Comprehensive insights into electric vehicle classification and lithium-ion battery technologies: Applications, disposal, and thermal management

References (315)

1. Abdalla, A. M., Abdullah, M. F., Dawood, M. K., Wei, B., Subramanian, Y., Azad, A. T., Nourin, S., Afroze, S., Taweekun, J., & Azad, A. K. (2023). Innovative lithium-ion battery recycling: Sustainable process for recovery of critical materials from lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Energy Storage, 67, 107551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107551
2. Abdelkareem, M. A., Elsaid, K., Wilberforce, T., Kamil, M., Sayed, E. T., & Olabi, A. (2021). Environmental aspects of fuel cells: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 752, 141803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141803
3. Abdelkareem, M. A., Maghrabie, H. M., Abo-Khalil, A. G., Adhari, O. H. K., Sayed, E. T., Radwan, A., Elsaid, K., Wilberforce, T., & Olabi, A. G. (2022). Battery thermal management systems based on nanofluids for electric vehicles. Journal of Energy Storage, 50, 104385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104385
4. Abdul-Jabbar, T. A., A Obed, A., & Abid, A. J. (2021). Design of an uninterrupted power supply with Li-ion battery pack: a proposal for a cost-efficient design with high protection features. Journal of Techniques, 3(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.51173/jt.v3i2.296
5. Afroze, S., Reza, M. S., Kuterbekov, K., Kabyshev, A., Kubenova, M. M., Bekmyrza, K. Z., & Azad, A. K. (2023). Emerging and recycling of Li-ion batteries to aid in energy storage, a review. Recycling, 8(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8030048
6. Aggarwal, S., & Singh, A. K. (2025). Electric vehicles the future of transportation sector: A review. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 47(1), 11126-11146. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2021.1976322
7. Ahuis, M., Aluzoun, A., Keppeler, M., Melzig, S., & Kwade, A. (2024). Direct recycling of lithium-ion battery production scrap–Solvent-based recovery and reuse of anode and cathode coating materials. Journal of Power Sources, 593, 233995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233995
8. Akbarzadeh, M., Kalogiannis, T., Jaguemont, J., Jin, L., Behi, H., Karimi, D., Beheshti, H., Mierlo, J. V., & Berecibar, M. (2021). A comparative study between air cooling and liquid cooling thermal management systems for a high-energy lithium-ion battery module. Applied Thermal Engineering, 198, 117503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117503
9. Al Tahhan, A. B., AlKhedher, M., Ramadan, M., ElCheikh, A., Choi, D. S., & Ghazal, M. (2024). Experimental and numerical analysis of a liquid-air hybrid system for advanced battery thermal management. Applied Thermal Engineering, 253, 123754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123754
10. Ali, H. M. (2023). Thermal management systems for batteries in electric vehicles: A recent review. Energy Reports, 9, 5545–5564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.04.359
11. Amer, M. M., Shouman, M. A., Salem, M. S., Kannan, A. M., & Hamed, A. M. (2024). Advances in thermal management systems for Li-Ion batteries: A review. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 53, 102714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102714
12. Amjad, S., Neelakrishnan, S., & Rudramoorthy, R. (2010). Review of design considerations and technological challenges for successful development and deployment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(3), 1104-1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.001
13. An, Z., Zhong, H., Liu, H., & Gao, Z. (2025). Performance evaluation on liquid-PCM hybrid battery thermal management with spatial network flow channels. Journal of Energy Storage, 118, 116251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.116251
14. Andújar, J. M., Segura, F., Rey, J., & Vivas, F. J. (2022). Batteries and hydrogen storage: Technical analysis and commercial revision to select the best option. Energies, 15(17), 6196. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176196
15. Andwari, A. M., Pesiridis, A., Rajoo, S., Martinez-Botas, R., & Esfahanian, V. (2017). A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78, 414-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.138
16. Arun, V., Kannan, R., Ramesh, S., Vijayakumar, M., Raghavendran, P. S., Siva Ramkumar, M., Anbarasu, P., & Sundramurthy, V. P. (2022). Review on Li‐Ion Battery vs Nickel Metal Hydride Battery in EV. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2022(1), 7910072. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7910072
17. Bagheri, S., Huang, Y., Walker, P. D., Zhou, J. L., & Surawski, N. C. (2021). Strategies for improving the emission performance of hybrid electric vehicles. Science of the Total Environment, 771, 144901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144901
18. Bahiraei, F., Fartaj, A., & Nazri, G. (2017). Electrochemical-thermal modeling to evaluate active thermal management of a lithium-ion battery module. Electrochimica Acta, 254, 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.084
19. Balakrishnan, P., Ramesh, R., & Kumar, T. P. (2006). Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 155(2), 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.002
20. Balali, Y., & Stegen, S. (2021). Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135, 110185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110185
21. Bandhauer, T. M., Garimella, S., & Fuller, T. F. (2011). A critical review of thermal issues in Lithium-Ion batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 158(3), R1. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3515880
22. Bansal, A., Verghese, S., Massey, M. H., Massey, D. D., & Singh, R. (2023). A review of the effects of environmental heavy metal contamination from electronic waste on human health. IJRAR-International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 10(4), 40-82.
23. Behi, H., Gandoman, F. H., Karimi, D., Hosen, M. S., Behi, M., Jaguemont, J., Mierlo, J. V., & Berecibar, M. (2022). Thermal Management of the Li‐Ion Batteries to Improve the Performance of the Electric Vehicles Applications. Modern Automotive Electrical Systems, 149-191. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119801078.ch4
24. Behi, H., Karimi, D., Jaguemont, J., Gandoman, F. H., Kalogiannis, T., Berecibar, M., & Van Mierlo, J. (2021). Novel thermal management methods to improve the performance of the Li-ion batteries in high discharge current applications. Energy, 224, 120165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120165
25. Belt, J. R., Ho, C. D., Miller, T. J., Habib, M. A., & Duong, T. Q. (2005). The effect of temperature on capacity and power in cycled lithium ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 142(1–2), 354–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.10.029
26. Bhatt, D. K., & Darieby, M. E. (2018, August). An assessment of batteries form battery electric vehicle perspectives. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE), 255-259. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEGE.2018.8499462.
27. Bhattacharyya, S., Dinh, Q. T., & McGordon, A. (2025). Optimising thermoelectric coolers for battery thermal management in light electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 386, 125516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125516
28. Bhowmik, S., Bhattacharjee, U., Ghosh, S., & Martha, S. K. (2023). Evaluating the feasibility of the spinel-based Li4Ti5O12 and LiNi0. 5Mn1. 5O4 materials towards a battery supercapacitor hybrid device. Journal of Energy Storage, 73, 109099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109099
29. Bian, X., Tao, H., Li, Y., Chu, Z., Bai, X., Xian, Y., Yang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2024). Heat pipe/phase change material passive thermal management of power battery packs under different driving modes. Applied Thermal Engineering, 248, 123172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123172
30. Bibin, C., Vijayaram, M., Suriya, V., Ganesh, R. S., & Soundarraj, S. (2020). A review on thermal issues in Li-ion battery and recent advancements in battery thermal management system. Materials Today: Proceedings, 33, 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.317
31. Biswal, B. K., Zhang, B., Tran, P. T. M., Zhang, J., & Balasubramanian, R. (2024). Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries for a sustainable future: recent advancements. Chemical Society Reviews, 53(11), 5552-5592. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CS00898C
32. Blomgren, G. E. (2017). The development and future of lithium ion batteries. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164(1), A5019-A5025. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0251701jes
33. BloombergNEF. (2023). Electric Cars Have Dented Fuel Demand. By 2040, They’ll Slash It. Available online: https://about.bnef.com/blog/electric-cars-have-dented-fuel-demand-by-2040-theyll-slash-it/ (Accessed on 18 September 2024).
34. Blumbergs, E., Serga, V., Platacis, E., Maiorov, M., & Shishkin, A. (2021). Cadmium recovery from spent Ni-Cd batteries: a brief review. Metals, 11(11), 1714. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11111714
35. Boretti, A. (2021). Battery electric vehicles with small battery pack and high efficiency onboard electricity production by a combustion engine. FISITA2020 submitted paper under review.
