Journals / Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 16 Sayı: 32

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLEAN AND DIRTY CRYPTOCURRENCIES AND TRADITIONAL STOCK MARKETS: EVIDENCE FROM QUANTILE APPROACHES

TEMİZ VE KİRLİ KRİPTO BİRİMLERİ İLE GELENEKSEL HİSSE SENEDİ PİYASALARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: KANTİL YAKLAŞIMLARDAN KANITLAR

Aslan Aydoğdu(SİVAS BİLİM VE TEKNOLOJİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-9732-0614
Özgün Şanlı(NAMIK KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-5085-7307
Pages
1010–1042
Publication Date
2025-12-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

QQR results show both positive and negative relationships between dirty and clean cryptocurrencies and the returns of the S&P 500, FTSE 100, TSX, and ASX indices at the low, medium, and high quantiles.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study investigates the relationship between dirty and clean cryptocurrencies and traditional stock index returns using the Quantile-Quantile (QQR) and Quantile-Quantile Granger Causality (QQGC) methods.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The analyses were conducted using daily data from January 2018 to May 2025.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:QQR results show both positive and negative relationships between dirty and clean cryptocurrencies and the returns of the S&P 500, FTSE 100, TSX, and ASX indices at the low, medium, and high quantiles.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2018 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Kirli kripto para birimleri · geleneksel varlıklar · kantil-kantil regresyon

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between dirty and clean cryptocurrencies and traditional stock index returns using the Quantile-Quantile (QQR) and Quantile-Quantile Granger Causality (QQGC) methods. The analyses were conducted using daily data from January 2018 to May 2025. QQR results show both positive and negative relationships between dirty and clean cryptocurrencies and the returns of the S&P 500, FTSE 100, TSX, and ASX indices at the low, medium, and high quantiles. According to the QQGC results, both dirty and clean cryptocurrencies showed predictive power for the returns of the S&P 500, FTSE 100, TSX, and ASX indices at different quantiles. Furthermore, it was found that both dirty and clean cryptocurrencies exhibit strong predictive power for S&P 500 and FTSE 100 returns, particularly in the middle quantiles. The results obtained reveal that distinguishing between dirty and clean cryptocurrencies under different market conditions provides important insights for investors' portfolio diversification strategies and risk management practices.

Özet

Bu çalışma, Kantil-Kantil (QQR) ve Kantil-Kantil Granger Nedensellik (QQGC) yöntemlerini kullanarak kirli ve temiz kripto para birimleri ile geleneksel hisse senedi endeksi getirileri arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktadır. Analizler, Ocak 2018-Mayıs 2025 dönemine ait günlük verilerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. QQR sonuçları, kirli ve temiz kripto para birimleri ile S&P 500, FTSE 100, TSX ve ASX endeksi getirileri arasında düşük, orta ve yüksek kantillerde hem pozitif hem de negatif ilişkiler bulunduğunu göstermektedir. QQGC sonuçlarına göre ise farklı kantillerde kirli ve temiz kripto para birimlerinin, S&P 500, FTSE 100, TSX ve ASX endeksi getirileri üzerinde öngörü gücüne sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, hem kirli hem de temiz kripto para birimlerinin özellikle orta kantillerde S&P 500 ve FTSE 100 getirileri üzerinde güçlü bir öngörü gücüne sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, farklı piyasa koşullarında kirli ve temiz kripto para birimleri ayrımının yapılmasının, yatırımcıların portföy çeşitlendirme stratejileri ve risk yönetimi uygulamaları açısından önemli çıkarımlar sağladığını ortaya koymaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Aydoğdu, A., Şanlı, Ö. (2025). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLEAN AND DIRTY CRYPTOCURRENCIES AND TRADITIONAL STOCK MARKETS: EVIDENCE FROM QUANTILE APPROACHES. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 32, 1010–1042. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2025.037

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (46)

