SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Yükseköğretim Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Why Do Academics Experience Burnout and Poor Job Performance? The Role of Differentiation of Self, Experiential Avoidance, and Job Satisfaction

Akademisyenlerde Düşük Performans ve Tükenmişlik Nedenleri? Benlik Farklılaşması, Deneyimsel Kaçınma ve Iş Tatmininin Rolü

Mustafa Alperen Kurşuncu(ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-8370-0859
Sevgi Yıldız(ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-1116-7896
Şule Baştemur(ORDU ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0003-3940-0565
Pages
291–302
Publication Date
2025-08-07
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Overall, academics with higher levels of self-differentiation reported lower experiential avoidance and burnout levels.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study explored how experiential avoidance and job satisfaction act as mediators between self-differentiation, job performance, and burnout.
📊
Key Findings & Data:A sample of 278 academics completed several measures: the Demographic Information Form, Job Performance and Job Satisfaction Scales, Burnout Measure (Short Version), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (II), and Differentiation of Self Inventory (Short Form).
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Overall, academics with higher levels of self-differentiation reported lower experiential avoidance and burnout levels.
🔬Design:Survey & Empirical Study
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:enlik Farklılaşması · Deneyimsel Kaçınma · İş Tatmini

Abstract

This study explored how experiential avoidance and job satisfaction act as mediators between self-differentiation, job performance, and burnout. A sample of 278 academics completed several measures: the Demographic Information Form, Job Performance and Job Satisfaction Scales, Burnout Measure (Short Version), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (II), and Differentiation of Self Inventory (Short Form). Mediation analysis showed that self-differentiation explained 15% of the variance in job satisfaction and 66% in experiential avoidance. Together, self-differentiation, experiential avoidance, and job satisfaction accounted for 28% of the variance in job performance and 67% in burnout. Notably, self-differentiation alone did not have significant direct effects on job performance or burnout unless experiential avoidance or job satisfaction was included in the model. Specifically, while the indirect path from self-differentiation to experiential avoidance to job performance was not significant, the pathway from self-differentiation to experiential avoidance to burnout showed the strongest relationships. Overall, academics with higher levels of self-differentiation reported lower experiential avoidance and burnout levels. These findings suggest that experiential avoidance and job satisfaction are important factors in understanding the impact of self-differentiation on job performance and burnout among academics.

Özet

Bu çalışma, benlik farklılaşması, deneyimsel kaçınma ve iş tatmininin iş performansı ve tükenmişlik üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Toplam 278 akademisyen, Demografik Bilgi Formu, İş Performansı ve İş Tatmini Ölçekleri, Tükenmişlik Ölçeği-Kısa Versiyonu, Kabul ve Eylem Anketi-II ve Benlik Farklılaşması Envanteri-Kısa Formunu doldurdu. Aracılık analizinde, benlik farklılaşmasının iş tatmini varyansının %15’ini, deneyimsel kaçınma varyansının ise %66’sını açıkladığı bulundu. Benlik farklılaşması, deneyimsel kaçınma ve iş tatmini birlikte, iş performansındaki varyansın %28’ini ve tükenmişlik varyansının %67’sini açıklamaktadır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, modele deneyimsel kaçınma veya iş tatmini dahil edilmediğinde, benlik farklılaşmasının iş performansı veya tükenmişlik üzerinde anlamlı doğrudan bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak, benlik farklılaşmasından deneyimsel kaçınma aracılığıyla iş performansına giden yol anlamlı çıkmamıştır. En güçlü ilişki, benlik farklılaşmasından deneyimsel kaçınma aracılığıyla tükenmişliğe giden yol üzerinde görülmüştür. Daha yüksek benlik farklılaşmasına sahip akademisyenler, daha düşük seviyelerde deneyimsel kaçınma ve tükenmişlik bildirmişlerdir. Bu bulgular, benlik farklılaşmasının iş yaşamındaki zorluklarla başa çıkmada önemli bir unsur olabileceğini göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Kurşuncu, M. A., Yıldız, S., Baştemur, Ş. (2025). Why Do Academics Experience Burnout and Poor Job Performance? The Role of Differentiation of Self, Experiential Avoidance, and Job Satisfaction. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 291–302. https://doi.org/10.53478/yuksekogretim.1501776

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (87)

