SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 15 Sayı: 30

DOES MACROECONOMIC STABILITY GENERATE ENVIRONMENTAL GAINS IN TURKIYE? AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

MAKROEKONOMİK İSTİKRAR TÜRKİYE'DE ÇEVRESEL KAZANIMLAR YARATIYOR MU? EKONOMİK VE ÇEVRESEL FAKTÖRLER BAĞLAMINDA AMPİRİK BİR YAKLAŞIM

Seyit Ordu(DİCLE ÜNİVERSİTESİ)0000-0002-3203-9378
Pages
1048–1077
Publication Date
2025-11-30
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The main findings reveal that macroeconomic stability in Türkiye reduced carbon dioxide emissions in the period in question.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:This study aims to assess the impact of Türkiye's economic performance on environmental sustainability using annual data for the period 1990-2023.
📊
Key Findings & Data:As a methodology, the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test) bounds test developed by Peseran, Shin and Smith (2001), which allows us to see the relationship between variables in both the short and long run, is used.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The main findings reveal that macroeconomic stability in Türkiye reduced carbon dioxide emissions in the period in question.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:2023 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik · ARDL Sınır Testi · EKC Hipotezi

Abstract

This study aims to assess the impact of Türkiye's economic performance on environmental sustainability using annual data for the period 1990-2023. The main motivation of the study is how the Macroeconomic Stability Index for Türkiye, which of calculate using multiple economic dynamics, shapes carbon dioxide emissions. As a methodology, the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test) bounds test developed by Peseran, Shin and Smith (2001), which allows us to see the relationship between variables in both the short and long run, is used. The results of the analysis show that there is a long-run cointegration relationship between all variables. The main findings reveal that macroeconomic stability in Türkiye reduced carbon dioxide emissions in the period in question. These main findings from the analyses emphasise that Türkiye's long-term economic plans are integrated with the principles of environmental sustainability and that these two objectives are complementary to each other.

Özet

Bu çalışma, 1990-2023 dönemi için yıllık verileri kullanarak Türkiye'nin ekonomik performansının çevresel sürdürülebilirlik üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın temel motivasyonu, Türkiye için çoklu ekonomik dinamikler kullanılarak hesaplanan Makroekonomik İstikrar Endeksi'nin karbondioksit emisyonlarını nasıl şekillendirdiğidir. Metodoloji olarak, Peseran, Shin ve Smith (2001) tarafından geliştirilen ve değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi hem kısa hem de uzun dönemde görmemizi sağlayan ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test) sınır testi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları tüm değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli bir eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Temel bulgular, Türkiye'deki makroekonomik istikrarın söz konusu dönemde karbondioksit emisyonlarını azalttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Analizlerden elde edilen bu temel bulgular, Türkiye'nin uzun vadeli ekonomik planlarının çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ilkeleriyle bütünleştiğini ve bu iki hedefin birbirini tamamlayıcı nitelikte olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Ordu, S. (2025). DOES MACROECONOMIC STABILITY GENERATE ENVIRONMENTAL GAINS IN TURKIYE? AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 30, 1048–1077. https://doi.org/10.53092/duiibfd.1711438

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (102)

