SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 44 Sayı: 1

THEORETICAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A PARABOLIC TROUGH HUMIDIFYING SOLAR COLLECTOR-BASED SOLAR STILL

PARABOLİK OLUKLU NEMLENDİRİCİ GÜNEŞ KOLLEKTÖRÜ BAZLI GÜNEŞ ENERJİLİ DESALİNASYON SİSTEMİNİN TEORİK PERFORMANS DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Harris Jonathan Nzeme Welepe(EGE UNIVERSITY)0000-0001-7431-9813
Hüseyin Günerhan(EGE UNIVERSITY)0000-0003-4256-2418
Levent Bilir(YASAR UNIVERSITY)0000-0002-8227-6267
Pages
163–189
Publication Date
2024-06-03
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Its purpose is to apply some important performance improvement techniques to the flat plate humidifying solar collector-based solar still (flat plate HSC-SS), to significantly improve overall system performance.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this paper, a parabolic trough humidifying solar collector-based solar still (PHSC-SS) is proposed.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Its purpose is to apply some important performance improvement techniques to the flat plate humidifying solar collector-based solar still (flat plate HSC-SS), to significantly improve overall system performance.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Furthermore, the upper limit of the PHSC-SS is a PHSC-SS that operates without air flow, but rather by vaporization of water droplets at boiling point from absorber, followed by their suction to condenser, similarly to a flash evaporation.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:deniz suyu desalinasyonu · parabolik oluklu nemlendirici güneş kolektörü · ısı toplayıcı elemanı

Abstract

In this paper, a parabolic trough humidifying solar collector-based solar still (PHSC-SS) is proposed. Its purpose is to apply some important performance improvement techniques to the flat plate humidifying solar collector-based solar still (flat plate HSC-SS), to significantly improve overall system performance. These included the use of parabolic trough solar concentrators and the design of humidifying solar collectors from evacuated tube collectors. The results reveal that, unlike flat plate HSC-SS, which must operate with a turbulent airflow regime to achieve optimum overall performance, PHSC-SS must operate with a laminar airflow regime and high inlet and outlet temperatures of air (at least 55 °C and less than 100 °C, at atmospheric pressure) in the heat collector element. For 900 W/m2 of incident solar irradiance, 2 m2 of solar collector area, and 0,00042 kg/s of air flow rate, the maximum energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and daily freshwater productivity of PHSC-SS were found to be 68,12%, 14,87% and 1,697 kg/h, respectively. Whereas for the same incident solar irradiance and solar collector area, and 0,1 kg/s of air flow rate, those of the flat plat HSC-SS were 72,9%, 1,12%, and between 1,07 – 2,923 kg/h (for inlet and outlet temperatures of air less than 30 °C, at atmospheric pressure), respectively. Although in some extreme cases freshwater productivity of flat plate HSC-SS can be higher than that of PHSC-SS, it should be noted that laminar airflow regime confers great advantages to PHSC-SS. These are higher air temperatures at condenser inlet (which ease water condensation process), no need of an auxiliary cooling device (needed in the flat plate HSC-SS), less mechanical vibrations of system, reduced condenser size, and less energy consumed by air blowers. Furthermore, the upper limit of the PHSC-SS is a PHSC-SS that operates without air flow, but rather by vaporization of water droplets at boiling point from absorber, followed by their suction to condenser, similarly to a flash evaporation.

Özet

Bu makalede, parabolik oluklu nemlendirici güneş kolektörü bazlı güneş enerjili desalinasyon sistemi (PHSC-SS) önerilmektedir. Amacı, bazı önemli performans iyileştirme tekniklerini düz plaka nemlendirici güneş kolektörü bazlı desalinasyon sistemine (düz plaka HSC-SS) uygulamaktır. Genel sistem performansını önemli ölçüde iyileştirmek içindir. Bunlar arasında parabolik oluklu güneş yoğunlaştırıcılarının kullanımı ve nemlendirici güneş kolektörlerinin tahliye borulu kolektörlerden tasarlanması yer almaktadır. Sonuçlar, optimum genel performans elde etmek için türbülanslı bir hava akışı rejimiyle çalışması gereken düz plakalı HSC-SS'nin aksine, PHSC-SS'nin laminer bir hava akışı rejimiyle ve ısı kolektörü elemanında yüksek hava giriş ve çıkış sıcaklıklarıyla (atmosferik basınçta en az 55 °C ve 100 °C'den düşük) çalışması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. 900 W/m2 gelen güneş ışınımı, 2 m2 güneş kolektörü alanı ve 0,00042 kg/s hava akış hızı için PHSC-SS'nin maksimum enerji verimi, ekserji verimi ve tatlı su üretkenliği sırasıyla %68,12, %14,87 ve 1.697 kg/saat olarak bulunmuştur. Aynı gelen güneş ışınımı, güneş kolektörü alanı, ve 0,1 kg/s hava akış hızı için düz plakalı HSC-SS'nin elde edilen değerleri sırasıyla %72,9, %1,12 ve atmosferik basınçta 30 °C'den düşük hava giriş ve çıkış sıcaklıkları için 1,07 - 2,923 kg/saat arasında olarak bulunmuştur. Bazı aşırı durumlarda düz plakalı HSC-SS'nin tatlı su verimliliği, PHSC-SS'den daha yüksek olsa da, laminer hava akımı rejiminin PHSC-SS'ye büyük avantajlar sağladığı belirtilmelidir. Bunlar, kondenser girişindeki daha yüksek hava sıcaklıkları (suyun yoğuşma işlemi kolaylaştırması), yardımcı bir soğutma cihazına gerek olmaması (düz plakalı HSC-SS'te gereklidir), sistemin daha az mekanik titreşimi, kondenser boyutunun küçülmesi ve hava üfleyiciler tarafından daha az enerji tüketilmesidir. Ayrıca, PHSC-SS'nin üst sınırı, hava akışı olmadan çalışan bir PHSC-SS'dir. Bu sistem, kaynama noktasındaki su damlacıklarının absorberden buharlaştırılması ve ardından kondensere emilmesi ile çalışmaktadır. Bu, bir flaş buharlaşmaya benzemektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Welepe, H. J. N., Günerhan, H., Bilir, L. (2024). THEORETICAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A PARABOLIC TROUGH HUMIDIFYING SOLAR COLLECTOR-BASED SOLAR STILL. Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 1, 163–189. https://doi.org/10.47480/isibted.1494478

