SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2025 / Sayı: 30

EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEATH ANXIETY, FEAR OF COVID-19 AND VACCINE HESITANCY DURING THE PANDEMIC PROCESS

PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE ÖLÜM KAYGISI, COVİD-19 KORKUSU VE AŞI TEREDDÜDÜ İLİŞKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Nurullah Yelboğa(ARTVİN ÇORUH ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0001-8281-7070
Pages
297–317
Publication Date
2025-10-29
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

As a result of the research, it was found that there was a significant relationship between fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety; fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety did not have an effect on vaccine hesitancy; vaccination status did not have a significant effect on the levels of fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety; the loss of a relative does not have a decisive effect on individuals' fear, hesitation and anxiety levels; the fear of COVID-19 tends to decrease with the increase in the number of vaccine doses.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This research aims to reveal the relationship between fear of COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy and death anxiety.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In this context, data was collected online from 138 adult individuals as of March 2022.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:As a result of the research, it was found that there was a significant relationship between fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety; fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety did not have an effect on vaccine hesitancy; vaccination status did not have a significant effect on the levels of fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety; the loss of a relative does not have a decisive effect on individuals' fear, hesitation and anxiety levels; the fear of COVID-19 tends to decrease with the increase in the number of vaccine doses.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2022 Verileri
⚙️Variables:COVID-19 korkusu · Aşı tereddüdü · Ölüm kaygısı

Abstract

This research aims to reveal the relationship between fear of COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy and death anxiety. In addition, it also examines the impact of variables such as loss of a relative and the number of vaccine doses on these factors. In this context, data was collected online from 138 adult individuals as of March 2022. Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Vaccine Hesitancy Scale and Death Anxiety Scale were used as data collection tools. The data obtained through the study were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. Independent sample t-test, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Regression Analysis and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests were applied when significant differences were detected according to the research variables. As a result of the research, it was found that there was a significant relationship between fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety; fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety did not have an effect on vaccine hesitancy; vaccination status did not have a significant effect on the levels of fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety; the loss of a relative does not have a decisive effect on individuals' fear, hesitation and anxiety levels; the fear of COVID-19 tends to decrease with the increase in the number of vaccine doses. It has been observed that the level of vaccine hesitancy can decrease significantly and the number of vaccine doses can reduce vaccine hesitancy.

Özet

Bu araştırmanın amacı COVID-19 korkusu, aşı tereddüdü ve ölüm kaygısı ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Ayrıca yakınını kaybetme ve aşı doz sayısı gibi değişkenlerin söz konusu faktörler üzerindeki etkisi de irdelenmektedir. Bu kapsamda Mart 2022 tarihinden itibaren veriler online olarak 138 yetişkin bireyden toplanmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği, Aşı Tereddüt Ölçeği ve Ölüm Kaygısı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veriler IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma değişkenlerine göre bağımsız örneklem t-testi, Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA), Regresyon Analizi ve anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edildiğinde, Tukey HSD post-hoc testleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, COVID-19 korkusu ve ölüm kaygısı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu; COVID-19 korkusu ile ölüm kaygısının aşı tereddüdü üzerinde bir etki göstermediği; aşı olma durumunun COVID-19 korkusu ve ölüm kaygısı düzeyleri üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olmadığı; yakınını kaybetme durumunun bireylerin korku, tereddüt ve kaygı düzeyleri üzerinde belirleyici bir etkiye sahip olmadığı; aşı doz sayısındaki artışla birlikte COVID-19 korkusunun azalma eğilimi gösterdiği; aşı tereddüt düzeyinin önemli ölçüde düşebileceği ve aşı doz sayısının aşı tereddüdünü düşürebileceği görülmüştür.