  1. Adams, S., Adedoyin, F., Olaniran, E., & Bekun, F. V. (2020). Energy consumption, economic policy uncertainty and carbon emissions; causality evidence from resource rich economies. Economic Analysis and Policy, 68, 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.09.012
  2. Adebayo, T. S. (2020). Revisiting the EKC hypothesis in an emerging market: An application of ARDL-based bounds and wavelet coherence approaches. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03705-y
  3. Adedoyin, F. F., & Zakari, A. (2020). Energy consumption, economic expansion, and CO2 emission in the UK: The role of economic policy uncertainty. Science of The Total Environment, 738, 140014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140014
  4. Akarca, A. T., & Long, V. T. (1980). On the relationship between energy and GNP: A reexamination. The Journal of Energy and Development, 5(2), 326-331.
  5. Alkhawaldeh, B. Y. S., Alhawamdeh, H., Almarshad, M., Fraihat, B. A. M., Abu-Alhija, S. M. M., Alhawamdeh, A. M., & Ismaeel, B. (2023). The effect of macroeconomic policy uncertainty on environmental quality in Jordan: Evidence from the novel dynamic simulations approach. Jordan Journal of Economic Sciences, 10(2), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.35516/jjes.v10i2.1399
  6. Anser, M. K., Apergis, N., & Syed, Q. R. (2021). Impact of economic policy uncertainty on CO2 emissions: Evidence from top ten carbon emitter countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 29369–29378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12782-4
  7. Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2010). Renewable energy consumption and growth in Eurasia. Energy Economics, 32(2), 1392-1397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.06.001
  8. Arouri, H. E. M., Youssef, B. A., M’henni, H., & Rault, C. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Middle East and North African countries. Energy Policy, 45, 661-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.005
  9. Awan, A., Kocoglu, M., Bandyopadhyay, A., & Altuntaş, M. (2023). A quantile-based analysis of the nexus between hydropower generation, trade and urbanization for China utilizing the EKC hypothesis. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 28, 843–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-023-09889-y
  10. Aydin, M., Koc, P., & Sahpaz, K. I. (2023). Investigating the EKC hypothesis with nanotechnology, renewable energy consumption, economic growth and ecological footprint in G7 countries: Panel data analyses with structural breaks. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2022.2163724
  11. Bekun, F. V., Alola, A. A., Gyamfi, B. A., & Yaw, S. S. (2021). The relevance of EKC hypothesis in energy intensity real-output trade-off for sustainable environment in EU-27. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 51437–51448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14251-4
  12. Bekun, F. V., Emir, F., & Sarkodie, A. S. (2019). Another look at the relationship between energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth in South Africa. Science of The Total Environment, 655, 759-765.
  13. Benlemlih, M., & Yavaş, Ç. V. (2024). Economic policy uncertainty and climate change: Evidence from CO2 emission. Journal of Business Ethics, 191, 415–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05389-x
  14. Bibi, F., & Jamil, M. (2021). Testing Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in different regions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 13581–13594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11516-2
  15. Boluk, G., & Karaman, S. (2024). The impact of agriculture, energy consumption and economic growth on ecological footprint: Testing the agriculture-induced EKC for Türkiye. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04672-9
  16. Can, G., Kılıç, C., & Kurt, U. (2022). Is Kuznets’ inverted-U hypothesis valid for Turkey?: ARDL bounds testing approach. Journal of Management Sciences, 20(43), 171-190. https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.896224
  17. Can, M., & Gozgor, G. (2017). The impact of economic complexity on carbon emissions: Evidence from France. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 16364–16370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9219-7
  18. Caviglia-Harris, L. J., Chambers, D., & Kahn, R. J. (2009). Taking the “U” out of Kuznets: A comprehensive analysis of the EKC and environmental degradation. Ecological Economics, 68(4), 1149-1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.08.006
  19. Chan, Y. T. (2019). The environmental impacts and optimal environmental policies of macroeconomic uncertainty shocks: A dynamic model approach. Sustainability, 11(18), 4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11184993
  20. Chang, T., Gatwabuyege, F., Gupta, R., Lotz-İnglesi, R., Manjezi, N. C., & Simon-Kengne, B. D. (2014). Causal relationship between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in G6 countries: Evidence from panel Granger causality tests. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 77, 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2014.07.006
  21. Chu, L. K., Doğan, B., Abakah, E. J. A., Ghosh, S., & Albeni, M. (2022). Impact of economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk, and economic complexity on carbon emissions and ecological footprint: An investigation of the E7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 34406–34427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24682-2
  22. Coondoo, D., & Dinda, S. (2002). Causality between income and emission: A country group-specific econometric analysis. Ecological Economics, 40(3), 351-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00280-4
  23. Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
  24. Durani, F., Bhowmik, R., Sharif, A., Anwar, A., & Syed, R. Q. (2023). Role of economic uncertainty, financial development, natural resources, technology, and renewable energy in the environmental Phillips curve framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 420, 138334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138334