36. Boretti, A. (2022). Plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles are better than battery electric vehicles to reduce CO2 emissions until 2030. International Journal of Energy Research, 46(14), 20136-20145. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8313
37. Boretti, A. (2024). Better integrating battery and fuel cells in electric vehicles. Energy Storage, 6(4), e669. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.669
38. Cai, W., Yao, Y. X., Zhu, G. L., Yan, C., Jiang, L. L., He, C., Huang, J. Q., & Zhang, Q. (2020). A review on energy chemistry of fast-charging anodes. Chemical Society Reviews, 49(12), 3806-3833. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CS00728H
39. Carlucci, F., Cirà, A., & Lanza, G. (2018). Hybrid electric vehicles: Some theoretical considerations on consumption behaviour. Sustainability, 10(4), 1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041302
40. Castro, T. S., de Souza, T. M., & Silveira, J. L. (2017). Feasibility of electric vehicle: electricity by grid × photovoltaic energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 1077-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.099
41. Cengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (1989). Thermodynamics: an Engineering Approach.
42. Chan, C. C. (2007). The state of the art of electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE, 95(4), 704-718. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2007.892489
43. Chau, K. T., & Wong, Y. S. (2002). Overview of power management in hybrid electric vehicles. Energy Conversion and Management, 43(15), 1953-1968. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00148-0
44. Chavan, S., Venkateswarlu, B., Salman, M., Liu, J., Pawar, P., Joo, S. W., Choi, G. S., & Kim, S. C. (2024). Thermal management strategies for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles: Fundamentals, recent advances, thermal models, and cooling techniques. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 232, 125918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125918
45. Chen, H., Wei, G., Xu, L., & Du, X. (2025). Performance study on a novel hybrid thermal management system for cylindrical lithium-ion battery pack based on liquid cooling and PCM. Applied Thermal Engineering, 271, 126392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126392
46. Chen, K., Zhang, Z., Wu, B., Song, M., & Wu, X. (2024). An air-cooled system with a control strategy for efficient battery thermal management. Applied Thermal Engineering, 236, 121578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121578
47. Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Ye, M., Zhang, Y., & Li, G. (2021). A survey on key techniques and development perspectives of equivalent consumption minimisation strategy for hybrid electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 151, 111607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111607
48. Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Lei, Z., Chen, Z., & Li, G. (2022a). A neural network-based ECMS for optimized energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Energy, 243, 122727. bhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122727
49. Chen, Z., Yildizbasi, A., Wang, Y., & Sarkis, J. (2022b). Safety Concerns for the Management of End‐of‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries. Global Challenges, 6(12), 2200049. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.202200049
50. Chian, T. Y., Wei, W., Ze, E., Ren, L., Ping, Y., Bakar, N. A., Faizal, M., & Sivakumar, S. (2019). A review on recent progress of batteries for electric vehicles. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 14(24), 4441-4461.
51. Chigbu, B. I. (2024). Advancing sustainable development through circular economy and skill development in EV lithium-ion battery recycling: a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Sustainability, 5, 1409498. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2024.1409498
52. Christensen, P. A., Anderson, P. A., Harper, G. D., Lambert, S. M., Mrozik, W., Rajaeifar, M. A., Wise, M. S., & Heidrich, O. (2021). Risk management over the life cycle of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 148, 111240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111240
53. Chuang, Y. S., Cheng, H. P., & Cheng, C. C. (2024). Reuse of Retired Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) from the Perspective of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in Taiwan. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 15(3), 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030105
54. Costa, C. M., Barbosa, J. C., Gonçalves, R., Ferdov, S., & Lanceros-Mendez, S. (2022). Lithium-Based Battery Systems: Technological and Environmental Challenges and Opportunities. Handbook of Energy Transitions, 215-235.
55. Cui, X., & Jiang, S. (2024). A novel temperature distribution modeling method for thermoelectric cooler with application to battery thermal management system. Energy, 306, 132426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132426
56. Dai, H., & Zhu, J. (2024). Advances in Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles: Degradation Mechanism, Health Estimation, and Lifetime Prediction. Elsevier.
57. Das, H. J., Shah, A., Singh, L. R., & Mahato, M. (2021). Waste derived low cost PbO-Carbon nanocomposite and its energy storage application. Materials Today: Proceedings, 47, 1072-1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.434
58. de Moura Oliveira, A., Bertoti, E., Eckert, J. J., Yamashita, R. Y., dos Santos Costa, E., e Silva, L. C. D. A., & Dedini, F. G. (2016). Evaluation of energy recovery potential through regenerative braking for a hybrid electric vehicle in a real urban drive scenario (No. 2016-36-0348). SAE Technical Paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-36-0348
59. Delucchi, M. A., & Lipman, T. E. (2001). An analysis of the retail and lifecycle cost of battery-powered electric vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 6(6), 371-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(00)00031-6
60. Demirocak, D. E., Srinivasan, S. S., & Stefanakos, E. K. (2017). A review on nanocomposite materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries. Applied Sciences, 7(7), 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7070731
61. Denton, T. (2020). Electric and hybrid vehicles. Routledge: New York, NY, USA.
62. Dhamodharan, P., Salman, M., Prabakaran, R., & Kim, S. C. (2024). Comparative analysis of R290 and R1234yf cooling performance in offset strip-fin plate heat exchanger for electric-vehicle battery thermal management. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 157, 107708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2024.107708
63. Dobó, Z., Dinh, T., & Kulcsár, T. (2023). A review on recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. Energy Reports, 9, 6362-6395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.05.264
64. Dunn, B., Kamath, H., & Tarascon, J. M. (2011). Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choices. Science, 334(6058), 928-935. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212741
65. Edalati, P., Mohammadi, A., Li, Y., Li, H. W., Floriano, R., Fuji, M., & Edalati, K. (2022). High-entropy alloys as anode materials of nickel-metal hydride batteries. Scripta Materialia, 209, 114387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114387
66. Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., & Miller, J. M. (2007). Hybrid electric vehicles: Architecture and motor drives. Proceedings of the IEEE, 95(4), 719-728. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2007.892492
67. Ehsani, M., Singh, K. V., Bansal, H. O., & Mehrjardi, R. T. (2021). State of the art and trends in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE, 109(6), 967-984. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2021.3072788.
68. Fan, L., Tu, Z., & Chan, S. H. (2021). Recent development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies: A review. Energy Reports, 7, 8421-8446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.003
69. Fan, T., Liang, W., Guo, W., Feng, T., & Li, W. (2023). Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles' lithium-ion batteries reused for energy storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 71, 108126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108126
70. Fathabadi, H. (2014). High thermal performance lithium-ion battery pack including hybrid active–passive thermal management system for using in hybrid/electric vehicles. Energy, 70, 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.046
71. Fazzo, L., Manno, V., Iavarone, I., Minelli, G., De Santis, M., Beccaloni, E., Scaini, F., Miotto, E., Airoma, D., & Comba, P. (2023). The health impact of hazardous waste landfills and illegal dumps contaminated sites: An epidemiological study at ecological level in Italian Region. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 996960. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.996960
72. Feng, X. H., Lou, Y. L., Zhang, K., Li, Z. Z., & Zhang, M. L. (2024). Optimization of liquid-cooled lithium-ion battery thermal management system under extreme temperature. Journal of Energy Storage, 99, 113214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.113214
73. Ferronato, N., & Torretta, V. (2019). Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A review of global issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
74. Franzò, S., & Nasca, A. (2021). The environmental impact of electric vehicles: A novel life cycle-based evaluation framework and its applications to multi-country scenarios. Journal of Cleaner Production, 315, 128005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128005
75. Fu, Z., Zhu, L., Tao, F., Si, P., & Sun, L. (2020). Optimization based energy management strategy for fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor hybrid vehicle considering fuel economy and fuel cell lifespan. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 45(15), 8875-8886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.017
76. Gabsi, I., Saad, I., Maalej, S., & Zaghdoudi, M. C. (2024). Thermal management of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles by nanofluid-filled loop heat pipes. Science and Technology for Energy Transition, 79, 23. https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024019
77. Gao, C., Sun, K., Song, K., Zhang, K., & Hou, Q. (2024). Performance improvement of a thermal management system for Lithium-ion power battery pack by the combination of phase change material and heat pipe. Journal of Energy Storage, 82, 110512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.110512
78. Gao, L., Selman, J. R., & Nash, P. (2023). Materials and wetting issues in molten carbonate fuel cell technology: a review. Journal of Materials Science, 58(41), 15936-15972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-023-08958-7
79. Gao, Y., Pan, Z., Sun, J., Liu, Z., & Wang, J. (2022). High-energy batteries: beyond lithium-ion and their long road to commercialisation. Nano-Micro Letters, 14(1), 94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00844-2
80. García, A., & Monsalve-Serrano, J. (2019). Analysis of a series hybrid vehicle concept that combines low temperature combustion and biofuels as power source. Results in Engineering, 1, 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.01.001
81. Garg, A., Yun, L., Gao, L., & Putungan, D. B. (2020). Development of recycling strategy for large stacked systems: Experimental and machine learning approach to form reuse battery packs for secondary applications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 275, 124152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124152
82. Ghafari, A., Bayat, V., Akbari, S., & Yeklangi, A. G. (2023). Current and future prospects of Li-ion batteries: a review. NanoScience Technology, 8, 24-42.