🔖

Cite This Article

Yelboğa, N. (2025). EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEATH ANXIETY, FEAR OF COVID-19 AND VACCINE HESITANCY DURING THE PANDEMIC PROCESS. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı: 30, 297–317. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1688621

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (104)

  1. Abouzid, M., Ahmed, A. A., El-Sherif, D. M., Alonazi, W. B., Eatmann, A. I., Alshehri, M. M., Saleh, R. N., Ahmed, M. H., Aziz, I. A., Abdelslam, A. E., Omran, A. A.-B., Omar, A. A., Ghorab, M. A., & Islam, S. M. S. (2022). Attitudes toward receiving COVID-19 booster dose in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: A cross-sectional study of 3041 fully vaccinated participants. Vaccines, 10(8), 1270. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081270
  2. Ahorsu, D.K., Lin, CY., Imani, V. et al. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addiction 20, 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
  3. Al-Amer, R., Malak, M. Z., Burqan, H. M. R., Stănculescu, E., Nalubega, S., Alkhamees, A. A. & Ali, A. M. (2022). Emotional reaction to the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine: Postvaccination decline in anxiety and stress among anxious individuals and increase among individuals with normal prevaccination anxiety levels. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(6), 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12060912
  4. Al-Qerem, W., Al Bawab, A. Q., Hammad, A., Ling, J., & Alasmari, F. (2022). Willingness of the Jordanian population to receive a COVID-19 booster dose: A cross-sectional study. Vaccines, 10(3), 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030410,
  5. Arpacı İ., Karataş, K. & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and ınitial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S), Personality and Individual Differences; 164. 110108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108
  6. Avşar Arık, I., & Arık, F. (2022). COVID-19 geçiren yaşlıların deneyimleri: Hatay örneğinde nitel bir çalışma. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(2), 711-728. https://doi.org/10.32600/huefd.1080996
  7. Awijen, H., Zaied, Y. B., & Nguyen, D. K. (2022). Covid-19 vaccination, fear and anxiety: Evidence from Google search trends. Social Science & Medicine, 297, 114820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114820
  8. Bağatur, E. (2022). Aşılamaya bakış açısının veri analizlerine dayalı olarak incelenmesi üzerine bir araştırma (Tez No. 757830) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  9. Balaban, H., Demirdağ-Çevikkan, M., Tanyeri-Kayahan, S. (2023). Do anxiety levels and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines among healthcare workers change after COVID-19 vaccination?. Eur Res J. November, 9(6),1303-1313. https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1128240
  10. Başkaya, E. & Kaya, Ç. (2023). Bireylerin aşılara yönelik tutumları üzerine COVID-19 korkusunun etkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 16(1), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.1013479
  11. Bendau, A., Plag, J., Petzold, M. B., & Ströhle, A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related fears and anxiety. International İmmunopharmacology, 97, 107724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107724
  12. Chalhoub, Z., Koubeissy, H., Fares, Y., & Abou-Abbas, L. (2022). Fear and death anxiety in the shadow of COVID-19 among the Lebanese population: A cross-sectional study. Plos One, 17(7), e0270567. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270567
  13. Chrissian, A. A., Oyoyo, U. E., Patel, P., Beeson, W. L., Loo, L. K., Tavakoli, S., & Dubov, A. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 vaccine-associated side effects on health care worker absenteeism and future booster vaccination. Vaccine, 40(23), 3174-3181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.046
  14. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
  15. Çapar, H., & Çınar, F. (2021). Pandemilerde Aşı Tereddüt Ölçeği: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 6(12), 40-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46648/gnj.198
  16. Daragmeh, A., Sági, J., & Zéman, Z. (2021). Continuous intention to use e-wallet in the context of the covid-19 pandemic: Integrating the health belief model (hbm) and technology continuous theory (tct). Journal of open innovation: technology, market, and complexity, 7(2), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020132
  17. Detoc, M., Bruel, S., Frappe, P., Tardy, B., Botelho-Nevers, E., & Gagneux-Brunon, A. (2020). Intention to participate in a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial and to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in France during the pandemic. Vaccine, 38(45), 7002-7006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.041
  18. Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A.,. & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 775-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y
  19. Duman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.748404
