC] (2022a). Communication on orientations for a reform of the EU economic governance framework. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022DC0583
  20. European Comission [EC] (2022b). REPowerEU Plan. Brussels. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2022%3A230%3AFIN&qid=1653033742483
  21. European Comission [EC] (2023a). European Year of Skills: Survey highlights skills shortages in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&furtherNews=yes&newsId=10661
  22. European Comission [EC] (2023b). Commission sets out concrete actions for greater involvement of social partners at national and EU level. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_290
  23. European Comission [EC] (2023c). Commission sets out actions to accelerate the roll-out of electricity grids. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_23_6044
  24. European Comission [EC] (2024a). Tripartite Declaration for a Thriving European Social Dialogue. Val Duchesse Social Partners Summit. https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1632&langId=en
  25. European Council (2017). Resolution of the European Council on the Stability and Growth Pact Amsterdam. Eur-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A31997Y0802%2801%29
  26. European Council (2021). The Porto Declaration. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/05/08/the-porto-declaration/
  27. European Council (2024). Proposal for a regulatıon of the european parlıament and of the councıl on the effective coordination of economic policies and multilateral budgetary surveillance and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/70386/st06645-re01-en24.pdf
  28. European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless [FEANTSA], (2024a). 8th Overvıew Of Housıng Exclusıon In Europe. https://www.feantsa.org/download/executive-summary-en3607945785998260596.pdf
  29. European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless [FEANTSA], (2024b). ETHOS - European Typology of Homelessness and housing exclusion. https://www.feantsa.org/download/en-16822651433655843804.pdf
  30. European Parliament (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine on EU cohesion. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2022/733095/IPOL_STU(2022)733095_EN.pdf
  31. European Parliament (2024). 2024 European election results. https://results.elections.europa.eu/
  32. Eurostat (2024a). Industrial production up by 0.6% in the euro area and by 0.2% in the EU. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-euro-indicators/w/4-15052024-bp
  33. Eurostat (2024a). Living conditions in Europe - poverty and social exclusion. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_poverty_and_social_exclusion
  34. Fabbrini, S. (2024). How to combat economic nationalism in Europe. Social Europe. https://www.socialeurope.eu/how-to-combat-economic-nationalism-in-europe
  35. Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic Effects Of Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) On The World Economy. IESE Business School Working Paper. SSRN. (WP-1240-E). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504.
  36. Financial Times (2020). Expats in Dubai Call For Cut in Their Children’s School Fees. https://www.ft.com/content/c9f83ca9-9107-436f-864b-da1b7e28f56f.
  37. Georgieva, K. (2020). IMF ve Dünya Bankası'ndan küresel ekonomi için 'alarm zilleri'. https://www.bloomberght.com/imf-ve-dunya-bankasi-ndan-kuresel-ekonomi-icin-alarm-zilleri-2320799
  38. Heinisch, R., Werner, A., & Habersack, F. (2019). Reclaiming national sovereignty: the case of the conservatives and the far right in Austria. European Politics and Society, 21(2), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2019.1632577
  39. Hernandez, Z. (2020). Will Covid-19 Kill Globalization? https://zekrets.substack.com/p/will-covid-kill-globalization
  40. Human Rights Watch (2024). Q&A: The International Criminal Court and the United States. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/02/qa-international-criminal-court-and-united-states
  41. Ilzetzki, E. (2020). COVID-19: The Economic Policy Response. A CEPR Press VoxEU.org. https://voxeu.org/article/covid-19-economic-policy-response.
  42. International Labour Organization (2020). COVID-19 And The World Of Work Updated Estimates And Analysis. ILO monitor 2nd edition: Briefing Note. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf
  43. International Labour Organization (2021). COVID-19 And The World Of Work. Seventh edition. https://www.ilo.org/resource/brief/ilo-monitor-covid-19-and-world-work-7th-edition
  44. International Monetary Fund [IMF] (2020). World Economic Outlook. The Great Lockdown. International Monetary Fund. Research Department. Washington. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/World-Economic-OutlookApril-2020-The-Great-Lockdown-49306
  45. Investor’s Business Daily (2020). Dow Jones Today, Stocks Slip: Fed Stimulus, Senate Impasse; New York, California Lockdown; NYSE Floor Closes. https://www.investors.com/market-trend/stock-market-today/dow-jones-today-futures-slidefed-stimulus-impasse-new-york-california-lockdown-nyse-floor-closes/.
  46. Iweala, N. O. (2020). IMF ve Dünya Bankası'ndan küresel ekonomi için 'alarm zilleri'. https://www.bloomberght.com/imf-ve-dunya-bankasi-ndan-kuresel-ekonomi-icin-alarm-zilleri-2320799
  47. Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y. and Vugt, M. V. (2021). “COVID-19 And The Workplace: Implications, Issues, And Insights For Future Research And Action”. American Psychologist, 76(1). https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716.