  1. Adebayo, T. S., & Özkan, O. (2024). Evaluating the role of financial globalization and oil consumption on ecological quality: A new perspective from quantile on quantile granger causality. Heliyon, 10(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24636
  2. Ali, F., Khurram, M. U., Sensoy, A., & Vo, X. V. (2024). Green cryptocurrencies and portfolio diversification in the era of greener paths. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 191, 2-29, 114137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114137
  3. Balcilar, M., Gupta, R., & Pierdzioch, C. (2016). Does uncertainty move the gold price? New evidence from a nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test. Resources Policy, 49, 74-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2016.04.004
  4. Baur, D. G., Hong, K., & Lee, A. D. (2018). Bitcoin: Medium of exchange or speculative assets? Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 54, 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2017.12.004
  5. Będowska-Sójka, B., Demir, E., & Zaremba, A. (2022). Hedging geopolitical risks with different asset classes: A focus on the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Finance Research Letters, 50, 103-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105852
  6. Bouri, E., Shahzad, S. J. H., Roubaud, D., Kristoufek, L., & Lucey, B. (2020). Bitcoin, gold, and commodities as safe havens for stocks: New insight through wavelet analysis. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 77, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2020.03.004
  7. Chernozhukov, V., Hansen, C., & Jansson, M. (2009). Finite sample inference for quantile regression models. Journal of Econometrics, 152(2), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.01.004
  8. Ciaian, P., Cupák, A., Fessler, P., & Kancs, d’A. (2024). Environmental and social attitudes and investments in crypto assets. Applied Economics, 56(60), 9060–9080. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2023.2297742
  9. CoinMarketCap. (2025). CoinMarketCap. https://coinmarketcap.com/ (Accessed April 25, 2025)
  10. Conlon, T., Corbet, S., & McGee, R. J. (2020). Are cryptocurrencies a safe haven for equity markets? An international perspective from the COVID-19 pandemic. Research in International Business and Finance, 54, 1-10, 101248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101248
  11. Dias, R., Chambino, M., Galvão, R., Alexandre, P., & Irfan, M. (2024). Side effects and interactions: Exploring the relationship between dirty and green cryptocurrencies and clean energy stock indices. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(3), 411–416. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15873
  12. Duan, K., Zhao, Y., Urquhart, A., & Huang, Y. (2023). Do clean and dirty cryptocurrencies connect with financial assets differently? The role of economic policy uncertainty. Energy Economics, 127, 1-23, 107079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.107079
  13. Elsayed, A. H., Gozgor, G., & Yarovaya, L. (2022). Volatility and return connectedness of cryptocurrency, gold, and uncertainty: Evidence from the cryptocurrency uncertainty indices. Finance Research Letters, 47, 2-11, 102732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.102732
  14. Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424–438. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912791
  15. Haq, I. U., Maneengam, A., Chupradit, S., & Huo, C. (2023). Are green bonds and sustainable cryptocurrencies truly sustainable? Evidence from a wavelet coherence analysis. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(1), 807–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2080739
  16. Huang, Y., Duan, K., & Mishra, T. (2021). Is Bitcoin really more than a diversifier? A pre-and post-COVID-19 analysis. Finance Research Letters, 43,1-11, 102016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102016
  17. Huang, Y., Duan, K., & Urquhart, A. (2023). Time-varying dependence between Bitcoin and green financial assets: A comparison between pre-and post-COVID-19 periods. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 82, 1-21, 101687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2022.101687
  18. Hung, N. T. (2023). Green investment, financial development, digitalization and economic sustainability in Vietnam: Evidence from a quantile on quantile regression and wavelet coherence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 186, 2-15, 122185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122185
  19. Investing. (2025). Investing.com. https://www.investing.com/ (Accessed April 25, 2025)
  20. Iuga, I. C., Nerișanu, R. A., & Dragolea, L. L. (2024). Volatility and spillover analysis between cryptocurrencies and financial indices: A diagonal BEKK and DCC GARCH model approach in support of SDGs. Cogent Economics & Finance, 12(1), 1-36, 2437002. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2024.2437002
  21. Jarque, C. M., & Bera, A. K. (1980). Efficient tests for normality, homoscedasticity and serial independence of regression residuals. Economics Letters, 6(3), 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(80)90024-5
  22. Joebges, H., Herr, H., & Kellermann, C. (2025). Crypto assets as a threat to financial market stability. Eurasian Economic Review, 15(2), 473–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-025-00311-4
  23. Kliber, A., & Będowska-Sójka, B. (2023). Do investors in dirty and clean cryptocurrencies care about energy efficiency in the same way? SSRN. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4663482
