SavedAdd your journal

Journals / ANKEM Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3

In Vitro Evaluation of Antibiotic Efficacy Against Biofilms Formed by Staphylococci Isolated from Catheter Samples

Kateter Örneklerinden İzole Edilen Stafilokoklar Tarafından Üretilen Biyofilmlere Karşı Antibiyotik Etkinliğinin İn Vitro Değerlendirilmesi

Yağmur Ekenoğlu Merdan(BİRUNİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-9551-1473
Filiz Kibar(ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-2983-2399
Akgün Yaman(ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0003-3309-3074
Pages
94–104
Publication Date
2025-12-31
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

It was found that 54.8% of the isolates were biofilm-positive (BP).

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Staphylococci are among the most common causes of catheter-related infections, with their ability to form biofilms posing a significant challenge to effective treatment.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Antibiotic susceptibility of a total of 65 isolates was determined using the VITEK-2 automated system and broth microdilution method.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:It was found that 54.8% of the isolates were biofilm-positive (BP).
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:biyofilm · Antibiyotik Direnci · Staphylococcus

Abstract

Staphylococci are among the most common causes of catheter-related infections, with their ability to form biofilms posing a significant challenge to effective treatment. In this study, the antibiotic resistance profiles and biofilm formation capacities of Staphylococcus strains isolated from blood catheter samples were evaluated in vitro. Antibiotic susceptibility of a total of 65 isolates was determined using the VITEK-2 automated system and broth microdilution method. The mass of biofilm formed by the isolates was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method and classified according to the optical density (OD) values obtained. It was found that 54.8% of the isolates were biofilm-positive (BP). BP strains were more resistant to most antibiotics compared to biofilm-negative (BN) strains, this difference was statistically significant for ciprofloxacin and tetracycline (p<0.05). In BP strains, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values against oxacillin, vancomycin, and daptomycin were compared, and MBEC values were higher than MIC values. Moreover, MBEC50 values were observed to increase as biofilm mass increased. Daptomycin demonstrated superior biofilm eradication potential, especially in weak and moderate biofilms. These findings suggest that treatment strategies based solely on MIC values may be insufficient in infections caused by BP staphylococci and that MBEC analysis should be considered to guide more effective antimicrobial therapy.

Özet

Stafilokoklar, kateterle ilişkili enfeksiyonların en yaygın etkenlerindendir ve biyofilm oluşturma yetenekleri bu enfeksiyonların tedavisini zorlaştıran önemli bir virülans faktörüdür. Bu çalışmada, kan kateteri örneklerinden izole edilen Staphylococcus suşlarının antibiyotik direnç profilleri ile biyofilm oluşturma kapasiteleri in vitro olarak değerlendirildi. Toplam 65 izolatın antibiyotik duyarlılığı VITEK-2 otomatik sistemi ve sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemi ile belirlendi. İzolatların oluşturduğu biyofilm kütle miktarı kristal viyole boyama yöntemiyle değerlendirildi ve elde edilen optik dansite (OD) değerlerine göre sınıflandırıldı. İzolatların %54.8'inin biyofilm pozitif (BP) olduğu tespit edildi. BP suşlar, biyofilm negatif (BN) suşlara göre çoğu antibiyotiğe daha dirençli bulundu, bu fark siprofloksasin ve tetrasiklin için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı idi (p<0.05). BP suşlarda oksasilin, vankomisin ve daptomisine karşı minimum inhibitör konsantrasyonu (MİK) ve minimum biyofilm eradikasyon konsantrasyonu (MBEK) değerleri karşılaştırıldı, MBEK değerlerinin MİK değerlerine göre yüksek olduğu görüldü. Ayrıca, biyofilm kütlesi arttıkça MBEK50 değerlerinin de arttığı gözlemlendi. Özellikle zayıf ve orta dereceli biyofilmlerde daptomisinin eradikasyon potansiyelinin daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Bu bulgular, BP stafilokokların etken olduğu enfeksiyonlarda sadece MİK değerlerine dayalı tedavi stratejilerinin yetersiz kalabileceğini ve tedavinin daha etkili olarak yönlendirilebilmesi için MBEK analizlerinin dikkate alınması gerektiğini düşündürmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Merdan, Y. E., Kibar, F., Yaman, A. (2025). In Vitro Evaluation of Antibiotic Efficacy Against Biofilms Formed by Staphylococci Isolated from Catheter Samples. ANKEM Dergisi, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 94–104. https://doi.org/10.54962/ankemderg.1740650

