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Journals / Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Technical and Environmental Review of Floating Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems

Yüzer Fotovoltaik Enerji Dönüşüm Sistemlerinin Teknik ve Çevresel Bakımdan İncelenmesi

Zehra Akcan Kocadağ(KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ, ELEKTRİK MÜHENDİSLİĞİ (YL) (TEZLİ))0000-0002-3626-5620
Murat Ünlü(KOCAELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MÜHENDİSLİK FAKÜLTESİ, ELEKTRİK MÜHENDİSLİĞİ BÖLÜMÜ)0000-0002-7650-119X
Pages
74–94
Publication Date
2025-11-19
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings and methodologies presented herein can be adapted for use in other regions, enabling broader application of similar analytical approaches.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Solar energy, as a prominent renewable energy source, has emerged as one of the leading investment preferences in the pursuit of a net-zero emission future globally.
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Key Findings & Data:Floating PV systems offer several advantages, including reduced mechanical stress on panel support structures, the natural cooling effect of water on panels, minimal shading, easier integration of solar tracking systems, higher energy yield per unit surface area, mitigation of water evaporation, and the potential for hybrid operation with hydroelectric power plants.
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Conclusion & Impact:The findings and methodologies presented herein can be adapted for use in other regions, enabling broader application of similar analytical approaches.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Yüzer fotovoltaik · sıcaklık etkisi · albedo

Abstract

Solar energy, as a prominent renewable energy source, has emerged as one of the leading investment preferences in the pursuit of a net-zero emission future globally. Floating and land-based photovoltaic (PV) energy conversion systems exhibit notable differences in terms of installation, maintenance, electrical efficiency, environmental impact, cost, and financial returns. Floating PV systems offer several advantages, including reduced mechanical stress on panel support structures, the natural cooling effect of water on panels, minimal shading, easier integration of solar tracking systems, higher energy yield per unit surface area, mitigation of water evaporation, and the potential for hybrid operation with hydroelectric power plants. Conversely, land-based systems are generally easier to install; however, the availability of suitable land is becoming increasingly limited. Moreover, elevated panel temperatures and shading issues in land-based systems often result in decreased energy conversion efficiency. This study presents a comparative analysis of simulation-based and experimental research on floating and land-based PV systems, both globally and within the context of Turkey, as documented in the literature. A simulation was conducted using the PVsyst software, focusing on 0.1% (76000 m²) of the surface area of Lake Hazar, located in Elazig. The simulation modelled 9672 PV panels installed on the lake at a tilt angle of 14°, resulting in an annual electricity generation of 11.997 MWh. Compared to a land-based system utilizing panels tilted at 37°, the floating system demonstrated a 2.84% increase in energy efficiency. Additionally, the simulation indicated an annual reduction of 143.8 tons of CO₂ emissions and the prevention of approximately 25330 m³ of water evaporation. The scope of the study is geographically constrained by the micro-scale characteristics of the selected water surface area. The findings and methodologies presented herein can be adapted for use in other regions, enabling broader application of similar analytical approaches.

Özet

Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından olan güneş enerjisi, dünyanın sıfır emisyonlu gelecek hedefi için önde gelen yatırım tercihleri arasında yer almaktadır. Yüzer ve kara fotovoltaik enerji dönüşüm sistemleri, kurulum, bakım, elektriksel verimlilik, çevresel etkiler, maliyet, finansal geri dönüş açısından farklılıklara sahiptir. Yüzer sistemler, fotovoltaik panel taşıma sistemlerinde mekanik stresin azalması, suyun panelleri soğutma etkisi, gölge etkisinin az olması, güneş takip sistemleri kurulumlarının daha kolay olması, yüzey alanı başına daha verimli elektrik üretimi, buharlaşmanın azaltılması ve hidroelektrik santrallerle hibrit çalışma olanağı gibi birçok avantaja sahiptir. Kara sistemleri, yüzer sistemlere göre genellikle daha kolay kurulur, ancak kurulum yapılacak arazinin bulunması artık çok daha zor olmaktadır. Kara sistemlerinde, fotovoltaik panel sıcaklığı ve gölgelenme elektrik enerjisi üretiminde verimliliğin azalmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, literatürde yer alan küresel ölçekte ve Türkiye’deki Kara ve Yüzer sistemlerin simülasyon ve deneysel araştırmaları kıyaslanmıştır. PVsyst simülasyon programında, Elâzığ-Hazar Gölü üzerinde yüzey alanının 0.1% (76000 m2)’lik kısmında modelleme yapılmıştır. Simülasyon sonucunda, 14⁰ eğim açısıyla göl yüzeyine yerleştirilen 9672 adet fotovoltaik panel ile 11997 MWh elektrik üretilmiştir. 37⁰ eğim açılı fotovoltaik panellerden oluşan kara sistemlerine göre elektrik üretim verimliliği 2.84% artmıştır. Bununla birlikte yıllık CO2 emisyonun 143.8 ton azalmakta ve 25330 m3 su buharlaşmasının önüne geçilmektedir. Çalışma kapsamı, mikro ölçekte belirlenen su yüzey alanının coğrafi özelliklerine bağlı olarak çevrelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ve materyallerle farklı bölgeler için de benzer yöntemler kullanılarak analiz yapılması mümkün olmaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Kocadağ, Z. A., Ünlü, M. (2025). Technical and Environmental Review of Floating Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems. Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 74–94. https://doi.org/10.7212/karaelmasfen.1695961

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