  20. Erbiçer, E. S., Metin, A., Çetinkaya, A., & Şen, S. (2022). The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and depression, anxiety, and stress. European Psychologist, 26(4). https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000464
  21. Ertufan, H. (2000). Bir grup tıp öğrencisi üzerinde ölüm kaygısı ve korkusu ölçeklerinin geçerlik güvenilirlik çalışması.(Tez No. 91664) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  22. Etikan, I., & Bala, K. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2017.05.00149
  23. Fadhel, F. H., Sufyan, N. S., Alqahtani, M. M., & Almaamari, A. A. (2024). Anxiety and fear of COVID-19 as potential mechanisms to explain vaccine hesitancy among adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, 1376567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1376567
  24. Firouzkouhi, M., Alimohammadi, N., Abdollahimohammad, A., Bagheri, G., & Farzi, J. (2023). Bereaved families views on the death of loved ones due to COVID 19: An integrative review. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 88(1), 4-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211038206
  25. Freeman, D., Lambe, S., Yu, L.-M., Freeman, J., Chadwick, A., Vaccari, C., … Loe, B. S. (2023). Injection fears and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Psychological Medicine, 53(4), 1185–1195. doi:10.1017/S0033291721002609
  26. Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O., Katsoulas, T.,. & Kaitelidou, D. (2023). Predictors of second COVID‐19 booster dose or new COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy among nurses: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 32(13-14), 3943-3953. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16576
  27. Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O., Katsoulas, T., Mariolis-Sapsakos, T., & Kaitelidou, D. (2022). Predictors of willingness of the general public to receive a second COVID-19 booster dose or a new COVID-19 vaccine: A cross-sectional study in Greece. Vaccines, 10(7), 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071061
  28. Giddens, A. (2020). Modernliğin sonuçları. (9. Baskı). Ayrıntı.
  29. Gök, G., & Güzel, Ü. (2022). COVID-19 aşısı olma durumu ve COVID-19’dan korunmanın sağlık inanç modeli bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi,(12), 231-248. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.990550
  30. Gundogan, S., & Arpaci, I. (2024). Depression as a mediator between fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety. Current Psychology, 43(14), 12990-12997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03120-z
  31. Güngör, S., Atik, D., & Akyol, N. (2022). Hemşirelerde COVID-19 aşısının kabulü ve hastalığa yakalanma korkusu. Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(1) 59-71. https://doi.org/10.46629/JMS.2022.65
  32. Habibzadeh, F. (2024). Data distribution: normal or abnormal?. Journal Of Korean Medical Science, 39(3). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2024.39.e35
  33. Hacıkeleşoğlu, H., Vural, M. E., & Geçer, H. (2024). Covıd-19 korkusu, ruh sağlığı ve dini başa çıkma arasındaki ilişki: Risk grubundaki yaşlılar üzerine ampirik bir araştırma. Öneri Dergisi, 19(61), 26-49. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1352438
  34. Herman, J. (2022). Travma ve iyileşme: Şiddetin sonuçları ve ev içi istismardan siyasi teröre. (10. Baskı). Literatür Yayınları.
  35. Hidayana, I., Amir, S., Pelupessy, D. C., & Rahvenia, Z. (2022). Using a health belief model to assess COVID-19 vaccine intention and hesitancy in Jakarta, Indonesia. PLOS Global Public Health, 2(10), e0000934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000934
  36. Hoang, H. T., Nguyen, X. T. K., Huynh, S. V., Hua, T. D., Tran, H. T. T., & Tran-Chi, V. L. (2022). The effect of vaccination beliefs regarding vaccination benefits and COVID-19 fear on the number of vaccination injections. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 968902. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.968902
  37. Jose, R., Narendran, M., Bindu, A., Beevi, N., & Benny, P. V. (2021). Public perception and preparedness for the pandemic COVID 19: A health belief model approach. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.06.009
  38. Józefacka, N. M., Podstawski, R., Potoczny, W., Pomianowski, A., Kołek, M. F., Wrona, S., & Guzowski, K. (2023). The Importance of resilience and level of anxiety in the process of making a decision about SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020999
  39. Kandemir, F. (2020). Bazı demografik değişkenler bağlamında Covid-19 pandemi neslinin dindarlık ve ölüm kaygısı ilişkisi üzerine ampirik bir araştırma. Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi 8(1), 99-129. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3876200.
  40. Karl, J. A., Fischer, R., Druică, E., Musso, F., & Stan, A. (2022). Testing the effectiveness of the health belief model in predicting preventive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Romania and Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 627575. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.627575