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (148)

  1. Abbaspour, M., Esmaili, Q., & Ramiar, A. (2024). Improving vertical solar still performance for efficient Desalination: Investigating the influence of Wick, condensate plate and device dimensions. Solar Energy, 272, 112468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112468
  2. Abbaspour, M., Ramiar, A., & Esmaili, Q. (2022). Efficiency improvement of vertical solar stills – A review. Solar Energy, 235, 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2022.02.027
  3. Abdelaziz, G. B., Algazzar, A. M., El-Said, E. M. S., Elsaid, A. M., Sharshir, S. W., Kabeel, A. E., & El-Behery, S. M. (2021). Performance enhancement of tubular solar still using nano-enhanced energy storage material integrated with v-corrugated aluminum basin, wick, and nanofluid. Journal of Energy Storage, 41, 102933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102933
  4. Abdelaziz, Gamal. B., Dahab, M. A., Omara, M. A., Sharshir, S. W., Elsaid, A. M., & El-Said, E. M. S. (2022). Humidification dehumidification saline water desalination system utilizing high frequency ultrasonic humidifier and solar heated air stream. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 27, 101144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2021.101144 Abdullah, A. S., Alarjani, A., Abou Al-sood, M. M., Omara, Z. M., Kabeel, A. E., & Essa, F. A. (2019). Rotating-wick solar still with mended evaporation technics: Experimental approach. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(4), 1449–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.11.018
  5. Abdullah, A. S., Omara, Z. M., Essa, F. A., Alarjani, A., Mansir, I. B., & Amro, M. I. (2021). Enhancing the solar still performance using reflectors and sliding-wick belt. Solar Energy, 214, 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.11.016
  6. Abdullah, A. S., Omara, Z. M., Essa, F. A., Younes, M. M., Shanmugan, S., Abdelgaied, M., Amro, M. I., Kabeel, A. E., & Farouk, W. M. (2021). Improving the performance of trays solar still using wick corrugated absorber, nano-enhanced phase change material and photovoltaics-powered heaters. Journal of Energy Storage, 40, 102782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102782
  7. Abed, A. H., Hoshi, H. A., & Jabal, M. H. (2021). Experimental investigation of modified solar still coupled with high-frequency ultrasonic vaporizer and phase change material capsules. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 28, 101531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101531
  8. Abozoor, M. K. S., Meraj, M., Azhar, M., Khan, M. E., Seraj, M., Ahsan, M., Ahmed, S. A., & Bani Hani, E. H. (2022). Energy and exergy analyses of active solar still integrated with evacuated flat plate collector for New Delhi. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 19, 100833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2022.100833
  9. Ahmed, H., Najib, A., Zaidi, A. A., Naseer, M. N., & Kim, B. (2022). Modeling, design optimization and field testing of a solar still with corrugated absorber plate and phase change material for Karachi weather conditions. Energy Reports, 8, 11530–11546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.276
  10. Ahmed, M. M. Z., Alshammari, F., Alatawi, I., Alhadri, M., & Elashmawy, M. (2022). A novel solar desalination system integrating inclined and tubular solar still with parabolic concentrator. Applied Thermal Engineering, 213, 118665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118665
  11. Alatawi, I., Khaliq, A., Ahmed Heniegal, A. M., Abdelaziz, G. B., & Elashmawy, M. (2022). Tubular solar stills: Recent developments and future. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 242, 111785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2022.111785
  12. Al-Harahsheh, M., Abu-Arabi, M., Ahmad, M., & Mousa, H. (2022). Self-powered solar desalination using solar still enhanced by external solar collector and phase change material. Applied Thermal Engineering, 206, 118118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118118
  13. Al-harahsheh, M., Abu-Arabi, M., Mousa, H., & Alzghoul, Z. (2018). Solar desalination using solar still enhanced by external solar collector and PCM. Applied Thermal Engineering, 128, 1030–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.09.073
  14. Alnaimat, F., Ziauddin, M., & Mathew, B. (2021). A review of recent advances in humidification and dehumidification desalination technologies using solar energy. Desalination, 499, 114860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114860
  15. Al-Otoom, A., & Al-Khalaileh, A. T. (2020). Water desalination using solar continuous humidification–dehumidification process using hygroscopic solutions and rotating belt. Solar Energy, 197, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.12.075
  16. Alqsair, U. F., Abdullah, A. S., & Omara, Z. M. (2022). Enhancement the productivity of drum solar still utilizing parabolic solar concentrator, phase change material and nanoparticles’ coating. Journal of Energy Storage, 55, 105477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105477
  17. Alrbai, M., Hayajneh, H., Arakza, F., Enizat, J., Al-Dahidi, S., Al-Ghussain, L., & Hassan, M. A. (2022). Techno-economic analysis of a solar-powered humidification-dehumidification desalination system under fogging effect. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53, 102752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102752