83. Gharehghani, A., Gholami, J., Shamsizadeh, P., & Mehranfar, S. (2022). Effect analysis on performance improvement of battery thermal management in cold weather. Journal of Energy Storage, 45, 103728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.103728
84. Gharehghani, A., Rabiei, M., Mehranfar, S., Saeedipour, S., Andwari, A. M., García, A., & Reche, C. M. (2024). Progress in battery thermal management systems technologies for electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 202, 114654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114654
85. Golmohammadzadeh, R., Faraji, F., Jong, B., Pozo-Gonzalo, C., & Banerjee, P. C. (2022). Current challenges and future opportunities toward recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 159, 112202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112202
86. Gou, J., & Liu, W. (2019). Feasibility study on a novel 3D vapor chamber used for Li-ion battery thermal management system of electric vehicle. Applied Thermal Engineering, 152, 362–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.02.034
87. Gu, W. B., & Wang, C. Y. (2000). Thermal-Electrochemical modeling of battery systems. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 147(8), 2910. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1393625
88. Guo, B., Zhao, L., Zhou, J., Sun, X., & Yang, Z. (2024). Experimental investigation on the R1234yf air conditioning system with a battery cooling loop under realistic conditions of electric vehicles. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 238(7), 1913-1930. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231156953
89. Gupta, A. K., Landge, B. A., & Seth, B. (2009). Development of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (No. 2009-28-0045). SAE Technical Paper.
90. Hadi, M. W., Putra, N., Trisnadewi, T., Sukarno, R., Fathoni, A. M., & Bhaskara, N. A. (2025). Innovative thermal management system for electric vehicle batteries: phase change material, heat pipe and heat sink box integration. Heat Transfer Engineering, 46(6), 503-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/01457632.2024.2325275
91. Hallaj, S. A., Maleki, H., Hong, J., & Selman, J. (1999). Thermal modeling and design considerations of lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 83(1–2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00178-0
92. Hamdan, A., Daudu, C. D., Fabuyide, A., Etukudoh, E. A., & Sonko, S. (2024). Next-generation batteries and US energy storage: A comprehensive review: Scrutinizing advancements in battery technology, their role in renewable energy, and grid stability. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(1), 1984-1998. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0256
93. Han, J. Y., & Jung, S. (2022). Thermal stability and the effect of water on hydrogen fluoride generation in lithium-ion battery electrolytes containing LiPF6. Batteries, 8(7), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8070061
94. Hannan, M. A., Lipu, M. H., Hussain, A., & Mohamed, A. (2017). A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78, 834-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.001
95. Harlow, J. E., Ma, L., Li, J., Logan, E., Liu, Y., Zhang, N., Ma, L., Glazier, S. L., Cormier, M. M. E., Genovese, M., Buteau, S., Cameron, A., & Dahn, J. R. (2019). A wide range of testing results on an excellent lithium-ion cell chemistry to be used as benchmarks for new battery technologies. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 166(13), A3031-A3044. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0981913jes
96. Hasselwander, S., Meyer, M., & Österle, I. (2023). Techno-economic analysis of different battery cell chemistries for the passenger vehicle market. Batteries, 9(7), 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070379
97. Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau‐Bettez, G., & Strømman, A. H. (2013). Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 17(1), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x
98. He, R., Song, K., Wu, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, K., Su, M., & Hou, Q. (2025). Effectiveness analysis of novel battery thermal management systems combining phase change material and air-cooled technologies. Applied Thermal Engineering, 264, 125499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.125499
99. He, Y., Yuan, X., Zhang, G., Wang, H., Zhang, T., Xie, W., & Li, L. (2021). A critical review of current technologies for the liberation of electrode materials from foils in the recycling process of spent lithium-ion batteries. Science of The Total Environment, 766, 142382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142382
100. He, Z., Li, R., Yang, L., Mikulčić, H., Wang, J., & Čuček, L. (2024). Performance analysis of a battery thermal management system based on phase change materials with micro heat pipe arrays. Energy conversion and management, 311, 118506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118506
101. Hendrayanto, P. A., Fathoni, A. M., Aliefiansyah, M. S., & Putra, N. (2024). Experimental study on Start-Up and heat transfer characteristics in loop heat pipes with dual heat sources for battery thermal management system. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 55, 102980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2024.102980
102. Hesse, H. C., Schimpe, M., Kucevic, D., & Jossen, A. (2017). Lithium-ion battery storage for the grid—A review of stationary battery storage system design tailored for applications in modern power grids. Energies, 10(12), 2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122107
103. Hong, S. H., Jang, D. S., Park, S., Yun, S., & Kim, Y. (2020). Thermal performance of direct two-phase refrigerant cooling for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Applied Thermal Engineering, 173, 115213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115213
104. Hossain, R., Sarkar, M., & Sahajwalla, V. (2023). Technological options and design evolution for recycling spent lithium‐ion batteries: impact, challenges, and opportunities. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 12(5), e481. https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.481
105. Hosseinzadeh E, Barai A, Marco J, Jennings P. (2017). A comparative study on different cooling strategies for lithium-ion battery cells. In: Proceedings of the European battery hybrid and fuel cell electric vehicle congress, 1-9. Geneva, Switzerland.
106. Hou, S., Yin, H., Xu, F., Benjamín, P., Gao, J., & Chen, H. (2023). Multihorizon predictive energy optimization and lifetime management for connected fuel cell electric vehicles. Energy, 266, 126466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.126466
107. Hu, X., Zou, Y., & Yang, Y. (2016). Greener plug-in hybrid electric vehicles incorporating renewable energy and rapid system optimization. Energy, 111, 971-980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.037
108. Hua, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, S., Huang, Y., Ling, H., & Yang, S. (2021). Toward sustainable reuse of retired lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 168, 105249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105249
109. Hua, Y., Zhou, S., Huang, Y., Liu, X., Ling, H., Zhou, X., Zhang, C., & Yang, S. (2020). Sustainable value chain of retired lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 478, 228753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228753
110. Hwang, F. S., Confrey, T., Reidy, C., Picovici, D., Callaghan, D., Culliton, D., & Nolan, C. (2024). Review of battery thermal management systems in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 192, 114171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114171
111. Ianniciello, L., Biwolé, P. H., & Achard, P. (2018). Electric vehicles batteries thermal management systems employing phase change materials. Journal of Power Sources, 378, 383-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.12.071
112. Ismail, S. N. S., & Latifah, A. M. (2013). The challenge of future landfill: A case study of Malaysia. Journal Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences (JTEHS), 5(3), 2400-2407. https://doi.org/10.5897/JTEHS12.20
113. Jarrett, A., & Kim, I. Y. (2014). Influence of operating conditions on the optimum design of electric vehicle battery cooling plates. Journal of Power Sources, 245, 644–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.114
114. Jhariya, M., Dewangan, A. K., Moinuddin, S. Q., Kumar, S., Ahmad, A., & Yadav, A. K. (2024). Research progress on efficient battery thermal management system (BTMs) for electric vehicles using composite phase change materials with liquid cooling and nanoadditives. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 149(23), 13653-13680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-024-13752-x
115. Jian, B., & Wang, H. (2022). Hardware-in-the-loop real-time validation of fuel cell electric vehicle power system based on multi-stack fuel cell construction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 331, 129807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129807
116. Jiang, R., Wu, C., Feng, W., You, K., Liu, J., Zhou, G., Liu, L., & Cheng, H. M. (2025). Impact of electric vehicle battery recycling on reducing raw material demand and battery life-cycle carbon emissions in China. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 2267. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-86250-1
117. Jin, S., Mu, D., Lu, Z., Li, R., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Tian, S., & Dai, C. (2022). A comprehensive review on the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: Urgent status and technology advances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 340, 130535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130535
118. Joshi, A., Sharma, R., & Baral, B. (2022). Comparative life cycle assessment of conventional combustion engine vehicle, battery electric vehicle and fuel cell electric vehicle in Nepal. Journal of Cleaner Production, 379, 134407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134407
119. Joshi, T. (2016, January 13). Capacity and power fade in lithium-ion batteries.
120. Jouin, M., Bressel, M., Morando, S., Gouriveau, R., Hissel, D., Péra, M. C., Zerhouni, N., Jemei, S., Hilairet, M., & Bouamama, B. O. (2016). Estimating the end-of-life of PEM fuel cells: Guidelines and metrics. Applied Energy, 177, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.076
121. Jung, W., Jeong, J., Kim, J., & Chang, D. (2020). Optimization of hybrid off-grid system consisting of renewables and Li-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 451, 227754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227754
122. Kaarlela, T., Villagrossi, E., Rastegarpanah, A., San-Miguel-Tello, A., & Pitkäaho, T. (2024). Robotised disassembly of electric vehicle batteries: A systematic literature review. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 74, 901-921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2024.05.013
123. Kalampoka, E. (2023). New generation of batteries: Metal-air batteries (Doctoral dissertation, University of Thessaly).