  41. Karlsson, L. C., Soveri, A., Lewandowsky, S., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., Nolvi, S.,. & Antfolk, J. (2021). Fearing the disease or the vaccine: The case of COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110590
  42. Khademi, F., Moayedi, S., & Golitaleb, M. (2020). The COVID‐19 pandemic and death anxiety in the elderly. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(1), 346. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12824
  43. Kılıçlıoğlu, Z. (2023). Covid-19 sürecinde yakınlarını kaybeden bireylerde yas ve dini başa çıkma ilişkisi. (Tez No. 849846) [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
  44. Kızılgeçit, M., & Yıldırım, M. (2023). Fear of COVID-19, death depression and death anxiety: Religious coping as a mediator. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 45(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/00846724221133455
  45. Kolcu, M. & Bülbül, E. (2023). The effect of fear of Covid-19 on fear of vaccination and death. TJFMPC, 17 (4):489-496. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1242149
  46. Koltai, J., Raifman, J., Bor, J., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2021). Does COVID-19 vaccination improve mental health? A difference-in-difference analysis of the understanding Coronavirus in America study. MedRxiv: The Preprint Server for Health Sciences, 2021.07.19.21260782. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.19.21260782
  47. Kwok, K. O., Li, K. K., Wei, W. I., Tang, A., Wong, S. Y. S., & Lee, S. S. (2021). Influenza vaccine uptake, COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine hesitancy among nurses: A survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 114, 103854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103854
  48. Laranjo, L. (2016). Social media and health behavior change. In Participatory health through social media (pp. 83-111). Academic Press.
  49. Lázaro-Pérez, C., Martínez-López, J. Á., Gómez-Galán, J., & Fernández-Martínez, M. D. M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and death anxiety in security forces in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217760
  50. Lazarus, J.V., Wyka, K., White, T.M. et al. (2023). A survey of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance across 23 countries in 2022. Nat Med 29, 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02185-4
  51. Lee, S.-E., Shim, S.-R., Youn, J.-H., & Han, H.-W. (2023). COVID-19 Vaccination ıs not associated with psychiatric adverse events: A meta-analysis. Vaccines, 11(1), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010194
  52. Levine. P. A. & Frederick (2020b). Kaplanı uyandırmak: Travma iyileştirmek. Butik yayıncılık.
  53. Levine. P. A. (2020a). Travma ve anı. Butik yayıncılık.
  54. Limbu, Y. B., Gautam, R. K., & Pham, L. (2022). The health belief model applied to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A systematic review. Vaccines, 10(6), 973. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060973
  55. Lounis, M., Bencherit, D., Rais, M. A., & Riad, A. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine booster hesitancy (vbh) and ıts drivers in algeria: national cross-sectional survey-based study. Vaccines, 10(4), 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040621
  56. Mani, A., Fereidooni, R., Salehi‐Marzijarani, M., Ardekani, A., Sasannia, S., Habibi, P.,. & Lankarani, K. B. (2022). The prevalence and risk factors of death anxiety and fear of COVID‐19 in an Iranian community: A cross‐sectional study. Health science reports, 5(4), e706. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.706
  57. Martínez-López, J. Á., Lázaro-Pérez, C., & Gómez-Galán, J. (2021). Death anxiety in social workers as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Behavioral Sciences, 11(5), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11050061
  58. Martínez-Lorca, M., Martínez-Lorca, A., Criado-Álvarez, J. J., Armesilla, M. D. C., & Latorre, J. M. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Validation in spanish university students. Psychiatry Research, 293, 113350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113350
  59. McElfish, P. A., Willis, D. E., Shah, S. K., Bryant-Moore, K., Rojo, M. O., & Selig, J. P. (2021). Sociodemographic determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, fear of infection, and protection self-efficacy. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501327211040746
  60. Menzies R. E, & Menzies R. G. (2020). Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: Theoretical explanations and clinical implications. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 13:e19. doi:10.1017/S1754470X20000215
  61. Menzies, R. E., Neimeyer, R. A., & Menzies, R. G. (2020). Death anxiety, loss, and grief in the time of COVID-19. Behaviour Change, 37(3), 111–115. https://doi.org/10.1017/bec.2020.10
  62. Mertens, G., Lodder, P., Smeets, T., & Duijndam, S. (2022). Fear of COVID-19 predicts vaccination willingness 14 months later. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 88, 102574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102574