  25. Ercan, H., Savranlar, B., & Polat, M. A. (2024). The impact of technological innovations on the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from EU-27. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 19886–19903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32303-3
  26. Farhani, S., & Rejeb, J. B. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: Evidence from panel data for MENA region. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2(2), 71-81.
  27. Frodyma, K., Papież, M., & Śmiech, S. (2022). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve in the European Union countries. Energy, 241, 122899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122899
  28. Gogoi, N., & Hussain, F. (2024). Application of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the Indian core industries: Towards a greener economy. Review of Development Economics, 28(4), 1718-1740. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.13119
  29. Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (Working Paper No. 3914). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
  30. Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
  31. Haisheng, Y., Jia, J., Yongzhang, Z., & Shugong, W. (2005). The impact on environmental Kuznets curve by trade and foreign direct investment in China. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment, 3(2), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10042857.2005.10677410
  32. Hatemi-J, A., & Irandoust, M. (2005). Energy consumption and economic growth in Sweden: A leveraged bootstrap approach (1965-2000). International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 2(4), 91-102.
  33. He, K., Ramzan, M., Awosusi, A. S., Ahmed, Z., Ahmad, M., & Altuntaş, M. (2021). Does globalization moderate the effect of economic complexity on CO2 emissions? Evidence from the top 10 energy transition economies. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.778088
  34. Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.090094310
  35. Huseynli, N. (2024). CO2 emission and research and development relationship for Azerbaijan. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 14(1), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15203
  36. Islam, M. S., & Rahaman, S. H. (2024). Does economic policy impact the environment in South Asia? The role of disaggregated energy consumption in an EKC framework. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02267-3
  37. Jena, P. K., Mujtaba, A., Joshi, D. P. P., Satrovic, E., & Adeleye, B. N. (2022). Exploring the nature of EKC hypothesis in Asia’s top emitters: Role of human capital, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 88557–88576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21551-w
  38. Jiang, Y., Zhou, Z., & Liu, C. (2019). Does economic policy uncertainty matter for carbon emission? Evidence from US sector level data. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 24380–24394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05627-8
  39. Kanlı, K. N., & Küçükefe, B. (2024). Is the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis valid? A global analysis for carbon dioxide emissions. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, 2339–2367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02138-4
  40. Kazemzadeh, E., Fuinhas, J. A., Shirazi, M., Koengkan, M., & Silva, N. (2023). Does economic complexity increase energy intensity? Energy Efficiency, 16(29), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-023-10104-w
  41. Khan, M. (2019). Does macroeconomic instability cause environmental pollution? The case of Pakistan economy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 14649–14659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04804-z
  42. Khan, Y., Hassan, T., Kirikkaleli, D., Xiugin, Z., & Shukai, C. (2022). The impact of economic policy uncertainty on carbon emissions: Evaluating the role of foreign capital investment and renewable energy in East Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 18527–18545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17000-9
  43. Kilinc-Ata, N., & Likhachev, V. L. (2023). Validation of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis and role of carbon emission policies in the case of Russian Federation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 63407–63422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20316-9
  44. Kolstad, C. D., & Krautkraemer, A. J. (1993). Natural resource use and the environment. Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics, 3, 1219-1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4439(05)80013-2
  45. Kraft, J., & Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2), 401-403.
  46. Kuznets, S. (1955). International differences in capital formation and financing. In Universities-National Bureau Committee for Economic Research (Ed.), Capital formation and economic growth (pp. 17-110). Princeton University Press.
  47. Leal, H. P., & Marques, C. A. (2020). Rediscovering the EKC hypothesis for the 20 highest CO2 emitters among OECD countries by level of globalization. International Economics, 164, 36-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2020.07.001
  48. Lee, C. C. (2005). Energy consumption and GDP in developing countries: A cointegrated panel analysis. Energy Economics, 27(3), 415-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2005.03.003
  49. Lee, C. C., & Chang, C. P. (2008). Energy consumption and economic growth in Asian economies: A more comprehensive analysis using panel data. Resource and Energy Economics, 30(1), 50-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2007.03.003
  50. Leitão, N. C., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Cantos-Cantos, J. M. (2021). The impact of renewable energy and economic complexity on carbon emissions in BRICS countries under the EKC scheme. Energies, 14(16), 4908. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164908
  51. Li, R., Wang, O., Li, J., & Hu, S. (2023). Do natural resource rent and corruption governance reshape the environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint? Evidence from 158 countries. Resources Policy, 85(B), 103890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103890