124. Kang, Y., Hu, Y., Zhang, C., Yang, K., & Zhang, Q. (2024). Experimental study on charge amount of low-GWP refrigerants in electric vehicle thermal management system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 256, 124059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124059
125. Kannan, D. R. R. (2020). The Effects of Pulse Charging on Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries (Doctoral dissertation, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University).
126. Kazemzadeh, E., Koengkan, M., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2022). Effect of battery-electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on PM2.5 emissions in 29 European countries. Sustainability, 14(4), 2188. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042188
127. Kelly, K. J., Mihalic, M., Zolot, M. (2002). Battery usage and thermal performance of the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight during chassis dynamometer testing. Seventeenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances. Proceedings of Conference (Cat. No. 02TH8576), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1109/BCAA.2002.986408
128. Kempton, W., & Tomić, J. (2005). Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy. Journal of Power Sources, 144(1), 280-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.022
129. Khosravi, N., Dowlatabadi, M., Abdelghany, M. B., Tostado-Véliz, M., & Jurado, F. (2024). Enhancing battery management for HEVs and EVs: A hybrid approach for parameter identification and voltage estimation in lithium-ion battery models. Applied Energy, 356, 122364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122364
130. Kim, H., Hong, J., Choi, H., Oh, J., & Lee, H. (2024). Development of PCM-based shell-and-tube thermal energy storages for efficient EV thermal management. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 154, 107401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2024.107401
131. Kim, J., Oh, J., & Lee, H. (2019). Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles. Applied Thermal Engineering, 149, 192-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.12.020
132. King, S., & Boxall, N. J. (2019). Lithium battery recycling in Australia: defining the status and identifying opportunities for the development of a new industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215, 1279-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.178
133. Krieger, E. M., Cannarella, J., & Arnold, C. B. (2013). A comparison of lead-acid and lithium-based battery behavior and capacity fade in off-grid renewable charging applications. Energy, 60, 492-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.08.029
134. Krishna, G. (2021). Understanding and identifying barriers to electric vehicle adoption through thematic analysis. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 10, 100364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2021.100364
135. Kumar, M. S., & Revankar, S. T. (2017). Development scheme and key technology of an electric vehicle: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 1266-1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.027
136. Kumar, R., & Goel, V. (2024). Experimental study on the thermal performance of lithium-ion battery cell using a heat pipe-assisted cooling system for electric vehicles. Experimental Heat Transfer, 694-716. https://doi.org/10.1080/08916152.2024.2392812
137. Kusano, R., & Kusano, Y. (2024). Applications of plasma technologies in recycling processes. Materials, 17(7), 1687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071687
138. Ladrech, F. (2010). Battery thermal management for HEV & EV–Technology overview. Proceedings of the Automotive Summit, Brussels, Belgium, 10.
139. Lajunen, A. (2014). Energy consumption and cost-benefit analysis of hybrid and electric city buses. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 38, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2013.10.008
140. Lan, T., Jermsittiparsert, K., T. Alrashood, S., Rezaei, M., Al-Ghussain, L., & A. Mohamed, M. (2021). An advanced machine learning based energy management of renewable microgrids considering hybrid electric vehicles’ charging demand. Energies, 14(3), 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030569
141. Landmann, D. A. (2022). Design guidelines for next-generation sodium-nickel-chloride batteries (No. 9537). EPFL.
142. Lanzarotto, D., Marchesoni, M., Passalacqua, M., Prato, A. P., & Repetto, M. (2018). Overview of different hybrid vehicle architectures. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 51(9), 218-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.07.036
143. Leal, V. M., Ribeiro, J. S., Coelho, E. L. D., & Freitas, M. B. J. G. (2023). Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries as a sustainable solution to obtain raw materials for different applications. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 79, 118-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2022.08.005
144. Lee, J., Monrrabal, G., Sarma, M., Lappan, T., Hofstetter, Y. J., Trtik, P., Landgraf, S., Ding, W., Kumar, S., Vaynzof, Y., Weber, N., & Weier, T. (2023). Membrane‐Free Alkali Metal‐Iodide Battery with a Molten Salt. Energy Technology, 11(7), 2300051. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202300051
145. Li, C., Liu, X., Wang, C., Ye, L., Wu, T., Liang, Z., Zhang, Z., Zeng, Y., & Li, K. (2024). Electrochemical-thermal behaviors of retired power lithium-ion batteries during high-temperature and overcharge/over-discharge cycles. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 61, 104898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.104898
146. Li, L., Zhang, X., Li, M., Chen, R., Wu, F., Amine, K., & Lu, J. (2018). The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: a review of current processes and technologies. Electrochemical Energy Reviews, 1, 461-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41918-018-0012-1
147. Li, P., Xia, X., & Guo, J. (2022). A review of the life cycle carbon footprint of electric vehicle batteries. Separation and Purification Technology, 296, 121389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121389
148. Li, Y., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2022). The economic feasibility of green hydrogen and fuel cell electric vehicles for road transport in China. Energy Policy, 160, 112703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112703
149. Li, Y., Bian, X., Li, H., Yu, H., & Tao, H. (2025). Thermal management of electric bus batteries simulation study using heat pipes and phase change materials under varying passenger capacity and actual driving routes. Applied Thermal Engineering, 273, 126402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.126402
150. Lima, M. C. C., Pontes, L. P., Vasconcelos, A. S. M., de Araujo Silva Junior, W., & Wu, K. (2022). Economic aspects for recycling of used lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Energies, 15(6), 2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062203
151. Liu, G., Ouyang, M., Lu, L., Li, J., & Han, X. (2014). Analysis of the heat generation of lithium-ion battery during charging and discharging considering different influencing factors. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 116(2), 1001–1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3599-9
152. Liu, K., Li, K., Peng, Q., & Zhang, C. (2019). A brief review on key technologies in the battery management system of electric vehicles. Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 14, 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11465-018-0516-8
153. Liu, L., Zhang, X., & Lin, X. (2022a). Recent Developments of Thermal Management Strategies for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A State‐of‐The‐Art Review. Energy Technology, 10(6), 2101135. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202101135
154. Liu, P., Wang, J., Hicks-Garner, J., Sherman, E., Soukiazian, S., Verbrugge, M., Tataria, H., Musser, J., & Finamore, P. (2010). Aging mechanisms of LiFePO4 batteries deduced by electrochemical and structural analyses. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 157(4), A499. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3294790
155. Liu, W., Placke, T., & Chau, K. T. (2022b). Overview of batteries and battery management for electric vehicles. Energy Reports, 8, 4058-4084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.016
156. Loganathan, M. K., Mishra, B., Tan, C. M., Kongsvik, T., & Rai, R. N. (2021). Multi-Criteria decision making (MCDM) for the selection of Li-Ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). Materials Today: Proceedings, 41, 1073-1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.179
157. Łukasz, B., Rybakowska, I., Krakowiak, A., Gregorczyk, M., & Waldman, W. (2023). Lithium batteries safety, wider perspective. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 36(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01995
158. Lund, H., & Kempton, W. (2008). Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G. Energy Policy, 36(9), 3578-3587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.06.007
159. Luo, D., Wu, Z., Zhang, Z., Chen, H., Geng, L., Ji, Z., Zhang, W., & Zhang, P. (2025). Transient thermal analysis of a thermoelectric-based battery thermal management system at high temperatures. Energy, 318, 134833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.134833
160. Luo, M., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Niu, Y., Lu, B., Zhu, J., Zhang, J., & Wang, K. (2024). Thermal performance enhancement with snowflake fins and liquid cooling in PCM-based battery thermal management system at high ambient temperature and high discharge rate. Journal of Energy Storage, 90, 111754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111754
161. Luo, X., Wang, J., Dooner, M., & Clarke, J. (2015). Overview of current development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation. Applied Energy, 137, 511-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.081
162. Lutsey, N. (2015). Transition to a global zero-emission vehicle fleet: A collaborative agenda for governments. The International Council on Clean Transportation. https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_GlobalZEVAlliance_201509.pdf
163. Lutsey, N., & Nicholas, M. (2019). Update on electric vehicle costs in the United States through 2030. International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), Washington, DC, USA
164. Lv, L., Zhou, S., Liu, C., Sun, Y., Zhang, J., Bu, C., Meng, J., & Huang, Y. (2024). Recycling and Reuse of Spent LIBs: Technological Advances and Future Directions. Molecules, 29(13), 3161. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133161
165. Lyu, Y., Siddique, A. R. M., Majid, S. H., Biglarbegian, M., Gadsden, S. A., & Mahmud, S. (2019). Electric vehicle battery thermal management system with thermoelectric cooling. Energy Reports, 5, 822-827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.06.016
166. Maeda, K., Yae, S., Fukumuro, N., Iimura, K., & Matsumoto, A. (2021). Development of a liquid immersion-type nickel-metal hydride battery under high-pressure. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 168(12), 120511. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac3c22.