  18. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. (ASHRAE). (2021). 2021 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals. https://www.ashrae.org
  19. Amin, M., Umar, H., Ginting, S. F., Amir, F., Rizal, T. A., Septiadi, W. N., & Mahlia, T. M. I. (2024). Enhancing solar distillation through beeswax-infused tubular solar still with a heat exchanger using parabolic trough collector. Journal of Energy Storage, 86, 111262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111262
  20. Angappan, G., Pandiaraj, S., Panchal, H., Kathiresan, T., Ather, D., Dutta, C., Subramaniam, M. K., Muthusamy, S., Kabeel, A. E., El-Shafay, A. S., & Sadasivuni, K. K. (2022). An extensive review of performance enhancement techniques for pyramid solar still for solar thermal applications. Desalination, 532, 115692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115692
  21. Arunkumar, T., & Kabeel, A. E. (2017). Effect of phase change material on concentric circular tubular solar still-Integration meets enhancement. Desalination, 414, 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.03.035
  22. Bahrami, M., Madadi Avargani, V., & Bonyadi, M. (2019). Comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of a novel still coupled to a solar dish concentrator. Applied Thermal Engineering, 151, 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.01.103
  23. Bait, O., & Si–Ameur, M. (2018). Enhanced heat and mass transfer in solar stills using nanofluids: A review. Solar Energy, 170, 694–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.06.020
  24. Bejan, A. (2016). Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119245964
  25. Chandrashekara, M., & Yadav, A. (2017). An experimental study of the effect of exfoliated graphite solar coating with a sensible heat storage and Scheffler dish for desalination. Applied Thermal Engineering, 123, 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.05.058
  26. Chauhan, V. K., Shukla, S. K., Tirkey, J. V., & Singh Rathore, P. K. (2021). A comprehensive review of direct solar desalination techniques and its advancements. Journal of Cleaner Production, 284, 124719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124719
  27. Deniz, E., & Çınar, S. (2016). Energy, exergy, economic and environmental (4E) analysis of a solar desalination system with humidification-dehumidification. Energy Conversion and Management, 126, 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.07.064
  28. Deshmukh, H. S., & Thombre, S. B. (2017). Solar distillation with single basin solar still using sensible heat storage materials. Desalination, 410, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.01.030
  29. Dhindsa, G. S. (2021). Performance enhancement of basin solar still using paraffin wax and floating wicks in the basin. Materials Today: Proceedings, 37, 3310–3316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.121
  30. Dhivagar, R., El-Sapa, S., Alrubaie, A. J., Al-khaykan, A., Chamkha, A. J., Panchal, H., El-Sebaey, M. S., & sharma, K. (2022). A case study on thermal performance analysis of a solar still basin employing ceramic magnets. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 39, 102402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102402
  31. Duffie, J. A., & Beckman, W. A. (2013). Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118671603
  32. Dumka, P., & Mishra, D. R. (2020). Performance evaluation of single slope solar still augmented with the ultrasonic fogger. Energy, 190, 116398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.116398
  33. Durkaieswaran, P., & Murugavel, K. K. (2015). Various special designs of single basin passive solar still – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 1048–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.111
  34. Elango, T., Kannan, A., & Kalidasa Murugavel, K. (2015). Performance study on single basin single slope solar still with different water nanofluids. Desalination, 360, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.004
  35. Elashmawy, M. (2019). Effect of surface cooling and tube thickness on the performance of a high temperature standalone tubular solar still. Applied Thermal Engineering, 156, 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.04.068
  36. Elashmawy, M., & Ahmed, M. M. Z. (2021). Enhancing tubular solar still productivity using composite aluminum/copper/sand sensible energy storage tubes. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 221, 110882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110882
  37. Elashmawy, M., Nafey, A. S., Sharshir, S. W., Abdelaziz, G. B., & Ahmed, M. M. Z. (2024). Experimental investigation of developed tubular solar still using multi-evaporator design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 443, 141040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141040
  38. Elgendi, M., Kabeel, A. E., & Essa, F. A. (2022). Improving the solar still productivity using thermoelectric materials: A review. Alexandria Engineering Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.10.011
  39. Elminshawy, N. A. S., Siddiqui, F. R., & Addas, M. F. (2015). Experimental and analytical study on productivity augmentation of a novel solar humidification–dehumidification (HDH) system. Desalination, 365, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.02.019
  40. El-Said, E. M. S., & Abdelaziz, G. B. (2020). Experimental investigation and economic assessment of a solar still performance using high-frequency ultrasound waves atomizer. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120609
  41. El-Said, E. M. S., Dahab, M. A., Omara, M., & Abdelaziz, G. B. (2021). Solar desalination unit coupled with a novel humidifier. Renewable Energy, 180, 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.105