  1. Akca, M., & Küçükoğlu, M. T. (2020). Relationships between mental workload, burnout, and job performance: A research among academicians. In Realyvásquez Vargas, A., Arredondo-Soto, K. C., Hernández-Escobedo, G., & González Reséndiz, J. (Eds.), Evaluating mental workload for improved workplace performance (pp. 49-68). IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1052-0.ch003
  2. Akün, Ç., Işık, E., & Savickas, M. (2023). Examining Differentiation of Self Within Career Construction Model of Adaptation. Journal of Career Development, 50(1), 135-149. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453211070027
  3. Arbuckle, J. L. (2016). IBM SPSS Amos 24 user’s guide. [Computer software and manual]. IBM.
  4. Bandalos, D. L. (2002). The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(1), 78–102. https://doi.org//10.1207/S15328007SEM0901_5
  5. Başol, O. ve Çömlekçi, M. F. (2020). İş Tatmini Ölçeğinin Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 1(2), 16-29
  6. Beebe, R. S. (2007). Predicting burnout, conflict management style, and turnover among clergy. Journal of Career Assessment, 15(2), 257-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072706298157
  7. Beebe, R., & Frisch, N. (2009). Development of the Differentiation of Self and Role Inventory for Nurses (DSRI-RN): A tool to measure internal dimensions of workplace stress. Nursing Outlook, 57(5), 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2009.04.001
  8. Biglan, A., Layton, G. L., Jones, L. B., Hankins, M., & Rusby, J. C. (2013). The value of workshops on psychological flexibility for early childhood special education staff. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 32(4), 196-210. doi: 10.1177/0271121411425191
  9. Blackledge, J. T., & Hayes, S. C. (2001). Emotion regulation in acceptance and commitment therapy. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 57(2), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(200102)57:2 3.0.CO;2-X
  10. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage
  11. Bond, F. W., & Bunce, D. (2003). The role of acceptance and job control in mental health, job satisfaction, and work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(6), 1057–1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.1057
  12. Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K.,. & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
  13. Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson
  14. Bowling, N., Hendricks, E., &Wagner, S. (2008). Positive and negative affectivity and facet satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business & Psychology, 23(3/4), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-008-9082-0
  15. Brackett, M. A., Palomera, R., Mojsa-Kaja, J., Reyes, M. R., & Salovey, P. (2010). Emotion-regulation ability, burnout, and job satisfaction among British secondary-school teachers. Psychology in the Schools, 47(4), 406-417. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20478
  16. Braun, S. S., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Roeser, R. W. (2020). Effects of teachers’ emotion regulation, burnout, and life satisfaction on student well-being. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 69, 101151.
  17. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Sage
  18. Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Lawrence Erlbaum.
  19. Campbell, C. H., Ford, P., Rumsey, M. G., Pulakos, E. D., Borman, W. C., Felker, D. B.,. & Riegelhaupt, B. J. (1990). Development of multiple job performance measures in a representative sample of jobs. Personnel Psychology, 43(2), 277-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1990.tb01559.x
  20. Castellano, E., Muñoz Navarro, R., Toledo, M. S., Spontón, C., & Medrano, L. A. (2019). Cognitive processes of emotional regulation, burnout and work engagement. Psicothema, 31(1), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.228
  21. Cavaiola, A. A., Peters, C., Hamdan, N., & Lavender, N. J. (2012). Differentiation of self and its relation to work stress and work satisfaction. Journal of Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, 3(1), 7-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpoc.20092
  22. Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255.https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5.
  23. Çöl, G. (2008). Algılanan güçlendirmenin işgören performansı üzerine etkileri. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9(1), 35-46.
  24. Davar, S. C., & RanjuBala. (2012). Relationship between job satisfaction & job performance: A meta-analysis. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 48(2), 290-305. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23509839
  25. Drake, J. R., Murdock, N. L., Marszalek, J. M., & Barber, C. E. (2015). Differentiation of self-inventory—short form: development and preliminary validation. Contemporary Family Therapy, 37(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-015-9329-7
  26. Duch-Ceballos, C., Oliver Pece, J., & Skowron, E. (2021). Differentiation of self and its relationship with emotional self-regulation and anxiety in a Spanish sample. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 49(5), 517-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2020.1841039
  27. Frederick, T. V., Dunbar, S. E., Purrington, S., Fisher, S. Y., & Ardito, R. (2018). Exploring the relative contributions of differentiation of self and mindfulness for predicting burnout. In L. Brewer (Ed.), Meditation: Practice, techniques, and health benefits (pp. 185–204). Nova Science Press.
  28. Frederick, T. V., Thai, Y., Dunbar, S. E., Ardito, R., Eichler, K., Kidd, K.,. & Almero, M. (2023). The Effects of Role Differentiation Among Clergy: Impact on Pastoral Burnout and Job Satisfaction. Pastoral Psychology, 72, 121-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-022-01052-w