  52. López-Menéndez, J. A., Pérez, R., & Moreno, B. (2014). Environmental costs and renewable energy: Re-visiting the environmental Kuznets curve. Journal of Environmental Management, 145, 368-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.017
  53. Lu, H., Gao, Q., & Li, M. C. (2022). Does economic policy uncertainty outperform macroeconomic factor and financial market uncertainty in forecasting carbon emission price volatility? Evidence from China. Applied Economics, 55(54), 6427–6443. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2022.2156470
  54. Luo, H., & Sun, Y. (2024). The impact of energy efficiency on ecological footprint in the presence of EKC: Evidence from G20 countries. Energy, 304, 132081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132081
  55. Ma, D., & Zhu, Y. (2024). The impact of economic uncertainty on carbon emission: Evidence from China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 191, 114230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114230
  56. Mitić, P., Fedajev, A., Radulescu, M., & Rehman, A. (2023). The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, available energy, and employment in SEE countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 16140–16155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23356-3
  57. Moosa, I. A., & Burns, K. (2022). The energy Kuznets curve: Evidence from developed and developing economies. The Energy Journal, 43(6), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.43.6.imoo
  58. Muhammed, M., Saad, S., Maikudi, Y. I., & Usman, A. B. (2023). Dynamic effects of energy consumption and economic growth on CO2 emission: Testing EKC hypothesis in Africa. European Scientific Journal, 19(28), 127-149. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n28p127
  59. Munir, K., & Riaz, N. (2019). Energy consumption and environmental quality in South Asia: Evidence from panel non-linear ARDL. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 29307–29315. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06116-8
  60. Muratoğlu, Y., Songur, M., Uğurlu, E., & Şanlı, D. (2024). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis at the sector level: Evidence from PNARDL for OECD countries. Frontiers in Energy Research, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1452906
  61. Murshed, M. (2022). Revisiting the deforestation-induced EKC hypothesis: The role of democracy in Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 87, 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10234-z
  62. Nan, S., Huo, Y., You, W., & Guo, Y. (2022). Globalization spatial spillover effects and carbon emissions: What is the role of economic complexity? Energy Economics, 112, 106184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106184
  63. Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2006). What determines migration flows from low-income to high-income countries? An empirical investigation of Fiji–U.S. migration 1972–2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342. https://doi.org/10.1093/cep/byj019
  64. Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2010). Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: Panel data evidence from developing countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 661-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.005
  65. Neagu, O. (2019). The link between economic complexity and carbon emissions in the European Union countries: A model based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) approach. Sustainability, 11(17), 4753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174753
  66. Nguea, S. M. (2024). Combining the role of urbanization and renewable energy in sustainable development: Testing the EKC hypothesis for Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 29595–29609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33175-3
  67. Omer, M. A. (2008). Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(9), 2265-2300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.05.001
  68. Ozcan, B., & Ozturk, I. (2019). Renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus in emerging countries: A bootstrap panel causality test. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 104, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.020
  69. Pata, U. K. (2018). Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.236
  70. Pata, U. K., Dam, M. M., & Kaya, F. (2023). How effective are renewable energy, tourism, trade openness, and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions? An EKC analysis for ASEAN countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 14821–14837. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23160-z
  71. Peng, G., Meng, F., Ahmed, Z., & Kurbonov, K. (2022). Economic growth, technology, and CO2 emissions in BRICS: Investigating the non-linear impacts of economic complexity. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 68051–68062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20647-7
  72. Perman, R., & Stern, D. (2003). Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47(3), 325-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.00216
  73. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  74. Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.2307/2336182
  75. Pirgaip, B., & Dinçergök, B. (2020). Economic policy uncertainty, energy consumption and carbon emissions in G7 countries: Evidence from a panel Granger causality analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 30050–30066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08642-2
  76. Rahman, M. H., Voumik, L. C., Islam, M. J., Halim, M. A., & Esquivias, M. A. (2022). Economic growth, energy mix, and tourism-induced EKC hypothesis: Evidence from top ten tourist destinations. Sustainability, 14(24), 16328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416328
  77. Rakshit, B., & Neog, Y. (2021). Do macroeconomic uncertainty and financial development cause environmental degradation? Evidence from an emerging economy. International Journal of Social Economics, 48(9), 1264-1289. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-10-2020-0690
  78. Rana, R., & Sharma, M. (2018). Dynamic causality testing for EKC hypothesis, pollution haven hypothesis and international trade in India. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(3), 348–364. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2018.1542451