  42. Elshamy, S. M., & El-Said, E. M. S. (2018). Comparative study based on thermal, exergetic and economic analyses of a tubular solar still with semi-circular corrugated absorber. Journal of Cleaner Production, 195, 328–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.243
  43. Essa, F. A., Abdullah, A. S., Omara, Z. M., Kabeel, A. E., & Gamiel, Y. (2021). Experimental study on the performance of trays solar still with cracks and reflectors. Applied Thermal Engineering, 188, 116652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116652
  44. Essa, F. A., Alawee, W. H., Mohammed, S. A., Dhahad, H. A., Abdullah, A. S., & Omara, Z. M. (2021). Experimental investigation of convex tubular solar still performance using wick and nanocomposites. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 27, 101368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101368
  45. Essa, F. A., Omara, Z. M., Abdullah, A. S., Kabeel, A. E., & Abdelaziz, G. B. (2021). Enhancing the solar still performance via rotating wick belt and quantum dots nanofluid. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 27, 101222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.101222
  46. Essa, M. A., Ibrahim, M. M., & Mostafa, N. H. (2021). Experimental parametric passive solar desalination prototype analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 325, 129333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129333
  47. Evangelisti, L., Guattari, C., & Asdrubali, F. (2019). On the sky temperature models and their influence on buildings energy performance: A critical review. Energy and Buildings, 183, 607–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.11.037
  48. Fallahzadeh, R., Aref, L., Madadi Avargani, V., & Gholamiarjenaki, N. (2020). An experimental investigation on the performance of a new portable active bubble basin solar still. Applied Thermal Engineering, 181, 115918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115918
  49. Fayaz, Z., Dhindsa, G. S., & Sokhal, G. S. (2022). Experimental study of solar still having variable slope tilted wick in the basin to enhance its daily yield. Materials Today: Proceedings, 48, 1421–1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.195
  50. FlyCarpet. (2021, May 7). Free Online Interactive Psychrometric Chart. http://www.flycarpet.net/en/PsyOnline
  51. Forristall, R. (2003). Heat Transfer Analysis and Modeling of a Parabolic Trough Solar Receiver Implemented in Engineering Equation Solver. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34169.pdf
  52. Ge, Z., Wang, H., Wang, H., Zhang, S., & Guan, X. (2014). Exergy Analysis of Flat Plate Solar Collectors. Entropy, 16(5), 2549–2567. https://doi.org/10.3390/e16052549
  53. Ghandourah, E., Panchal, H., Fallatah, O., Ahmed, H. M., Moustafa, E. B., & Elsheikh, A. H. (2022). Performance enhancement and economic analysis of pyramid solar still with corrugated absorber plate and conventional solar still: A case study. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 35, 101966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.101966
  54. Hashemi, S. A., Kazemi, M., Taheri, A., Passandideh-Fard, M., & Sardarabadi, M. (2020). Experimental investigation and cost analysis on a nanofluid-based desalination system integrated with an automatic dual-axis sun tracker and Fresnel lens. Applied Thermal Engineering, 180, 115788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115788
  55. Hussein, A. K., Rashid, F. L., Rasul, M. K., Basem, A., Younis, O., Homod, R. Z., El Hadi Attia, M., Al-Obaidi, M. A., Ben Hamida, M. B., Ali, B., & Abdulameer, S. F. (2024). A review of the application of hybrid nanofluids in solar still energy systems and guidelines for future prospects. Solar Energy, 272, 112485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112485
  56. Ibrahim, A. G. M., & Dincer, I. (2015). A solar desalination system: Exergetic performance assessment. Energy Conversion and Management, 101, 379–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.05.060
  57. Jafari Mosleh, H., & Ahmadi, R. (2019). Linear parabolic trough solar power plant assisted with latent thermal energy storage system: A dynamic simulation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 161, 114204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114204
  58. Jafari Mosleh, H., Jahangiri Mamouri, S., Shafii, M. B., & Hakim Sima, A. (2015). A new desalination system using a combination of heat pipe, evacuated tube and parabolic trough collector. Energy Conversion and Management, 99, 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.04.028
  59. Jafarkazemi, F., & Ahmadifard, E. (2013). Energetic and exergetic evaluation of flat plate solar collectors. Renewable Energy, 56, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.10.031
  60. Jobrane, M., Kopmeier, A., Kahn, A., Cauchie, H.-M., Kharroubi, A., & Penny, C. (2021). Internal and external improvements of wick type solar stills in different configurations for drinking water production– A review. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 12, 100519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100519
  61. Jobrane, M., Kopmeier, A., Kahn, A., Cauchie, H.-M., Kharroubi, A., & Penny, C. (2022). Theoretical and experimental investigation on a novel design of wick type solar still for sustainable freshwater production. Applied Thermal Engineering, 200, 117648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117648
  62. Kabeel, A. E., & Abdelgaied, M. (2017). Performance enhancement of modified solar still using multi-groups of two coaxial pipes in basin. Applied Thermal Engineering, 118, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.02.090
  63. Kabeel, A. E., Arunkumar, T., Denkenberger, D. C., & Sathyamurthy, R. (2017). Performance enhancement of solar still through efficient heat exchange mechanism – A review. Applied Thermal Engineering, 114, 815–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.12.044