  29. Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: Psychometric features and prospective relationships with depression and anxiety in adults. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1027/10155759.23.3.141
  30. Gillespie, N. A., Walsh, M. H. W. A., Winefield, A. H., Dua, J., & Stough, C. (2001). Occupational stress in universities: Staff perceptions of the causes, consequences and moderators of stress. Work & Stress, 15(1), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370110062449
  31. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Bissett, R. T., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., … & McCurry, S. M. (2004). Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model. The Psychological Record, 54(4), 553-578. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395492
  32. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. Guilford.
  33. Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152-1168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152
  34. Hinds, E., Jones, L. B., Gau, J. M., Forrester, K. K., & Biglan, A. (2015). Teacher distress and the role of experiential avoidance. Psychology in the Schools, 52(3), 284-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21821
  35. Hooper, N., Villatte, M., Neofotistou, E., & McHugh, L. (2010). The effects of mindfulness versus thought suppression on implicit and explicit measures of experiential avoidance. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 6(3), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100910
  36. Høigaard, R., Giske, R., & Sundsli, K. (2012). Newly qualified teachers’ work engagement and teacher efficacy influences on job satisfaction, burnout, and the intention to quit. European Journal of Teacher Education, 35(3), 347-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2011.633993
  37. Hulin, C. L., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Job attitudes. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 255–276). Wiley.
  38. Hülsheger, U. R., Alberts, H. J. E. M., Feinholdt, A., & Lang, J. W. B. (2013). Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 310–325. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031313
  39. IBM Corp. Released. (2013). IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. IBM Corp.
  40. Iglesias, M. E. L., de Bengoa Vallejo, R. B., & Fuentes, P. S. (2010). The relationship between experiential avoidance and burnout syndrome in critical care nurses: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.06.014
  41. JASP, T. (2020). JASP (Version 0.14) [Computer software]. Retrieve from https://jaspstats.org/
  42. Judge, T. A., & Klinger, R. (2008). Job satisfaction: Subjective well-being at work. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 393-413). Guilford.
  43. Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), pp. 17-34.
  44. Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger, M. F. (2006). Experiential avoidance as a generalized psychological vulnerability: Comparisons with coping and emotion regulation strategies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(9), 1301-1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.003
  45. Kashdan, T. B., Ferssizidis, P., Collins, R. L., & Muraven, M. (2010). Emotion differentiation as resilience against excessive alcohol use. Psychological Science, 21(9), 1341–1347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610379863
  46. Katebi, A., HajiZadeh, M. H., Bordbar, A., & Salehi, A. M. (2022). The relationship between job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 23(1), 21-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-021-00280-y
  47. Kerr, K. (1982). An overview of Bowen theory and organizations. In Sagar, R. & Wiseman, K. (Eds), Understanding organizations: applications of bowen family systems theory. Georgetown Family Center, Washington, DC, pp. 1-30.
  48. Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. W. W. Norton & Co.
  49. Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rdEdition). The Guilford Press.
  50. Koydemir, S., Varol, M., Fehn, T., Bilgiç, I. D., Gauglitz, I., & Schütz, A. (2022). A multilevel analysis of the relationship between leaders’ experiential avoidance and followers’ well-being. Current Psychology, 1-12.
  51. Lee, M. J., & Choi, Y. S. (2012). The effect of social workers’ self-differentiation on burnout. Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 17(4), 173-197.
  52. Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Nurse turnover: The mediating role of burnout. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(3), 331-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2009.01004.x
  53. Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling:A Multidisciplinary Journal, 9(2), 151–173. https://doi.org//10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
  54. Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4(4), 309-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90013-0
  55. Maslach, C. 1982. Burnout: The cost of caring. Prentice-Hall.
  56. Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20311
  57. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
  58. McCluskey, D. L., Haliwa, I., Wilson, J. M., Keeley, J. W., & Shook, N. J. (2020). Experiential avoidance mediates the relation between mindfulness and anxiety. Current Psychology, 3947–3957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00929-4
  59. Meyer, J.P., Paunonen, S.V., Gellatly, I.R., Goffin, R.D. & Jackson, D.N. (1989). Organizational commitment and job performance: it’s the nature of the commitment that counts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 152-156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.1.152
  60. Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L. & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1842