  48. Krzyżanowski, M. (2017). Discursive Shifts in Ethno-Nationalist Politics: On Politicization and Mediatization of the “Refugee Crisis” in Poland. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 16(1–2), 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2017.1317897
  49. Letta, E. (2024). Much More Than A Market; Speed, Security, Solidarity. European Council Report. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/ny3j24sm/much-more-than-a-market-report-by-enrico-letta.pdf
  50. Lynch, E. (2023). The shadow of austerity-and authoritarianism. https://www.socialeurope.eu/the-shadow-of-austerity-and-authoritarianism
  51. Lynch, E. (2024). La Hulpe: A project of hope - Intervention of Esther Lynch, ETUC General Secretary. European pillar of social rights, Speeches. https://www.etuc.org/en/speech/la-hulpe-project-hope-intervention-esther-lynch-etuc-general-secretary
  52. Malpass, D. (2020). IMF ve Dünya Bankası'ndan küresel ekonomi için 'alarm zilleri'. https://www.bloomberght.com/imf-ve-dunya-bankasi-ndan-kuresel-ekonomi-icin-alarm-zilleri-2320799
  53. Mang, S. & Caddick, D. (2024). Navigating Constraints for Progress: Examining the Impact of EU Fiscal Rules on Social and Green Investments. https://www.etuc.org/sites/default/files/publication/file/2024-04/Publication%20-%20Fiscal%20Rules%20Report.pdf
  54. Marks, H. (2022). The Pendulum in International Affairs. https://www.oaktreecapital.com/insights/memo/the-pendulum-in-international-affairs
  55. Mepschen, P. J. H. (2016). Everyday autochthony: Difference, discontent and the politics of home in Amsterdam. Thesis, fully internal, Universiteit van Amsterdam. https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4482853/168895_02.pdf
  56. Michalopoulos, S. (2023). EU far-right dangerously boosted in new forecast. Euractiv. https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/eu-far-right-dangerously-boosted-in-new-poll/
  57. Murphy, S. D. (2009). The United States and the International Court of Justice: Coping with Antinomies. C. P. R. Romano (Edt.), In, The Sword and the Scales: The United States and International Courts and Tribunals (pp. 46–111). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/sword-and-the-scales/united-states-and-the-international-court-of-justice-coping-with-antinomies/E57F10940288F167B3B4A082E62F170F
  58. NPR News (2020). Oil Prices, Stocks Plunge After Saudi Arabia Stuns World With Massive Discounts. https://www.npr.org/2020/03/08/813439501/saudi-arabia-stuns-world-withmassive-discount-in-oil-sold-to-asia-europe-and-u-.
  59. Parley Policy Initiative (2023). The "Rules-Based International Order," explained. https://www.parleypolicy.com/post/the-rules-based-international-order-explained
  60. Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries. European Journal of Political Research. 47. 737–765. https://ejpr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00784.x
  61. Schmit, N. (2024). Speech by Commissioner Schmit at the high-level conference on the European Pillar of Social Rights. European Commission – Speech. https://belgian-presidency.consilium.europa.eu/media/jnanhvzh/speech_by_commissioner_schmit_at_the_high-level_conference_on_the_european_pillar_of_social_rights.pdf
  62. Seddon, M., Sheppard, D., & Foy, H. (2022). Russia switches off Europe‘s main gas pipeline until sanctions are lifted. https://www.ft.com/content/2624cc0f-57b9-4142-8bc1-4141833a73dd
  63. Sen, N. (2024). The Appellate Body in Crisis. Linklaters Trade Practice. https://www.linklaters.com/fr-fr/insights/blogs/tradelinks/the-appellate-body-in-crisis
  64. Snippe, E., Griera, M., Alipour, N. & Théo B.-G. (2024). Meet the parties fighting for power in the European elections. https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/meet-the-parties-fighting-for-power-in-the-european-elections/?utm_source=website&utm_campaign=popular
  65. Theodoropoulou, S. (2024). Debating the reform of the EU’s economic governance: implications for Social Europe. In Vanhercke B., Sabato S. & Spasova S. (eds.). Social policy in the European Union: state of play 2023, An ambitious implementation of the Social Pillar, ETUI and OSE. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2024-06/Social%20policy%20in%20the%20European%20Union-state%20of%20play%202023_2024.pdf
  66. UN Climate Change [UNFCCC] (2024). The Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
  67. Vanhercke, B., Sabato, S., & Spasova, S. (2024). Social policy in the European Union: state of play 2023 An ambitious implementation of the Social Pillar. Twenty-Fourth annual report. European Trade Union Institute and OSE. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2024-06/Social%20policy%20in%20the%20European%20Union-state%20of%20play%202023_2024.pdf
  68. Watson, S.D. (2009). The Securitization of Humanitarian Migration: Digging moats and sinking boats. 1st ed. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203876794
  69. World Nuclear Association (2024). Country Nuclear Profiles. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles
  70. World Trade Organization [WTO] (2020). Trade Set To Plunge As COVID-19 Pandemic Upends Global Economy. Press Release. https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres20_e/pr855_e.htm#:~:text=World%20merchandise%20%20trade%20is%20set,effectiveness%20of%20the%20policy%20responses.&text=The%20%20dollar%20value%20of%20world,%25%20to%20US%24%2018.89%20trillion
  71. Yılmaz A.Y. ve Mutlu, Ġ. S. (2020). Salgın Sonrası Dünyada, Küreselleşme ve Ulus Devlet Tartışmaları, Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 55(3), 1965-1976
  72. Zhang, W. & Hamori, S. (2021). Crude oil market and stock markets during the COVID19 pandemic: Evidence from the US, Japan, and Germany. International Review of Financial Analysis. 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2021.101702.
  73. Lynch, E. (2024). La Hulpe: A project of hope - Intervention of Esther Lynch, ETUC General Secretary. European pillar of social rights, Speeches. https://www.etuc.org/en/speech/la-hulpe-project-hope-intervention-esther-lynch-etuc-general-secretary