  64. Kabeel, A. E., Omara, Z. M., & Essa, F. A. (2014a). Enhancement of modified solar still integrated with external condenser using nanofluids: An experimental approach. Energy Conversion and Management, 78, 493–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.11.013
  65. Kabeel, A. E., Omara, Z. M., & Essa, F. A. (2014b). Improving the performance of solar still by using nanofluids and providing vacuum. Energy Conversion and Management, 86, 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.050
  66. Kakaç, S., Liu, H., & Pramuanjaroenkij, A. (2012). Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating, and Thermal Design (3rd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11784
  67. Kalogirou, S. A., Karellas, S., Badescu, V., & Braimakis, K. (2016). Exergy analysis on solar thermal systems: A better understanding of their sustainability. Renewable Energy, 85, 1328–1333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.05.037
  68. Kasaeian, A., Babaei, S., Jahanpanah, M., Sarrafha, H., Sulaiman Alsagri, A., Ghaffarian, S., & Yan, W.-M. (2019). Solar humidification-dehumidification desalination systems: A critical review. Energy Conversion and Management, 201, 112129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112129
  69. Kaushal, A., & Varun. (2010). Solar stills: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1), 446–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.05.011
  70. Kousik Suraparaju, S., & Kumar Natarajan, S. (2022). Effect of Natural Sisal Fibre on Enhancing the Condensation Rate of Solar Still for Sustainable Clean Water Production. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 101527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101527
  71. Kumar Chauhan, V., & Kumar Shukla, S. (2022a). Analytical and experimental study of performance of Pyrex glass Q-dot based passive solar still glass evaporator. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 34, 101387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101387
  72. Kumar Chauhan, V., & Kumar Shukla, S. (2022b). Experimental study of effect of glass cover tilt angle of solar still in winter season of India’s composite climate. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 33, 101348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101348
  73. Kumar, S., Dubey, A., & Tiwari, G. N. (2014). A solar still augmented with an evacuated tube collector in forced mode. Desalination, 347, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.05.019
  74. Lauvandy, A. F., Raihananda, F. A., Estefan, M. J., Damanik, W. S., Mu’min, G. F., Juangsa, F. B., & Sambegoro, P. (2024). Application of a low-cost floating solar still in Indonesia. Energy for Sustainable Development, 79, 101410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2024.101410
  75. Liang, P., Liu, S., Ding, Y., Wen, X., Wang, K., Shao, C., Hong, X., & Liu, Y. (2021). A self-floating electrospun nanofiber mat for continuously high-efficiency solar desalination. Chemosphere, 280, 130719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130719
  76. Lienhard IV, J. H., & Lienhard V, J. H. (2020). A Heat Transfer Textbook (5th ed.). Phlogiston Pres. https://ahtt.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/AHTTv510.pdf
  77. Luo, X., Jiao, L., Guo, Y., Bao, H., Zhao, C., & Gu, X. (2024). Ultrahigh freshwater production achieved by unidirectional heat transfer interfacial evaporation solar still integrated with waste heat recovery. Energy Conversion and Management, 304, 118226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118226
  78. Luo, X., Shi, J., Zhao, C., Luo, Z., Gu, X., & Bao, H. (2021). The energy efficiency of interfacial solar desalination. Applied Energy, 302, 117581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117581
  79. M, C., & Yadav, A. (2017). Water desalination system using solar heat: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 1308–1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.058
  80. Mahala, T., & Sharma, N. (2024). Experimental investigations of a novel solar still with heat storage materials - energy, exergy, economic and environmental analyses. Desalination, 578, 117467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2024.117467
  81. Mahian, O., Kianifar, A., Heris, S. Z., Wen, D., Sahin, A. Z., & Wongwises, S. (2017). Nanofluids effects on the evaporation rate in a solar still equipped with a heat exchanger. Nano Energy, 36, 134–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.04.025
  82. Maliani, O. D., Bekkaoui, A., Baali, E. H., Guissi, K., El Fellah, Y., & Errais, R. (2020). Investigation on novel design of solar still coupled with two axis solar tracking system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 172, 115144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115144
  83. Mehta, P., Bhatt, N., Bassan, G., Said, Z., & ElCheikh, A. (2024). Exploring stepped solar still developments with a case study for potable water provision in salt farming regions. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 64, 103700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2024.103700
  84. Meng, Z., Li, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Wang, K., Yu, W., Wu, D., Zhu, H., & Li, W. (2022). Novel nanofluid based efficient solar vaporization systems with applications in desalination and wastewater treatment. Energy, 247, 123513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123513
  85. Modi, K. V., Maurya, S. R., Parmar, J. H., Kalsariya, A. B., & Panasara, P. B. (2022). An experimental investigation of the effectiveness of partially and fully submerged metal hollow-fins and jute cloth wick-fins on the performance of a dual-basin single-slope solar still. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 6, 100392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100392