  24. Koenker, R., & Bassett Jr, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 46(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643
  25. Li, G., Li, Y., & Tsai, C. L. (2015). Quantile correlations and quantile autoregressive modeling. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 110(509), 246–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2014.892007
  26. Maitra, D., Ur Rehman, M., Ranjan Dash, S., & Hoon Kang, S. (2022). Do cryptocurrencies provide better hedging? Evidence from major equity markets during COVID-19 pandemic. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 62, 1-27, 101776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2022.101776
  27. Marco, T., Mighri, Z., Tiwari, A. K., & Sarwar, S. (2023). A quantile-time-frequency connectedness investigation through the dirty and clean cryptocurrencies spillover. Journal of Cleaner Production, 425, 1-13, 138889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138889
  28. Martins-Filho, C., & Yao, F. (2008). A smooth nonparametric conditional quantile frontier estimator. Journal of Econometrics, 143(2), 317–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.10.004
  29. Milunovich, G. (2022). Assessing the connectedness between Proof of Work and Proof of Stake/Other digital coins. Economics Letters, 211, 1-4, 110243. https://d0192efdd77670f7012d3fece2c7c0fc720c897f.vetisonline.com/10.1016/j.econlet.2021.110243
  30. Mora, C., Rollins, R. L., Taladay, K., Kantar, M. B., Chock, M. K., Shimada, M., & Franklin, E. C. (2018). Bitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2 °C. Nature Climate Change, 8(11), 931–933. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0321-8
  31. Patel, R., Kumar, S., Bouri, E., & Iqbal, N. (2023). Spillovers between green and dirty cryptocurrencies and socially responsible investments around the war in Ukraine. International Review of Economics & Finance, 87, 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2023.04.013
  32. Pham, L., Karim, S., Naeem, M. A., & Long, C. (2022). A tale of two tails among carbon prices, green and non-green cryptocurrencies. International Review of Financial Analysis, 82, 1-13, 102139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102139
  33. Pourpourides, P. M. (2025). Long-term nexus of macroeconomic and financial fundamentals with cryptocurrencies. Frontiers in Blockchain, 8, 1-16, 1550720. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1550720
  34. Ren, B., & Lucey, B. (2022a). A clean, green haven?—Examining the relationship between clean energy, clean and dirty cryptocurrencies. Energy Economics, 109, 1-29, 105951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105951
  35. Ren, B., & Lucey, B. (2022b). Do clean and dirty cryptocurrency markets herd differently? Finance Research Letters, 47, 1-6, 102795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.102795
  36. Schinckus, C. (2021). Proof-of-work based blockchain technology and Anthropocene: An undermined situation? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 152, 1-9, 111682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111682
  37. Sedlmeir, J., Buhl, H. U., Fridgen, G., & Keller, R. (2020). The energy consumption of blockchain technology: Beyond myth. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 62(6), 599–608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-020-00656-x
  38. Sharif, A., Brahim, M., Dogan, E., & Tzeremes, P. (2023). Analysis of the spillover effects between green economy, clean and dirty cryptocurrencies. Energy Economics, 120, 1-14, 106594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106594
  39. Sim, N., & Zhou, H. (2015). Oil prices, US stock return, and the dependence between their quantiles. Journal of Banking & Finance, 55, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.01.013
  40. Stoll, C., Klaaßen, L., & Gallersdörfer, U. (2019). The carbon footprint of Bitcoin. Joule, 3(7), 1647–1661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.05.012
  41. Su, C. W., Wang, Y., Qin, M., & Lobonţ, O. R. (2023). Do precious metals hedge against global supply chain uncertainty? Borsa Istanbul Review, 23(5), 1026–1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2023.05.004
  42. Sun, W., Dedahanov, A. T., Shin, H. Y., & Li, W. P. (2021). Factors affecting institutional investors to add cryptocurrency to asset portfolios. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 58, 1-13, 101499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2021.101499
  43. Troster, V., Shahbaz, M., & Uddin, G. S. (2018). Renewable energy, oil prices, and economic activity: A Granger-causality in quantiles analysis. Energy Economics, 70, 440–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.01.029
  44. Wang, J.-N., Vigne, S. A., Liu, H.-C., & Hsu, Y.-T. (2024). Divergent jump characteristics in brown and green cryptocurrencies: The role of energy-related uncertainty. Energy Economics, 138, 1-16, 107847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107847
  45. Wang, K. H., Su, C. W., Xiao, Y., & Liu, L. (2022). Is the oil price a barometer of China's automobile market? From a wavelet-based quantile on quantile regression perspective. Energy, 240, 1-10, 122501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122501
  46. Wang, P., Liu, X., & Wu, S. (2022). Dynamic linkage between Bitcoin and traditional financial assets: A comparative analysis of different time frequencies. Entropy, 24(11), 1-21, 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/e24111565