  63. Mirhosseini, S., Dadgari, A., Basırınezhad, M. H., Mohammadpourhodki, R., & Ebrahimi, H. (2021). The proportion of death anxiety and its related factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Iranian population. Family Medicine & Primary Care Review, 23(1), 36-40. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2021.103154
  64. Murphy, J., Vallières, F., Bentall, R.P. et al.(2021). Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Nat Commun 12, 29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20226-9
  65. Nikolovski, J., Koldijk, M., Weverling, G. J., Spertus, J., Turakhia, M., Saxon, L., … Navar, A.-M. (2021). Factors indicating intention to vaccinate with a COVID-19 vaccine among older U.S. Adults. PLoS ONE, 16(5), e0251963. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251963
  66. Özgüç, S., Kaplan Serin, E., & Tanriverdi, D. (2024). Death anxiety associated with coronavirus (COVID-19) disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 88(3), 823-856. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228211050503
  67. Özmen, S., & Ocakdan, U. B. (2022). Covid-19 pandemisinde hemşirelerin ölüm kaygısı düzeyinin psikolojik sağlamlığa etkisinin incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 13(36), 1224-1236. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1101610
  68. Özteke Kozan, H. İ., & Kesici, Ş. (2023). Death anxiety among older adults with chronic illnesses during Covid‐19: A qualitative approach. Journal of Community Psychology, 51(6), 2465-2479. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22744
  69. Pappas, G., Kiriaze, I. J., Giannakis, P., & Falagas, M. E. (2009). Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 15(8), 743–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x.
  70. Patwary, M. M., Bardhan, M., Disha, A. S., Hasan, M., Haque, M. Z., Sultana, R., Hossain, M. R., Browning, M. H. E. M., Alam, M. A., & Sallam, M. (2021). Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among the adult population of bangladesh using the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior model. Vaccines, 9(12), 1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121393
  71. Razai, M. S., Chaudhry, U. A., Doerholt, K., Bauld, L., & Majeed, A. (2021). Covid-19 vaccination hesitancy. BMJ, 373. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1138
  72. Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 328–335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403
  73. Salali, G. D., & Uysal, M. S. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychological Medicine, 52(15), 3750-3752. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720004067
  74. Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines, 9(2), 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160
  75. Sarfraz, M., Mushtaque, I., Mamun, M. A., & Raza, M. (2023). Death anxiety among Pakistani HCWs: The role of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and positive religious coping strategy. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228231186360
  76. Seddig, D., Maskileyson, D., & Davidov, E. (2022). Vaccination against COVID-19 reduces virus-related fears: Findings from a German longitudinal study. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 878787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.878787
  77. Shmueli, L. (2021). Predicting intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine among the general population using the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior model. BMC Public Health 21, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10816-7
  78. Suryani, A. O., & Purwodiharjo, O. M. (2020). Aplikasi health belief model dalam penanganan pandemi Covid-19 di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Jurnal Perkotaan, 12(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.25170/perkotaan.v12i1.1262 T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2025). COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. Erişim tarihi, 12.06.2025, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
  79. Topal, D. & Karaman Özlü, Z. (2024). The Effect of vaccination status of surgical nurses on COVID-19 and fear of death. Journal of Nursology, 27(1), 1-10. https://doi: 10.17049/jnursology.1457893
  80. Troiano, G., & Nardi, A. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health, 194, 245-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.025
  81. Türkoğlu, M.C. (2023). Aşılamaya rağmen görülen covıd-19 vakaları: Bir literatür incelemesi. Selçuk Sağlık Dergisi, 4(1), 79 – 97. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ssd/issue/76498/1183624
  82. Tzur Bitan, D., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: Psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
  83. Widyastuti, R., Waangsir, F. W., Dafroyati, Y., Hanifah, A. N., Rimba, B. E., & Tabelak, T. V. (2023). Health Belief Model (HBM) preventive behavior of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. JKM (Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati), 9(1), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.33024/jkm.v9i1.8898
  84. Willis, D. E., Andersen, J. A., Bryant‐Moore, K., Selig, J. P., Long, C. R., Felix, H. C.,. & McElfish, P. A. (2021). COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy: Race/ethnicity, trust, and fear. Clinical and translational science, 14(6), 2200-2207. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13077