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (38)

  1. Aghmiyuni ZF, Ahmadi MH, Saderi H. Relationship between the strength of biofilm production and the presence of pvl and mecA genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from skin and soft tissue infections. Heliyon. 2024 Dec;10(23):e40524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40524
  2. Antunes ALS, Bonfanti JW, Perez LRR, et al. High vancomycin resistance among biofilms produced by Staphylococcus species isolated from central venous catheters. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011;106(1):51-5. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762011000100008
  3. Antunes ALS, Trentin DS, Bonfanti JW, Pinto CCF, Perez LRR, Macedo AJ, et al. Application of a feasible method for determination of biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility in staphylococci. APMIS. 2010;118(11):873-7. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02681.x
  4. Assefa M, Amare A. Biofilm-associated multi-drug resistance in hospital-acquired infections: a review. Infect Drug Resist. 2022;15:5061-8. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S379502
  5. Bahçeci İ. Staphylococcus aureus suşlarında antimikrobiyal direnç: üç yıllık çalışma (S. aureus bakteriyemisi ve antimikrobiyal direnç). RMJ. 2023;1(4):6-19.
  6. Bauer J, Siala W, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. A combined pharmacodynamic quantitative and qualitative model reveals the potent activity of daptomycin and delafloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(6):2726-37. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00181-13.
  7. Bayındır Bilman F, Can F, Kaya M, Yazıcı AC. Investigation of biofilm-associated antibiotic susceptibilities of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from catheter-related nosocomial infections. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(3):401-16. https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.5637
  8. Boudjemaa R, Briandet R, Revest M, et al. New insight into daptomycin bioavailability and localization in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by dynamic fluorescence imaging. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(8):4983-90. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00735-16
  9. Chen X, Thomsen TR, Winkler H, Xu Y. Influence of biofilm growth age, media, antibiotic concentration and exposure time on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm removal in vitro. BMC Microbiol. 2020;20(1):264. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01947-9
  10. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; CLSI document M100. 27th ed. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2017.
  11. Domínguez-Herrera J, Docobo-Pérez F, López-Rojas R, et al. Efficacy of daptomycin versus vancomycin in an experimental model of foreign-body and systemic infection caused by biofilm producers and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(2):613-7. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05606-11
  12. Fang H, Hedin G. Rapid screening and identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples by selective-broth and real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(7):2894-9. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.7.2894-2899.2003
  13. Fux CA, Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Stoodley P. Survival strategies of infectious biofilms. Trends Microbiol. 2005;13(1):34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.010
  14. Gaire U, Thapa Shrestha U, Adhikari S, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm production, and detection of mecA gene among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different clinical specimens. Diseases. 2021;9(4):80. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases9040080
  15. González-Vázquez R, Córdova-Espinoza MG, Escamilla-Gutiérrez A, et al. Detection of mecA genes in hospital-acquired MRSA and SOSA strains associated with biofilm formation. Pathogens. 2024;13(3):212. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030212
  16. Gümüş HH. Prevalence and resistance trends of Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. in a tertiary care hospital. Cukurova Med J. 2023;48(3):1177-86. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.1350843
  17. Gündüz A, Mansur A. Kan kültürlerinden izole edilen Staphylococcus aureus’un antibakteriyel direnç oranları: 8 yıllık retrospektif değerlendirme. J Med Top Updates. 2024;3(3):85-95. https://doi.org/10.58651/jomtu.1581336
  18. He Y, Zhao H, Wei Y, Gan X, Ling Y, Ying Y. Retrospective analysis of microbial colonization patterns in central venous catheters, 2013-2017. J Healthc Eng. 2019;2019:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8632701
  19. Hebeisen UP, Atkinson A, Marschall J, Buetti N. Catheter-related bloodstream infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci: are antibiotics necessary if the catheter is removed? Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0474-x
