Journals / Yükseköğretim Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Comparing Turkish and Arab Higher Education Models: Similarities and Divergences

Türk ve Arap Yükseköğretim Modellerinin Karşılaştırılması: Benzerlikler ve Ayrışmalar

Pages
57–72
Publication Date
2026-08-31
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Because the study relies on secondary evidence, its propositions should be tested through mixed-method, longitudinal, and country-specific research.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Objective: This study compares access to and progression through higher education in Türkiye and the Gulf, Mashriq, and Maghreb through Bourdieu’s concepts of field, habitus, and capital.
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Key Findings & Data:It also brings two largely separate regional literatures into a common theoretical framework.
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Conclusion & Impact:Because the study relies on secondary evidence, its propositions should be tested through mixed-method, longitudinal, and country-specific research.
🔬Design:Review & Systematic Survey
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Bourdieu · Yükseköğretim · Eğitim Eşitsizliği

Abstract

Objective: This study compares access to and progression through higher education in Türkiye and the Gulf, Mashriq, and Maghreb through Bourdieu’s concepts of field, habitus, and capital. It examines how centralised examinations, private preparation, kinship ties, wasta, foreign university affiliations, and linguistic legacies reproduce inequality beneath claims of equal opportunity. It also brings two largely separate regional literatures into a common theoretical framework. Methods: A theory-driven qualitative design and structured-focused comparison were used. Türkiye, the Gulf, the Mashriq, and the Maghreb were examined through theoretical sampling and maximum-contrast logic. The evidence comprised policy and governance documents, official statistics and reports, institutional materials, peer-reviewed studies, and selected grey literature. Analysis involved systematic thematic reading and conceptual matching, while the findings were cross-checked through triangulation across different types of secondary sources. No primary field data were collected. Results: In Türkiye, although the centralised examination provides formal uniformity, access to cram schools, private tutoring, high-quality schools, and cultural resources gives enduring advantages to students with greater cultural and economic capital. Across Arab subregions, inequality is shaped by social networks and wasta, royal or bureaucratic connections, the prestige of Western-affiliated institutions, and the cultural value of French or English. Despite regional variation, meritocratic rhetoric in both contexts obscures mechanisms of social and symbolic reproduction. Conclusions and Recommendations: Access to and progression through higher education depend not only on individual achievement but also on the distribution of capital and students’ habitus. Equity policies should therefore extend beyond formal admission criteria. Recommended measures include free targeted preparation, additional resources for disadvantaged schools, transparent scoring and independent appeals in scholarships and placements, multilingual bridging programmes, inclusive mentoring networks, and equity conditions in internationalisation. Because the study relies on secondary evidence, its propositions should be tested through mixed-method, longitudinal, and country-specific research.

Özet

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türkiye ile Arap dünyasının Körfez, Maşrik ve Mağrip alt bölgelerindeki yükseköğretime erişim ve ilerleme mekanizmalarını Pierre Bourdieu’nün alan, habitus ve sermaye kavramları çerçevesinde karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma; merkezi sınav, özel hazırlık, akrabalık ilişkileri, wasta, yabancı üniversite bağlantıları ve dilsel miras gibi etkenlerin fırsat eşitliği söylemi altında sosyal eşitsizlikleri nasıl yeniden ürettiğini açıklamayı ve büyük ölçüde ayrı gelişen Türkiye ve Arap yükseköğretim literatürlerini ortak bir kuramsal çerçevede buluşturmayı hedeflemektedir. Yöntem: Araştırma, kuram güdümlü nitel karşılaştırmalı desende ve yapılandırılmış-odaklı karşılaştırma yaklaşımıyla yürütülmüştür. Türkiye, Körfez, Maşrik ve Mağrip; kuramsal örnekleme ve maksimum karşıtlık mantığıyla incelenmiştir. Veriler, politika ve yönetişim belgeleri, uluslararası istatistikler ve resmî raporlar, kurumsal belgeler, hakemli çalışmalar ile seçilmiş gri literatür ve medya kaynaklarından elde edilmiştir. Analiz, sistematik tematik okuma ve kavramsal eşleştirme yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiş; bulgular farklı ikincil kaynak türleri arasında üçgenleme yapılarak kontrol edilmiştir. Çalışmada birincil saha verisi toplanmamıştır. Bulgular: Türkiye’de merkezi sınav, standart bir ölçme düzeni sunmasına karşın dershane, özel ders, nitelikli okul ve kültürel kaynaklara erişim, kültürel ve ekonomik sermayesi yüksek öğrencileri kalıcı biçimde avantajlı kılmaktadır. Arap alt bölgelerinde ise eşitsizlik, farklı ağırlıklarla sosyal ağlar ve wasta, hanedan veya bürokratik bağlantılar, Batı bağlantılı kurumların prestiji ve Fransızca ya da İngilizce gibi dillerin sağladığı kültürel sermaye üzerinden biçimlenmektedir. Bölgesel farklılıklara rağmen her iki bağlamda da meritokrasi söylemi, sosyal ve sembolik yeniden üretim mekanizmalarını görünmezleştirmektedir. Sonuç ve Öneriler: Yükseköğretime erişim ve ilerleme, yalnızca bireysel başarıyla değil, sermaye türlerinin eşitsiz dağılımı ve öğrencilerin habituslarıyla belirlenmektedir. Bu sonuç, eşitlik politikalarının yalnızca sınavlara veya resmî ölçütlere odaklanmaması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Dezavantajlı öğrencilere ücretsiz hazırlık desteği, kırsal okullara hedefli kaynak aktarımı, burs ve yerleştirmelerde şeffaf puanlama ve bağımsız itiraz, çokdilli destek programları, kapsayıcı mentorluk ağları ve uluslararasılaşmada hakkaniyet koşulları önerilmektedir. Çalışmanın ikincil verilere dayanması nedeniyle bulguların karma yöntemli, boylamsal ve ülke temelli araştırmalarla sınanması gerekmektedir.

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Cite This Article

Bozbaş, G. (2026). Comparing Turkish and Arab Higher Education Models: Similarities and Divergences. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 57–72. https://doi.org/10.53478/yuksekogretim.1720108

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