167. Maggetto, G., & Van Mierlo, J. (2000). Electric and electric hybrid vehicle technology: a survey. In Proceedings of the IEE Seminar Electric, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles (Ref. No. 2000/050), Durham, UK. https://doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000261
168. Maity, S. K. (2015). Opportunities, recent trends and challenges of integrated biorefinery: Part II. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 1446–1466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.075
169. Mali, V., Saxena, R., Kumar, K., Kalam, A., & Tripathi, B. (2021). Review on battery thermal management systems for energy-efficient electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 151, 111611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111611
170. Mandev, A., Plötz, P., & Sprei, F. (2021). The effect of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging on fuel consumption and tail-pipe emissions. Environmental Research Communications, 3(8), 081001. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ac1498
171. Mane, N. S., Kodancha, P., Hemadri, V., & Tripathi, S. (2024). Investigation on Cooling Performance of Composite PCM and Graphite Fin for Battery Thermal Management System of Electric Vehicles. Energy Storage, 6(6), e70024. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70024
172. Manfo, T. A. (2023). A Comprehensive Analysis of Material Revolution to Evolution in Lithium-ion Battery Technology. Turkish Journal of Materials, 8(1), 1-13.
173. Mathew, G., Teoh, W. H., Rahman, W. M. A. W. A., & Abdullah, N. (2023). Survey on actions and willingness towards the disposal, collection, and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 421, 138394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138394
174. Mathur, N., Deng, S., Singh, S., Yih, Y., & Sutherland, J. W. (2019). Evaluating the environmental benefits of implementing Industrial Symbiosis to used electric vehicle batteries. Procedia CIRP, 80, 661-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2019.01.074
175. Meegoda, J., Charbel, G., & Watts, D. (2024). Sustainable Management of Rechargeable Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles. Batteries, 10(5), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10050167
176. Meydani, A., Shahinzadeh, H., Nafisi, H., & Gharehpetian, G. B. (2024, April). Optimum Energy Management Strategies for the Hybrid Sources-Powered Electric Vehicle Settings. In 2024 28th International Electrical Power Distribution Conference (EPDC), 1-19.
177. Min, D., Song, Z., Chen, H., Wang, T., & Zhang, T. (2022). Genetic algorithm optimized neural network based fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle energy management strategy under start-stop condition. Applied Energy, 306, 118036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118036
178. Mitsubishi 2024 Outlander Plug-In Hybrid, Available online: https://www.mitsubishicars.com/cars-and-suvs/outlander-phev (Accessed on 30 June 2024).
179. Mizushima, K. J. P. C., Jones, P. C., Wiseman, P. J., & Goodenough, J. B. (1980). LixCoO2 (0< x<-1): A new cathode material for batteries of high energy density. Materials Research Bulletin, 15(6), 783-789. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(80)90012-4
180. Moeini-Aghtaie, M., Dehghanian, P., & Davoudi, M. (2022). Energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in renewable-based energy hubs. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 32, 100932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2022.100932
181. Mourato, S., Saynor, B., & Hart, D. (2004). Greening London's black cabs: a study of driver's preferences for fuel cell taxis. Energy Policy, 32(5), 685-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00335-X
182. Mrozik, W., Rajaeifar, M. A., Heidrich, O., & Christensen, P. (2021). Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries. Energy & Environmental Science, 14(12), 6099-6121. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EE00691F
183. Muslimin, S., Nawawi, Z., Suprapto, B. Y., & Dewi, T. (2022, February). Comparison of batteries used in electrical vehicles. In 5th FIRST T1 T2 2021 International Conference (FIRST-T1-T2 2021), 421-425. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahe.k.220205.074
184. Mustafa, J., Alqaed, S., & Sharifpur, M. (2022). PCM embedded radiant chilled ceiling as a solution to shift the cooling peak load-focusing on solidification process acceleration. Journal of Building Engineering, 57, 104894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104894
185. Muthukumar, M., Rengarajan, N., Velliyangiri, B., Omprakas, M. A., Rohit, C. B., & Raja, U. K. (2021). The development of fuel cell electric vehicles–A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 1181-1187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.679
186. Najafi, A., Jadidi, A. M., & Rashidi, S. (2025). Experimental study on a thermal management system with air and thermoelectric module designed for lithium-ion battery. Journal of Energy Storage, 111, 115403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.115403
187. Nandan, G. (2019). Performance of Solar Photovoltaic panel using Forced convection of water-based CuO nanofluid: An Understanding. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 691(1), 012088. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/691/1/012088
188. Neubauer, J., & Wood, E. (2014). The impact of range anxiety and home, workplace, and public charging infrastructure on simulated battery electric vehicle lifetime utility. Journal of Power Sources, 257, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.075
189. Nitta, N., Wu, F., Lee, J. T., & Yushin, G. (2015). Li-ion battery materials: Present and future. Materials Today, 18(5), 252-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.040
190. Noudeng, V., Quan, N. V., & Xuan, T. D. (2022). A future perspective on waste management of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in Lao PDR: current status and challenges. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316169
191. Nykvist, B., & Nilsson, M. (2015). Rapidly falling costs of battery packs for electric vehicles. Nature Climate Change, 5(4), 329-332. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2564
192. O’Brien, S., & Nicholson, I. (2024). The Living Battery: The Bioinspired Redesign of Lithium-ion Batteries. International Journal of High School Research, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.36838/v6i4.6
193. Olabi, A. G., Abdelkareem, M. A., Wilberforce, T., Alkhalidi, A., Salameh, T., Abo-Khalil, A. G., Hassan, M. M., & Sayed, E. T. (2022). Battery electric vehicles: Progress, power electronic converters, strength (S), weakness (W), opportunity (O), and threats (T). International Journal of Thermofluids, 16, 100212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2022.100212
194. Onwuchekwa, C. N., & Kwasinski, A. (2011, March). Analysis of boundary control for a multiple-input DC-DC converter topology. In 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 1232-1237. https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2011.5744750
195. Or, T., Gourley, S. W., Kaliyappan, K., Yu, A., & Chen, Z. (2020). Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook. Carbon Energy, 2(1), 6-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/cey2.29
196. Ordoñez, J., Gago, E. J., & Girard, A. (2016). Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.363
197. Pakrouh, R., Hosseini, M. J., Ranjbar, A. A., & Rahimi, M. (2023). A novel liquid-based battery thermal management system coupling with phase change material and thermoelectric cooling. Journal of Energy Storage, 64, 107098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107098
198. Panchal, S., Dincer, I., Agelin-Chaab, M., Fraser, R., & Fowler, M. (2016). Experimental and theoretical investigation of temperature distributions in a prismatic lithium-ion battery. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 99, 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.08.016
199. Panchal, S., Pierre, V., Cancian, M., Gross, O., Estefanous, F., & Badawy, T. (2023). Development and validation of cycle and calendar aging model for 144Ah NMC/graphite battery at multi temperatures, DODs, and C-rates (No. 2023-01-0503). SAE Technical Paper.