  61. Milfont, T. L. & Fischer, R. (2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups:Applications in cross- cultural research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.857
  62. Moin, M. F., Wei, F., & Weng, Q. (2020). Abusive supervision, emotion regulation, and performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 28(4), 498-509. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12301
  63. Nasser-Abu Alhija, F., & Wisenbaker, J. (2006). A Monte Carlo study investigating the impact of item parceling strategies on parameter estimates and their standard errors in CFA. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 13(2), 204–228. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1302_3
  64. Nevitt, J., & Hancock, G. R. (1998). Relative performance of rescaling and resampling approaches to model chi-square and parameter standard error estimation in structural equation modeling. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA
  65. Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1985). Cognition vs affect in measures of job satisfaction. International Journal of Psychology, 20(2), 241-253.
  66. Pines, A. M. (2005). The burnout measure short version (BMS). International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 78-88.4.
  67. Sarıkaya, Y., Boyacı, M., Ilhan, T., & Aldemi, A. (2018). Adaptation of the differentiation of self-inventory short form (DSI-SF) to Turkish: Validity and reliability study. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 7, 365–380.
  68. Scanlan, J. N., & Still, M. (2013). Job satisfaction, burnout and turnover intention in occupational therapists working in mental health. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60(5), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12067
  69. Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  70. Sigler, T.H., Pearson, C. M. (2000). Creating an empowering culture: examining the relationship between organizational culture and perceptions of empowerment. Journal of Quality Management, 5, 27-52.
  71. Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The differentiation of self inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.235
  72. Sloan, D., Buckham, R., & Lee, Y. (2017). Exploring differentiation of self and organizational commitment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(2), 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2016-0209
  73. Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the job satisfaction survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6), 693.
  74. Swider, B. W., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2010). Born to burnout: A meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational behavior, 76(3), 487-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.01.003
  75. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (6th ed.). Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
  76. Thompson R. A. (2019). Emotion dysregulation: A theme in search of definition. Development and Psychopathology 31, 805–815. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000282
  77. Titelman, P. (2008). The concept of the triangle in Bowen theory: An overview. In P. Titelman (Ed.), Triangles: Bowen Family Systems Theory Perspectives (pp. 3-63). The Haworth Press.
  78. Turner, K., & Garvis, S. (2023). Teacher educator wellbeing, stress and burnout: A scoping review. Education Sciences, 13(4), 351. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040351
  79. Tümkaya, S., Sabahattin, Ç. A. M., & Çavuşoğlu, I. (2009). Tükenmişlik ölçeği kısa versiyonu’nun Türkçe’ye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1), 387-398.
  80. Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on models of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(4), 216-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2389.00151
  81. Weiss, H. M. (2002). Deconstructing job satisfaction: Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 173-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00045-1
  82. Yavuz, F., Ulusoy, S., Iskin, M., Esen, F. B., Burhan, H. S., Karadere, M. E., & Yavuz, N. (2016). Turkish version of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II): A reliability and validity analysis in clinical and non-clinical samples. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 26(4), 397-408. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20160223124107
  83. Yousefi, M., & Abdullah, A. G. K. (2019). The impact of organizational stressors on job performance among academic staff. International Journal of Instruction, 12(3), 561-576. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12334a
  84. Zhang, C. Q., Li, X., Si, G., Chung, P. K., Huang, Z., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2023). Examining the roles of experiential avoidance and cognitive fusion on the effects from mindfulness to athlete burnout: A longitudinal study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 64, 102341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102341
  85. Bond, F. W., Hayes, S. C., Baer, R. A., Carpenter, K. M., Guenole, N., Orcutt, H. K.,. & Zettle, R. D. (2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
  86. Campbell, C. H., Ford, P., Rumsey, M. G., Pulakos, E. D., Borman, W. C., Felker, D. B.,. & Riegelhaupt, B. J. (1990). Development of multiple job performance measures in a representative sample of jobs. Personnel Psychology, 43(2), 277-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1990.tb01559.x
  87. Frederick, T. V., Thai, Y., Dunbar, S. E., Ardito, R., Eichler, K., Kidd, K.,. & Almero, M. (2023). The Effects of Role Differentiation Among Clergy: Impact on Pastoral Burnout and Job Satisfaction. Pastoral Psychology, 72, 121-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-022-01052-w