  79. Roca, J., Padilla, E., Farre, M., & Galletto, V. (2001). Economic growth and atmospheric pollution in Spain: Discussing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Ecological Economics, 39(1), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00195-1
  80. Salari, M., Javid, R. J., & Naghanibehambari, H. (2021). The nexus between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in the U.S. Economic Analysis and Policy, 69, 182-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.12.007
  81. Saqib, N., & Dincă, G. (2024). Exploring the asymmetric impact of economic complexity, FDI, and green technology on carbon emissions: Policy stringency for clean-energy investing countries. Geoscience Frontiers, 15(4), 101671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101671
  82. Sarkodie, A. S., & Ozturk, I. (2020). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Kenya: A multivariate analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 117, 109481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109481
  83. Sarkodie, S. A. (2018). The invisible hand and EKC hypothesis: What are the drivers of environmental degradation and pollution in Africa? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 21993–22022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2347-x
  84. Seker, F., Ertugrul, M. H., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.118
  85. Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). World development report 1992: Development and the environment (Background Paper No. WPS 904). World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/833431468739515725/pdf/multi-page.pdf
  86. Soytas, U., Sari, R., & Ozdemir, O. (2001). Energy consumption and GDP relation in Turkey: A cointegration and vector error correction analysis. Economies and Business in Transition: Facilitating Competitiveness and Change in the Global Environment Proceedings, 1, 838-844.
  87. Stern, D. I., & Kander, A. (2012). The role of energy in the industrial revolution and modern economic growth. The Energy Journal, 33(3), 125-152. https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.33.3.5
  88. Stern, D. I. (1993). Energy and economic growth in the USA: A multivariate approach. Energy Economics, 15(2), 137-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(93)90033-N
  89. Şanlı, D., Muratoğlu, Y., Songur, M., & Uğurlu, E. (2023). The asymmetric effect of renewable and non-renewable energy on carbon emissions in OECD: New evidence from non-linear panel ARDL model. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1228296. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1228296
  90. Şanlı, D., & Yiğiteli, N. G. (2024). Do economic complexity and macroeconomic stability asymmetrically affect carbon emissions in OECD? Evidence from nonlinear panel ARDL approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26, 22175–22198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03866-x
  91. Şerifoğlu, M. M., & Güney, P. Ö. (2024). Is the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis still valid for OECD countries? A comprehensive analysis across multiple sources. Quality & Quantity. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-024-01945-3
  92. Tamazian, A., Chousa, P. J., & Vadlamannati, C. K. (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 37(1), 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.025
  93. Tang, C. F., Tan, B. W., & Ozturk, I. (2016). Energy consumption and economic growth in Vietnam. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 1506-1514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.083
  94. Tenew, D., & Beyene, D. A. (2021). Environmental sustainability and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa: A modified EKC hypothesis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 143, 110897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.110897
  95. Tokpah, J. T., Saliminezhad, A., & Ozdeser, H. (2024). CO2 emissions–economic growth nexus: Validity of EKC in oil-exporting and oil-importing countries. OPEC Energy Review, 48, 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/opec.12301
  96. Usman, M., & Jahanger, A. (2021). Heterogeneous effects of remittances and institutional quality in reducing environmental deficit in the presence of EKC hypothesis: A global study with the application of panel quantile regression. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 37292–37310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13216-x
  97. Ünlüoğlu, M., & Dağdemir, Ö. (2023). The relationship between manufacturing industry production and environmental pollution: The validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Turkiye. BILTÜRK Journal of Economics and Related Studies, 5(1), 19-43. https://doi.org/10.47103/bilturk.1195741
  98. Wang, O., Yang, T., & Li, R. (2023). Does income inequality reshape the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis? A nonlinear panel data analysis. Environmental Research, 216(2), 114575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114575
  99. Wang, S., Zafar, W. M., Vasbieva, G. D., & Yurtkuran, S. (2024). Economic growth, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and environmental quality: Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve and load capacity curve hypothesis. Gondwana Research, 129, 490-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.06.009
  100. Yilanci, V., Gorus, S. M., & Andreoni, V. (2023). Reinvestigation of the validity of the EKC hypothesis extended with energy: A time-varying analysis for the United Kingdom. Journal of Cleaner Production, 428, 139284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139284
  101. Yu, J., Shi, X., Guo, D., & Yang, L. (2021). Economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and firm carbon emissions: Evidence using a China provincial EPU index. Energy Economics, 94, 105071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.105071
  102. Zaidi, S., & Ferhi, S. (2019). Causal relationships between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emission in Sub-Saharan: Evidence from dynamic simultaneous-equations models. Modern Economy, 10(9), 95456. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2019.109136