200. Paneerselvam, P., SK, N., Suyamburajan, V., Murugaiyan, T., Shekhawat, K. S., & Rengasamy, G. (2024). A review on recent progress in battery thermal management system in electric vehicle application. Materials Today. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2024.04.094
201. Panmuang, P., Photong, C., & Soemphol, C. (2024). Experimental investigation of batteries thermal management system using water cooling and thermoelectric cooling techniques. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS), 15(1), 201-212. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v15.i1.pp201-212
202. Paoli, L., & Gül, T. (2022). Electric cars fend off supply challenges to more than double global sales. International Energy Agency. https://policycommons.net/artifacts/2232154/electric-cars-fend-off-supply%20challenges-to-more-than-double-global-sales/2989582/.
203. Park, S., & Jung, D. (2013). Battery cell arrangement and heat transfer fluid effects on the parasitic power consumption and the cell temperature distribution in a hybrid electric vehicle. Journal of Power Sources, 227, 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.039
204. Peng, M., Liu, L., & Jiang, C. (2012). A review on the economic dispatch and risk management of the large-scale plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs)-penetrated power systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(3), 1508-1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.009
205. Peng, P., & Jiang, F. (2016). Thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries with various cathode materials: A numerical study. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 103, 1008–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.07.088
206. Persis, P. K., Subramanian, P., Aalam, S., Kalaiselvi, K., Jeyalaksshmi, S., & Sonawane, P. R. (2024, June). A horizontal analysis on second life potentials of lithium ion batteries with its challenges involved. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 3122(1), 090011. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0216030
207. Pesaran, A. A. (2002). Battery thermal management in EVs and HEVs: Issues and solutions. Battery Man, 43(5), 34-49.
208. Pillot, C. (2017, March). The rechargeable battery market and main trends 2016–2025. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual International Battery Seminar & Exhibit, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, 20, 1-45.
209. Plötz, P., Funke, S. A., Jochem, P., & Wietschel, M. (2017). CO2 mitigation potential of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles larger than expected. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 16493. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16684-9
210. Plötz, P., Moll, C., Bieker, G., Mock, P., & Li, Y. (2020). Real-world usage of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Communications, 49(30), 847129.
211. Poullikkas, A. (2015). Sustainable options for electric vehicle technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41, 1277-1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.016
212. PowerTech Advanced Energy Storage Systems. Lithium-ion battery advantages. 2020. https://www.powertechsystems.eu/home/tech-corner/lithium-ion-battery-advantages/ (Accessed on 04 August 2024).
213. Pramuanjaroenkij, A., & Kakaç, S. (2023). The fuel cell electric vehicles: The highlight review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(25), 9401-9425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.103
214. Rahmani, A., Dibaj, M., & Akrami, M. (2024). A study on a battery pack in a hybrid battery thermal management system integrating with thermoelectric cooling. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 61, 104856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.104856
215. Rajaeifar, M. A., Ghadimi, P., Raugei, M., Wu, Y., & Heidrich, O. (2022). Challenges and recent developments in supply and value chains of electric vehicle batteries: A sustainability perspective. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 180, 106144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106144
216. Rallabandi, S., & Selvaraj, R. V. I. (2024). Advancements in battery cooling Techniques for Enhanced performance and Safety in Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive review. Energy Technology, 12(5), 2301404. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202301404
217. Ramadass, P. H. B. W. R. P. B., Haran, B., White, R., & Popov, B. N. (2002). Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures: Part I. Cycling performance. Journal of Power Sources, 112(2), 606-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00474-3
218. Ramar, A., & Wang, F. M. (2020). Emerging anode and cathode functional materials for lithium-ion batteries. In Nanostructured, Functional, and Flexible Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage Systems, 465-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819552-9.00015-4
219. Rangarajan, S. S., Sunddararaj, S. P., Sudhakar, A. V. V., Shiva, C. K., Subramaniam, U., Collins, E. R., & Senjyu, T. (2022). Lithium-ion batteries—The crux of electric vehicles with opportunities and challenges. Clean Technologies, 4(4), 908-930. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040056
220. Rani, M. F. H., Razlan, Z. M., Bakar, S. A., Desa, H., Wan, W. K., Ibrahim, I., Kamarrudin, N. S., & Bin-Abdun, N. A. (2017, September). Analysis of hybrid interface cooling system using air ventilation and nanofluid. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 1885(1), 020072. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5002266
221. Rao, Z., & Wang, S. (2011). A review of power battery thermal energy management. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4554–4571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.096
222. Raslavičius, L., Azzopardi, B., Keršys, A., Starevičius, M., Bazaras, Ž., & Makaras, R. (2015). Electric vehicles challenges and opportunities: Lithuanian review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 786-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.076
223. Rauf, M., Kumar, L., Zulkifli, S. A., & Jamil, A. (2024). Aspects of artificial intelligence in future electric vehicle technology for sustainable environmental impact. Environmental Challenges, 14, 100854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.100854
224. Ruan, H., Barreras, J. V., Engstrom, T., Merla, Y., Millar, R., & Wu, B. (2023). Lithium-ion battery lifetime extension: A review of derating methods. Journal of Power Sources, 563, 232805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.232805
225. Sabbah, R., Kizilel, R., Selman, J., & Al-Hallaj, S. (2008). Active (air-cooled) vs. passive (phase change material) thermal management of high power lithium-ion packs: Limitation of temperature rise and uniformity of temperature distribution. Journal of Power Sources, 182(2), 630–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.03.082
226. Sadeh, M., Tousi, M., Sarchami, A., Sanaie, R., Kiani, M., Ashjaee, M., & Houshfar, E. (2024). A novel hybrid liquid-cooled battery thermal management system for electric vehicles in highway fuel-economy condition. Journal of Energy Storage, 86, 111195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111195
227. Sajedi, S. P., & Molaeimanesh, G. R. (2024). Employing extended surfaces for a hybrid battery thermal management system comprising PCM and refrigerated cooling air: An experimental investigation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 248, 123200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123200
228. Saju, C., Michael, P. A., & Jarin, T. (2022). Modeling and control of a hybrid electric vehicle to optimize system performance for fuel efficiency. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52, 102087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102087
229. Samanta, A., Chetri, C., Anekal, L., & Williamson, S. (2024). Vehicle electrification and energy storage systems in modern power grids. In Vehicle Electrification in Modern Power Grids, 249-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13969-7.00009-6
230. Sanguesa, J. A., Torres-Sanz, V., Garrido, P., Martinez, F. J., & Marquez-Barja, J. M. (2021). A review on electric vehicles: Technologies and challenges. Smart Cities, 4(1), 372-404. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4010022
231. Sannagowdar, A. D., & Nataraj, S. K. (2024). Environmental Impact, Safety Aspects, and Recycling Technologies of Lithium‐Ion Batteries. Nanostructured Materials for Energy Storage, 2, 763-792. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527838851.ch21
232. Satriadi, T., Winarko, R., Chaerun, S. K., Minwal, W. P., & Mubarok, M. Z. (2024). Recycling of spent electric vehicle (EV) batteries through the biohydrometallurgy process. E3S Web of Conferences, 543, 02008. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454302008
233. Saxon, A., Yang, C., Santhanagopalan, S., Keyser, M., & Colclasure, A. (2024). Li-Ion Battery Thermal Characterization for Thermal Management Design. Batteries, 10(4), 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040136
234. Scrosati, B. (2000). Recent advances in lithium ion battery materials. Electrochimica Acta, 45(15-16), 2461-2466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00333-9
235. Scrosati, B., & Garche, J. (2010). Lithium batteries: Status, prospects and future. Journal of Power Sources, 195(9), 2419-2430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.048
236. Sen, S., Sodipo, G., & Butt, A. (2024). Life Cycle Analysis and Sustainability-Based Refinement of a Formula Student Vehicle's Energy Storage System. Available at SSRN 4925628.