  86. Modi, K. V., & Modi, J. G. (2019). Performance of single-slope double-basin solar stills with small pile of wick materials. Applied Thermal Engineering, 149, 723–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.12.071
  87. Modi, K. V., Patel, U. N., Patel, S. J., Patel, J. N., & Patel, S. R. (2022). Efficacy of partially and fully submerged circular cross-section metal hollow-fins and black cotton cloth wick-segments on a single-basin dual-slope solar still. Journal of Cleaner Production, 344, 131059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131059
  88. Mohamed, A. F., Hegazi, A. A., Sultan, G. I., & El-Said, E. M. S. (2019). Augmented heat and mass transfer effect on performance of a solar still using porous absorber: Experimental investigation and exergetic analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 150, 1206–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.01.070
  89. Mohamed, A. S. A., Shahdy, A. G., & Salem Ahmed, M. (2021). Investigation on solar humidification dehumidification water desalination system using a closed-air cycle. Applied Thermal Engineering, 188, 116621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116621
  90. Mohammadi, K., Taghvaei, H., & Rad, E. G. (2020). Experimental investigation of a double slope active solar still: Effect of a new heat exchanger design performance. Applied Thermal Engineering, 180, 115875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115875
  91. Mohanraj, M., Karthick, L., & Dhivagar, R. (2021). Performance and economic analysis of a heat pump water heater assisted regenerative solar still using latent heat storage. Applied Thermal Engineering, 196, 117263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117263
  92. Muthu Manokar, A., Kalidasa Murugavel, K., & Esakkimuthu, G. (2014). Different parameters affecting the rate of evaporation and condensation on passive solar still – A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.092
  93. Nassar, Y. F., Yousif, S. A., & Salem, A. A. (2007). The second generation of the solar desalination systems. Desalination, 209(1–3), 177–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.04.039
  94. Nayagam, V. S., Geetha, K., Vallikannu, R., Muthuvel, S. K., Ram, G. C., Gupta, P., Sudhakar, M., Mohanavel, V., & Sathyamurthy, R. (2022). Energy efficient tubular solar still for augmented yield using electrical heater. Energy Reports, 8, 959–964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.283
  95. Negi, A., Dhindsa, G. S., & Sehgal, S. S. (2022). Experimental investigation on single basin tilted wick solar still integrated with flat plate collector. Materials Today: Proceedings, 48, 1439–1446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.210
  96. Nijmeh, S., Odeh, S., & Akash, B. (2005). Experimental and theoretical study of a single-basin solar sill in Jordan. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 32(3–4), 565–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2004.06.006
  97. Omara, Z. M., Ahmed, M. M. Z., Alawee, W. H., Shanmugan, S., & Elashmawy, M. (2024). A comprehensive review of nano-enhanced phase change materials on solar stills with scientometric analysis. Results in Engineering, 22, 102088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102088
  98. Omara, Z. M., Alawee, W. H., Basem, A., & Jawad Al-Bayati, A. D. (2024). Heat loss reduction techniques for walls in solar stills: A review. Results in Engineering, 22, 101996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.101996
  99. Omara, Z. M., Eltawil, M. A., & ElNashar, E. A. (2013). A new hybrid desalination system using wicks/solar still and evacuated solar water heater. Desalination, 325, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.06.024
  100. Padilla, R. V., Demirkaya, G., Goswami, D. Y., Stefanakos, E., & Rahman, M. M. (2011). Heat transfer analysis of parabolic trough solar receiver. Applied Energy, 88(12), 5097–5110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.07.012
  101. Pandey, N., & Naresh, Y. (2024). A comprehensive 4E (energy, exergy, economic, environmental) analysis of novel pyramid solar still coupled with pulsating heat pipe: An experimental study. Renewable Energy, 225, 120227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.120227
  102. Peng, G., Xu, Z., Ji, J., Sun, S., & Yang, N. (2022). A study on the upper limit efficiency of solar still by optimizing the mass transfer. Applied Thermal Engineering, 213, 118664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118664
  103. Poonia, S., Singh, A. K., & Jain, D. (2022). Performance evaluation of PCM based solar concentrator type desalination device. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.637
  104. Prasanna, Y. S., & Deshmukh, S. S. (2022). Energy, exergy and economic analysis of an air cavity appended passive solar still of different basin material at varying depth. Energy for Sustainable Development, 71, 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.09.008
  105. Rahimi-Ahar, Z., Hatamipour, M. S., & Ahar, L. R. (2020). Air humidification-dehumidification process for desalination: A review. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 80, 100850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100850
  106. Rahimi-Ahar, Z., Hatamipour, M. S., Ghalavand, Y., & Palizvan, A. (2020). Comprehensive study on vacuum humidification-dehumidification (VHDH) desalination. Applied Thermal Engineering, 169, 114944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.114944
  107. Sadaghiyani, O., Boubakran, M., & Hassanzadeh, A. (2018). Energy and exergy analysis of parabolic trough collectors. International Journal of Heat and Technology, 36(1), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.360120