  85. Wong, M. C., Wong, E. L., Huang, J., Cheung, A. W., Law, K., Chong, M. K.,. & Chan, P. K. (2021). Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine based on the health belief model: A population-based survey in Hong Kong. Vaccine, 39(7), 1148-1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.083
  86. World Health Organization [WHO], (2013). SAGE vaccine hesitancy working group. What influences vaccine acceptance: A model of determinants of vaccine hesitancy. World Health Organization, 1(5).
  87. World Health Organization [WHO], (2020). Pandemic fatigue: Reinvigorating the public to prevent COVID‑19. Policy framework for supporting pandemic prevention and management (WHO/Europe/COVID-19–1160–40806–55390). World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/335820
  88. World Health Organization [WHO], (2025a). COVID-19 epidemiological update – 22 December 2023. Erişim tarihi, 12.06.2025, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/covid-19-epidemiological-update---22-december-2023?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  89. World Health Organization [WHO], (2025b). WHO issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine and emphasizes need for equitable global Access. Erişim tarihi, 13.06.2025, https://www.who.int/news/item/31-12-2020-who-issues-its-first-emergency-use-validation-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-and-emphasizes-need-for-equitable-global-access?utm_source=chatgpt.com
  90. World Health Organization. [WHO], (2020). Announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Erişim tarihi, 7.02.2025, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  91. Wu, Y. C., Chen, C. S., & Chan, Y. J. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 83(3), 217-220. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270
  92. Yalom, I. D. (2017). Güneşe bakmak ölümle yüzleşmek (Çev. Zeliha Babayiğit). Pegasus Yayınları.
  93. Yang, L., Liu, S., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Wan, X., Huang, B.,. & Zhang, Y. (2020). COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 5(1), 128. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00243-2
  94. Yavuz, M. & Sezerol, M. A. (2023). İlçe düzeyinde COVID-19 ölümlerinin aşılama özellikleri ve ölüm nedenleri analizi. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC, 4(2), 145-150. https://doi:10.47582/jompac.1255788
  95. Yılmaz, E., Karabay, O., & Altunışık, R. (2022). Covıd-19 aşılanma kararının sağlık inanç modeli çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(3), 1400-1413. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1162554
  96. Yiğit, D., & Açıkgöz, A. (2021). Anxiety and death anxiety levels of nurses in the COVID-19 pandemic and aaffecting factors. Journal of Education & Research in Nursing/Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 18. https://doi.org/10.5152/jern.2021.35683
  97. Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A.,. & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 775-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y
  98. Galanis, P., Vraka, I., Katsiroumpa, A., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O., Katsoulas, T.,. & Kaitelidou, D. (2023). Predictors of second COVID‐19 booster dose or new COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy among nurses: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 32(13-14), 3943-3953. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16576
  99. Karlsson, L. C., Soveri, A., Lewandowsky, S., Karlsson, L., Karlsson, H., Nolvi, S.,. & Antfolk, J. (2021). Fearing the disease or the vaccine: The case of COVID-19. Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110590
  100. Kolcu, M. & Bülbül, E. (2023). The effect of fear of Covid-19 on fear of vaccination and death. TJFMPC, 17 (4):489-496. https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.1242149
  101. Mani, A., Fereidooni, R., Salehi‐Marzijarani, M., Ardekani, A., Sasannia, S., Habibi, P.,. & Lankarani, K. B. (2022). The prevalence and risk factors of death anxiety and fear of COVID‐19 in an Iranian community: A cross‐sectional study. Health science reports, 5(4), e706. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.706
  102. Willis, D. E., Andersen, J. A., Bryant‐Moore, K., Selig, J. P., Long, C. R., Felix, H. C.,. & McElfish, P. A. (2021). COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy: Race/ethnicity, trust, and fear. Clinical and translational science, 14(6), 2200-2207. https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.13077
  103. Wong, M. C., Wong, E. L., Huang, J., Cheung, A. W., Law, K., Chong, M. K.,. & Chan, P. K. (2021). Acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine based on the health belief model: A population-based survey in Hong Kong. Vaccine, 39(7), 1148-1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.083
  104. Yang, L., Liu, S., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Wan, X., Huang, B.,. & Zhang, Y. (2020). COVID-19: immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 5(1), 128. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-00243-2