237. Shahjalal, M., Shams, T., Islam, M. E., Alam, W., Modak, M., Hossain, S. B., Ramadesigan, V., Ahmed, M. R., Ahmed, H., & Iqbal, A. (2021). A review of thermal management for Li-ion batteries: Prospects, challenges, and issues. Journal of Energy Storage, 39, 102518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102518
238. Shahzad, K., & Cheema, I. I. (2024). Low-carbon technologies in automotive industry and decarbonizing transport. Journal of Power Sources, 591, 233888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233888
239. Shamsuddin, M., & Sohn, H. Y. (2024). Pyrometallurgical Principles. Treatise on Process Metallurgy, 459-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85373-6.00031-4
240. Shareef, H., Islam, M. M., & Mohamed, A. (2016). A review of the stage-of-the-art charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 64, 403-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.033
241. Sharifi, N., Shabgard, H., Millard, C., & Etufugh, U. (2025). Hybrid Heat Pipe-PCM-Assisted Thermal Management for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Batteries, 11(2), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11020064
242. Shen, X., Cai, T., He, C., Yang, Y., & Chen, M. (2023). Thermal analysis of modified Z-shaped air-cooled battery thermal management system for electric vehicles. Journal of Energy Storage, 58, 106356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106356
243. Shim, J., Kostecki, R., Richardson, T., Song, X., & Striebel, K. A. (2002). Electrochemical analysis for cycle performance and capacity fading of a lithium-ion battery cycled at elevated temperature. Journal of Power Sources, 112(1), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00363-4
244. Singh, I. (2024). Braking Systems in Electric Motors. Pencil. Sivertsson, M., & Eriksson, L. (2017). Optimal powertrain lock-up transients for a heavy duty series hybrid electric vehicle. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 50(1), 7842-7848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.1062
245. Skeete, J. P., Wells, P., Dong, X., Heidrich, O., & Harper, G. (2020). Beyond the EVent horizon: Battery waste, recycling, and sustainability in the United Kingdom electric vehicle transition. Energy Research & Social Science, 69, 101581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101581
246. Smith, K., & Wang, C. Y. (2006). Power and thermal characterization of a lithium-ion battery pack for hybrid-electric vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 160(1), 662–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.01.038
247. Sobianowska-Turek, A., Urbańska, W., Janicka, A., Zawiślak, M., & Matla, J. (2021). The necessity of recycling of waste li-ion batteries used in electric vehicles as objects posing a threat to human health and the environment. Recycling, 6(2), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling6020035
248. Soleymani, P., Saffarifard, E., Jahanpanah, J., Babaie, M., Nourian, A., Mohebbi, R., Aakcha, Z., & Ma, Y. (2023). Enhancement of an air-cooled battery thermal management system using liquid cooling with CuO and Al2O3 nanofluids under steady-state and transient conditions. Fluids, 8(10), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids8100261
249. Sommerville, R., Shaw-Stewart, J., Goodship, V., Rowson, N., & Kendrick, E. (2020). A review of physical processes used in the safe recycling of lithium ion batteries. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 25, e00197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00197
250. Song, K., He, R., Gao, C., Pea, H. J. M., He, A., Zhang, Q., Zhang, K., & An, Z. (2024). Performance of a combined battery thermal management system with dual-layer phase change materials and air cooling technologies. Applied Thermal Engineering, 254, 123865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123865
251. Steckel, T., Kendall, A., & Ambrose, H. (2021). Applying levelized cost of storage methodology to utility-scale second-life lithium-ion battery energy storage systems. Applied Energy, 300, 117309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117309
252. Subramanian, M., Solomon, J. M., Raja, V., Arputharaj, B. S., Shaik, S., Saleel, C. A., Alwetaishi, M., & Cuce, E. (2024). Experimental studies and comprehensive computational investigations on composites-based phase change material for battery thermal management systems in electric vehicles. Journal of Energy Storage, 82, 110471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.110471
253. Sun, S., Jin, C., He, W., Li, G., Zhu, H., & Huang, J. (2021). Management status of waste lithium-ion batteries in China and a complete closed-circuit recycling process. Science of The Total Environment, 776, 145913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145913
254. Suo, Y., Tang, C., Jia, Q., & Zhao, W. (2024). Influence of PCM configuration and optimization of PCM proportion on the thermal management of a prismatic battery with a combined PCM and air cooling structure. Journal of Energy Storage, 80, 110340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.110340
255. Sutheesh, P. M., Jose, J., Hotta, T. K., & Rohinikumar, B. (2024a). Numerical investigations on thermal performance of PCM-based lithium-ion battery thermal management system equipped with advanced honeycomb structures. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 158, 107937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2024.107937
256. Sutheesh, P. M., Nichit, R. B., & Rohinikumar, B. (2024b). Numerical investigation of thermal management of lithium ion battery pack with nano-enhanced phase change material and heat pipe. Journal of Energy Storage, 77, 109972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109972
257. Swamy, K. A., Verma, S., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2024). Experimental and numerical investigation of nanoparticle assisted PCM-based battery thermal management system. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 149(19), 11223-11237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-024-13052-4
258. Symeonidou, M. M., Giama, E., & Papadopoulos, A. M. (2021). Life cycle assessment for supporting dimensioning battery storage systems in micro-grids for residential applications. Energies, 14(19), 6189. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196189
259. Szulc, J., Okrasa, M., Nowak, A., Ryngajłło, M., Nizioł, J., Kuźniar, A., Ruman, T., & Gutarowska, B. (2024). Uncontrolled Post-Industrial Landfill—Source of Metals, Potential Toxic Compounds, Dust, and Pathogens in Environment—A Case Study. Molecules, 29(7), 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071496
260. Tao, Y., Rahn, C. D., Archer, L. A., & You, F. (2021). Second life and recycling: Energy and environmental sustainability perspectives for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Science Advances, 7(45), eabi7633. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abi7633
261. Tariq, A. H., Kazmi, S. A. A., Hassan, M., Ali, S. M., & Anwar, M. (2024). Analysis of fuel cell integration with hybrid microgrid systems for clean energy: A comparative review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 52, 1005-1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.07.238
262. Tesla Model 3. https://www.tesla.com/tr_tr/model3 (Accessed on 10 August 2024).
263. The International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. (1960). Nature, 188(4748), 366.
264. Thomas, K. E., & Newman, J. (2003). Thermal modeling of porous insertion electrodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 150(2), A176. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1531194
265. Tie, S. F., & Tan, C. W. (2013). A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 82-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.077
266. Tognan, M., Turpin, C., & Simon, P. (2019). OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible (Doctoral dissertation, LAboratoire PLasma et Conversion d'Energie; Centre interuniversitaire de recherche et d'ingenierie des matériaux).