  20. Jayaweera JAAS, Sivakumar D. Asymptomatic central line-associated bloodstream infections in children implanted with long-term indwelling central venous catheters in a teaching hospital, Sri Lanka. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):457. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05190-5
  21. Li P, Yin R, Cheng J, Lin J. Bacterial biofilm formation on biomaterials and approaches to its treatment and prevention. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(14):11680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241411680
  22. Marquès C, Tasse J, Pracros A, et al. Effects of antibiotics on biofilm and unattached cells of a clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolate from bone and joint infection. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64(9):1021-6. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000125
  23. Mishra S, Gupta A, Upadhye V, Singh SC, Sinha RP, Häder DP. Therapeutic strategies against biofilm infections. Life. 2023;13(1):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13010172
  24. Mulla S, Kumar A, Rajdev S. Comparison of MIC with MBEC assay for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing in biofilm forming clinical bacterial isolates. Adv Microbiol. 2016;6(2):73-8. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2016.62007
  25. Orhan Z, Kayış A, Küçük B, Doğaner A, Aral M. Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococci isolated from various clinical specimens of inpatients in intensive care units: a 4-year evaluation. Turk J Intensive Care. 2024;22(1):24-30. https://doi.org/10.4274/tybd.galenos.2023.60352
  26. Pandian Maharaja, Pasupathy Sekar. A study of biofilm formation in indwelling catheter devices in ICU & PICU of SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre. Int J Life Sci Pharma Res. 2018;8(4):21-5. https://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2018.8.4.L21-25
  27. Pinto M, Borges V, Nascimento M, et al. Insights on catheter-related bloodstream infections: a prospective observational study on the catheter colonization and multidrug resistance. J Hosp Infect. 2022;123:43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2022.01.025
  28. Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Jamulitrat S, et al. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary for 2003-2008, issued June 2009. Am J Infect Control. 2010;38(2):95-104.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2009.12.004.
  29. Sahal G, Bilkay IS. Multi-drug resistance in strong biofilm forming clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Braz J Microbiol. 2014;45(2):539-44. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822014005000042
  30. Schilcher K, Horswill AR. Staphylococcal biofilm development: structure, regulation, and treatment strategies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2020;84(3). https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00026-19
  31. Shin HJ, Yang S, Lim Y. Antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus with different degrees of biofilm formation. J Anal Sci Technol. 2021;12(1):41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-021-00294-2
  32. Stepanovic S, Vukovic D, Hola V, et al. Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview of testing conditions and practical recommendations for assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci. APMIS. 2007;115(8):891-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_630.x
  33. Sutrave S, Kikhney J, Schmidt J, et al. Effect of daptomycin and vancomycin on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms: an in vitro assessment using fluorescence in situ hybridization. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221786. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221786
  34. Tel O, Aslantaş Ö, Keskin O, Yılmaz E, Demir C. Investigation of the antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from gangrenous mastitis of ewes. Acta Vet Hung. 2012;60(2):189-97. https://doi.org/10.1556/AVet.2012.016
  35. Tuladhar RS, Shrestha R, Lekhak S, Chaudhary M, Manandhar S. Antibiotic resistance profile of biofilm producing staphylococci isolated from different clinical samples. J Inst Sci Technol. 2023;28(2):35-42. https://doi.org/10.3126/jist.v28i2.52739
  36. Oliveira A, Pinheiro-Hubinger L, Pereira VC, et al. Staphylococcal biofilm on the surface of catheters: electron microscopy evaluation of the inhibition of biofilm growth by RNAIII inhibiting peptide. Antibiotics. 2021;10(7):879. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070879
  37. Öcal D, Tekeli A, Dolapçı İ. Investigation of biofilm formation properties of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from catheter-related bloodstream infections. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2022;56(3):506-24. https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.20229710.
  38. Öcal DN, Dolapçı İ, Karahan ZC, Tekeli A. Investigation of biofilm formation properties of Staphylococcus isolates. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2017;51(1):10-9. https://doi.org/10.5578/mb.46552.