  108. Saeed, A. A., Alharthi, A. M., Aldosari, K. M., Abdullah, A. S., Essa, F. A., Alqsair, U. F., Aljaghtham, M., & Omara, Z. M. (2022). Improving the drum solar still performance using corrugated drum and nano-based phase change material. Journal of Energy Storage, 55, 105647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105647
  109. Saha, S., Sarker, M. R. I., Kader, M. A., Ahmed, M. M., Tuly, S. S., & Mustafi, N. N. (2024). Development of a vacuum double-slope solar still for enhanced freshwater productivity. Solar Energy, 270, 112385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112385
  110. Sambare, R. K., Dewangan, S. K., Gupta, P. K., & Joshi, S. (2022). Energy, exergy and economic analyses of Tubular solar still with various transparent cover materials. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.10.064
  111. Sampathkumar, K., Arjunan, T. V., Pitchandi, P., & Senthilkumar, P. (2010). Active solar distillation—A detailed review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(6), 1503–1526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.01.023
  112. Santosh, R., Arunkumar, T., Velraj, R., & Kumaresan, G. (2019). Technological advancements in solar energy driven humidification-dehumidification desalination systems - A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 207, 826–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.247
  113. Santosh, R., Lee, H.-S., & Kim, Y.-D. (2022). A comprehensive review on humidifiers and dehumidifiers in solar and low-grade waste heat powered humidification-dehumidification desalination systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 347, 131300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131300
  114. Saravanakumar, R., Venugopal, J., Udagani, C., Thiyagarajan, V., Kumar, S. K. N., Karnan, L., Kabeel, A. E., Madhu, B., & Sathyamurthy, R. (2022). A mini review on recent advancements in inclined solar still. Energy Reports, 8, 641–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.09.174
  115. Shafii, M. B., Jahangiri Mamouri, S., Lotfi, M. M., & Jafari Mosleh, H. (2016). A modified solar desalination system using evacuated tube collector. Desalination, 396, 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.05.030
  116. Shah, R., Makwana, M., Makwana, N., & Desai, R. (2022). Perfromance analysis of black gravel solar still. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.09.115
  117. Shanazari, E., & Kalbasi, R. (2018). Improving performance of an inverted absorber multi-effect solar still by applying exergy analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 143, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.021
  118. Sharshir, S. W., Elkadeem, M. R., & Meng, A. (2020). Performance enhancement of pyramid solar distiller using nanofluid integrated with v-corrugated absorber and wick: An experimental study. Applied Thermal Engineering, 168, 114848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114848
  119. Sharshir, S. W., El-Samadony, M. O. A., Peng, G., Yang, N., Essa, F. A., Hamed, M. H., & Kabeel, A. E. (2016). Performance enhancement of wick solar still using rejected water from humidification-dehumidification unit and film cooling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 108, 1268–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.07.179
  120. Sharshir, S. W., Eltawil, M. A., Algazzar, A. M., Sathyamurthy, R., & Kandeal, A. W. (2020). Performance enhancement of stepped double slope solar still by using nanoparticles and linen wicks: Energy, exergy and economic analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 174, 115278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115278
  121. Sharshir, S. W., Kandeal, A. W., Ismail, M., Abdelaziz, G. B., Kabeel, A. E., & Yang, N. (2019). Augmentation of a pyramid solar still performance using evacuated tubes and nanofluid: Experimental approach. Applied Thermal Engineering, 160, 113997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113997
  122. Sharshir, S. W., Peng, G., Wu, L., Yang, N., Essa, F. A., Elsheikh, A. H., Mohamed, S. I. T., & Kabeel, A. E. (2017). Enhancing the solar still performance using nanofluids and glass cover cooling: Experimental study. Applied Thermal Engineering, 113, 684–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.085
  123. Sharshir, S. W., Peng, G., Yang, N., El-Samadony, M. O. A., & Kabeel, A. E. (2016). A continuous desalination system using humidification – dehumidification and a solar still with an evacuated solar water heater. Applied Thermal Engineering, 104, 734–742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.05.120
  124. Sharshir, S. W., Rozza, M. A., Elsharkawy, M., Youns, M. M., Abou-Taleb, F., & Kabeel, A. E. (2022). Performance evaluation of a modified pyramid solar still employing wick, reflectors, glass cooling and TiO2 nanomaterial. Desalination, 539, 115939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115939
  125. Sharshir, S. W., Rozza, M. A., Joseph, A., Kandeal, A. W., Tareemi, A. A., Abou-Taleb, F., & Kabeel, A. E. (2022). A new trapezoidal pyramid solar still design with multi thermal enhancers. Applied Thermal Engineering, 213, 118699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.118699
  126. Sharshir, S. W., Yang, N., Peng, G., & Kabeel, A. E. (2016). Factors affecting solar stills productivity and improvement techniques: A detailed review. Applied Thermal Engineering, 100, 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.11.041
  127. Shoeibi, S., Kargarsharifabad, H., Mirjalily, S. A. A., & Muhammad, T. (2022). Solar district heating with solar desalination using energy storage material for domestic hot water and drinking water – Environmental and economic analysis. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 49, 101713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101713