267. Tran, D. D., Vafaeipour, M., El Baghdadi, M., Barrero, R., Van Mierlo, J., & Hegazy, O. (2020). Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119, 109596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109596
268. Troxler, Y., Wu, B., Marinescu, M., Yufit, V., Patel, Y., Marquis, A. J., Brandon, N. P., & Offer, G. J. (2014). The effect of thermal gradients on the performance of lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 247, 1018–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.084
269. Vachhani, M., Sagar, K. R., Patel, V. M., & Mehta, H. B. (2024). Novel integration of dual evaporator loop heat pipe for improved electric vehicle battery thermal regulation. Applied Thermal Engineering, 236, 121832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121832
270. Van Mierlo, J., Berecibar, M., El Baghdadi, M., De Cauwer, C., Messagie, M., Coosemans, T., Jacobs, V. A., & Hegazy, O. (2021). Beyond the state of the art of electric vehicles: A fact-based paper of the current and prospective electric vehicle technologies. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 12(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12010020
271. Vaverková, M. D. (2019). Landfill impacts on the environment. Geosciences, 9(10), 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100431
272. Verma, S., Mishra, S., Gaur, A., Chowdhury, S., Mohapatra, S., Dwivedi, G., & Verma, P. (2021). A comprehensive review on energy storage in hybrid electric vehicle. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 8(5), 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2021.09.001
273. Vertiz, G., Oyarbide, M., Macicior, H., Miguel, O., Cantero, I., De Arroiabe, P. F., & Ulacia, I. (2014). Thermal characterization of large size lithium-ion pouch cell based on 1d electro-thermal model. Journal of Power Sources, 272, 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.092
274. Viswanathan, V., Crawford, A., Stephenson, D., Kim, S., Wang, W., Li, B., Coffey, G., Thomsen, E., Graff, G., Balducci, P., Kintner-Meyer, M., & Sprenkle, V. (2014). Cost and performance model for redox flow batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 247, 1040-1051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.12.023
275. Wang, C., Yu, Y., Niu, J., Liu, Y., Bridges, D., Liu, X., Pooran, J., Zhang, Y., & Hu, A. (2019). Recent progress of metal–air batteries—a mini review. Applied Sciences, 9(14), 2787. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142787
276. Wang, K., Wu, Y., Yang, C., Yu, M., Lei, C., Zhang, Y., Ding, T., Long, Y., Liu, K., & Wu, H. (2024a). Dry Electrode Processing for High‐Performance Molten Salt Batteries. Advanced Energy Materials, 14(27), 2400589. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202400589
277. Wang, Q., Ping, P., Zhao, X., Chu, G., Sun, J., & Chen, C. (2016). Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery. Journal of Power Sources, 208, 210-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.038
278. Wang, R., Zhang, H., Chen, J., Ding, R., & Luo, D. (2024b). Modeling and model predictive control of a battery thermal management system based on thermoelectric cooling for electric vehicles. Energy Technology, 12(5), 2301205. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202301205
279. Wang, X., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Lv, S., Ni, H., Deng, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2022). A Review of the Power Battery Thermal Management System with Different Cooling, Heating and Coupling System. Energies, 15(6), 1963. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15061963
280. Wang, Y. J., Fan, H., Ignaszak, A., Zhang, L., Shao, S., Wilkinson, D. P., & Zhang, J. (2018). Compositing doped-carbon with metals, non-metals, metal oxides, metal nitrides and other materials to form bifunctional electrocatalysts to enhance metal-air battery oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 348, 416-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.208
281. Wankhede, S., Pingale, A. D., & Kale, A. (2025). Experimental investigation on thermal management of lithium-ion battery pack for formula student electric vehicle using air-cooling system. Energy Storage and Saving, 4(1), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enss.2024.11.008
282. Weng, J., Ouyang, D., Yang, X., Chen, M., Zhang, G., & Wang, J. (2020). Optimization of the internal fin in a phase-change-material module for battery thermal management. Applied Thermal Engineering, 167, 114698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114698
283. Werner, D., Peuker, U. A., & Mütze, T. (2020). Recycling chain for spent lithium-ion batteries. Metals, 10(3), 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10030316
284. Wicks, F. (2003). The Remarkable Henry Ford. Mechanical Engineering, 125(5), 50-55. Wiriyasart, S., Hommalee, C., Sirikasemsuk, S., Prurapark, R., & Naphon, P. (2020). Thermal management system with nanofluids for electric vehicle battery cooling modules. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 18, 100583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100583
285. Wu, C., Ni, J., Shi, X., & Huang, R. (2024a). A new design of cooling plate for liquid-cooled battery thermal management system with variable heat transfer path. Applied Thermal Engineering, 239, 122107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.122107
286. Wu, C., Sun, Y., Tang, H., Zhang, S., Yuan, W., Zhu, L., & Tang, Y. (2024b). A review on the liquid cooling thermal management system of lithium-ion batteries. Applied Energy, 375, 124173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124173
287. Wu, H. (2022, October). Study on direct refrigerant cooling for lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2310(1), 012028). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2310/1/012028
288. Wu, W., Wang, S., Wu, W., Chen, K., Hong, S., & Lai, Y. (2019). A critical review of battery thermal performance and liquid based battery thermal management. Energy Conversion and Management, 182, 262–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.051
289. Wu, Y., Yang, Z., Lin, B., Liu, H., Wang, R., Zhou, B., & Hao, J. (2012). Energy consumption and CO2 emission impacts of vehicle electrification in three developed regions of China. Energy Policy, 48, 537-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.060
290. Xie, S., Hu, X., Qi, S., & Lang, K. (2018). An artificial neural network-enhanced energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Energy, 163, 837-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.139
291. Xin, S., Wang, C., & Xi, H. (2023). Thermal management scheme and optimization of cylindrical lithium-ion battery pack based on air cooling and liquid cooling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 224, 120100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120100
292. Xiong, S., Ji, J., & Ma, X. (2020). Environmental and economic evaluation of remanufacturing lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Waste Management, 102, 579-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.013
293. Yamada, T., Koshiyama, T., Yoshikawa, M., Yamada, T., & Ono, N. (2017). Analysis of a lithium-ion battery cooling system for electric vehicles using a phase-change material and heat pipes. Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 12(1), JTST0011. https://doi.org/10.1299/jtst.2017jtst0011
294. Yan, Z. (2024). Research on Lithium Battery Recycling and Utilization. International Journal of Materials Science and Technology Studies, 1(3), 1-8.
295. Yanamandra, K., Pinisetty, D., Daoud, A., & Gupta, N. (2022). Recycling of Li-ion and lead acid batteries: a review. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 102(1), 281-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-021-00269-7
296. Yang, H., Hu, X., Zhang, G., Dou, B., Cui, G., Yang, Q., & Yan, X. (2024a). Life cycle assessment of secondary use and physical recycling of lithium-ion batteries retired from electric vehicles in China. Waste Management, 178, 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.034
297. Yang, J., Wu, J., Liu, Y., Wang, X., Liu, G., Wen, Q., Li, F., & Wang, Z. (2024b). Numerical study on side cooling technology of battery with a flat confined loop heat pipe. Applied Thermal Engineering, 236, 121490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121490
298. Yazami, R. (1999). Surface chemistry and lithium storage capability of the graphite–lithium electrode. Electrochimica Acta, 45(1-2), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00195-4
299. Yoshino, A. (2022). Brief history and future of the lithium-ion battery. The Nobel Prizes, 2019, 207-218.
300. Yu, W., & Xie, H. (2012). A review on nanofluids: preparation, stability mechanisms, and applications. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2012(1), 435873. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/435873
301. Yudhistira, R., Khatiwada, D., & Sanchez, F. (2022). A comparative life cycle assessment of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries for grid energy storage. Journal of Cleaner Production, 358, 131999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131999
302. Yue, M., Lambert, H., Pahon, E., Roche, R., Jemei, S., & Hissel, D. (2021). Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 146, 111180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111180
303. Zakeri, B., & Syri, S. (2015). Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 569-596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.011
304. Zanoletti, A., Carena, E., Ferrara, C., & Bontempi, E. (2024). A Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Technologies, Sustainability, and Open Issues. Batteries, 10(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010038
305. Zeng, J., Feng, S., Lai, C., Song, J., Fu, L., Chen, H., Deng, S., & Gao, T. (2023). Prediction on thermal performance of refrigerant-based battery thermal management system for a HEV battery pack. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 201, 123657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123657
306. Zhang, B., Yuan, N., Kong, B., Zou, Y., & Shi, H. (2024). Simulation of hybrid air-cooled and liquid-cooled systems for optimal lithium-ion battery performance and condensation prevention in high-humidity environments. Applied Thermal Engineering, 257, 124455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.124455
307. Zhao, C., Zu, B., Xu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhou, J., & Liu, L. (2020). Design and analysis of an engine-start control strategy for a single-shaft parallel hybrid electric vehicle. Energy, 202, 117621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117621
308. Zhao, G., Wang, X., Negnevitsky, M., & Li, C. (2023a). An up-to-date review on the design improvement and optimization of the liquid-cooling battery thermal management system for electric vehicles. Applied Thermal Engineering, 219, 119626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119626
309. Zhao, G., Wang, X., Negnevitsky, M., & Zhang, H. (2021a). A review of air-cooling battery thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Journal of Power Sources, 501, 230001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230001
310. Zhao, H., Zhang, B., & Zhang, B. (2008, September). Research on parameters matching of parallel hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. In 2008 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2008.4677431
311. Zhao, L., Li, W., Wang, G., Cheng, W., & Chen, M. (2023b). A novel thermal management system for lithium-ion battery modules combining direct liquid-cooling with forced air-cooling. Applied Thermal Engineering, 232, 120992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120992
312. Zhao, Y., Pohl, O., Bhatt, A. I., Collis, G. E., Mahon, P. J., Rüther, T., & Hollenkamp, A. F. (2021b). A review on battery market trends, second-life reuse, and recycling. Sustainable Chemistry, 2(1), 167-205. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem2010011
313. Zheng, Z., Petrone, R., Péra, M. C., Hissel, D., Becherif, M., Pianese, C., Steiner, N. Y., & Sorrentino, M. (2013). A review on non-model based diagnosis methodologies for PEM fuel cell stacks and systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(21), 8914-8926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.04.007
314. Zhou, H., Li, W., Yang, W., Guo, X., Cui, L., & Liu, T. (2024). A hybrid battery thermal management strategy that couples internal PCM with external air-jet cooling. Journal of Energy Storage, 98, 113127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.113127
315. Cengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (1989). Thermodynamics: an Engineering Approach.