  128. Shoeibi, S., Kargarsharifabad, H., Rahbar, N., Khosravi, G., & Sharifpur, M. (2022). An integrated solar desalination with evacuated tube heat pipe solar collector and new wind ventilator external condenser. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 50, 101857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101857
  129. Sibagariang, Y. P., Napitupulu, F. H., Kawai, H., & Ambarita, H. (2022). Investigation of the effect of a solar collector, nozzle, and water cooling on solar still double slope. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 40, 102489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2022.102489
  130. Siddula, Sundeep., Stalin, N., Mahesha, C. R., Dattu, V. S. N. C. H., S, H., Singh, D. P., Mohanavel, V., & Sathyamurthy, R. (2022). Triangular and single slope solar stills: Performance and yield studies with different water mass. Energy Reports, 8, 480–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.10.225
  131. Somwanshi, A., & Shrivastav, R. (2024). Enhancement in the performance of closed loop inclined wick solar still by attaching external bottom reflector. Desalination and Water Treatment, 317, 100063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100063
  132. Somwanshi, A., & Shrivastava, R. (2023). Thermal analysis of a closed loop inclined wick solar still (CLIWSS) with an additional heat storage water reservoir. Solar Energy, 262, 111902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.111902
  133. Thakur, A. K., Sathyamurthy, R., Saidur, R., Velraj, R., Lynch, I., & Aslfattahi, N. (2022). Exploring the potential of MXene-based advanced solar-absorber in improving the performance and efficiency of a solar-desalination unit for brackish water purification. Desalination, 526, 115521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115521
  134. Trinh, V.-H., Nguyen, N.-A., Omelianovych, O., Dao, V.-D., Yoon, I., Choi, H.-S., & Keidar, M. (2022). Sustainable desalination device capable of producing freshwater and electricity. Desalination, 535, 115820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2022.115820
  135. Tuly, S. S., Ayon, A. B. S., Hassan, R., Das, B. K., Khan, R. H., & Sarker, M. R. I. (2022). Performance investigation of active double slope solar stills incorporating internal sidewall reflector, hollow circular fins, and nanoparticle-mixed phase change material. Journal of Energy Storage, 55, 105660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.105660
  136. U.S. Particle Accelerator School Education in Beam Physics and Accelerator Technology. (2015). Vacuum Science and Technology for Accelerator Vacuum Systems. USPAS - Vacuum Fundamentals. https://uspas.fnal.gov/materials/15ODU/Session1_Fundamentals.pdf
  137. Velmurugan, V., Gopalakrishnan, M., Raghu, R., & Srithar, K. (2008). Single basin solar still with fin for enhancing productivity. Energy Conversion and Management, 49(10), 2602–2608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.05.010
  138. Wang, Q., Wang, L., Song, S., Li, Y., Jia, F., Feng, T., & Hu, N. (2022). Flexible 2D@3D Janus evaporators for high-performance and continuous solar desalination. Desalination, 525, 115483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115483
  139. Welepe, H. J. N., Günerhan, H., & Bilir, L. (2022). Humidifying solar collector for improving the performance of direct solar desalination systems: A theoretical approach. Applied Thermal Engineering, 216, 119043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119043
  140. Wu, G., Zheng, H., Ma, X., Kutlu, C., & Su, Y. (2017). Experimental investigation of a multi-stage humidification-dehumidification desalination system heated directly by a cylindrical Fresnel lens solar concentrator. Energy Conversion and Management, 143, 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.04.011
  141. Yılmaz, İ. H., & Mwesigye, A. (2018). Modeling, simulation and performance analysis of parabolic trough solar collectors: A comprehensive review. Applied Energy, 225, 135–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.014
  142. Younes, M. M., Abdullah, A. S., Essa, F. A., & Omara, Z. M. (2021). Half barrel and corrugated wick solar stills – Comprehensive study. Journal of Energy Storage, 42, 103117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103117
  143. Younes, M. M., Abdullah, A. S., Essa, F. A., Omara, Z. M., & Amro, M. I. (2021). Enhancing the wick solar still performance using half barrel and corrugated absorbers. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 150, 440–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.04.036
  144. Yousef, M. S., Hassan, H., & Sekiguchi, H. (2019). Energy, exergy, economic and enviroeconomic (4E) analyses of solar distillation system using different absorbing materials. Applied Thermal Engineering, 150, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.01.005
  145. Yunus A. Çengel. (2011). Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, 3rd Edition.
  146. Zaheen Khan, M. (2022). Diffusion of single-effect vertical solar still fixed with inclined wick still: An experimental study. Fuel, 329, 125502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125502
  147. Ziapour, B. M., Afzal, S., Mahdian, J., & Reza Miroliaei, A. (2024). Enhancing solar still performance through innovative modeling, integration with reflectors, and semi-transparent solar cells: A 3E analysis and multi-objective optimization. Applied Thermal Engineering, 242, 122464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.122464
  148. Zubair, M. I., Al-Sulaiman, F. A., Antar, M. A., Al-Dini, S. A., & Ibrahim, N. I. (2017). Performance and cost assessment of solar driven humidification dehumidification desalination system. Energy Conversion and Management, 132, 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.10.005