Journals / Kaygı. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1

Liberty in Hobbes: An Analysis of the Motion-Based Construction within the Context of the State of Nature and the Civil State

Hobbes’ta Özgürlük: Hareket Temelli İnşanın Doğa Durumu ve Sivil Durum Bağlamında Analizi

Mehmet Akkurt(Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi)0000-0001-7901-3725
Pages
252–281
Publication Date
2026-03-29
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

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⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The aim of this article is to demonstrate that Hobbes is a theorist who re-grounds the concept of liberty within the coherence of his mechanical system and to clarify how the seemingly distinct notions of the liberty of non-commitment and the liberty of non-impediment operate in both the state of nature and the civil state.

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Objective & Hypothesis:Although Hobbes adopts an absolutist position in politics, he is not opposed to liberty; on the contrary, he argues that his own account of freedom is more coherent than the explanations offered prior to him.
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Key Findings & Data:While Hobbes’s development of definitions that significantly depart from common usage in explaining the nature of freedom renders his approach noteworthy, it also makes his conception of liberty difficult to fully grasp and paves the way for misinterpretations of his view.
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Conclusion & Impact:The aim of this article is to demonstrate that Hobbes is a theorist who re-grounds the concept of liberty within the coherence of his mechanical system and to clarify how the seemingly distinct notions of the liberty of non-commitment and the liberty of non-impediment operate in both the state of nature and the civil state.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Hobbes · Özgürlük · Doğal Özgürlük

Abstract

Although Hobbes adopts an absolutist position in politics, he is not opposed to liberty; on the contrary, he argues that his own account of freedom is more coherent than the explanations offered prior to him. Hobbes maintains that no author before him had adequately explained the nature of liberty and servitude, and he regards himself as having developed a new account of the nature of freedom. While Hobbes’s development of definitions that significantly depart from common usage in explaining the nature of freedom renders his approach noteworthy, it also makes his conception of liberty difficult to fully grasp and paves the way for misinterpretations of his view. This study demonstrates that the notion of motion lies at the center of Hobbes’s system in the process extending from sensation to the passions and from the will to freedom, thereby showing that the supposed problems concerning liberty arise not from Hobbes’s theory itself but from a failure to grasp its mechanical structure. Since the process extending from the motion of external bodies to sense, imagination, endeavour, appetite–aversion, deliberation, and ultimately the will consists of successive stages of the same motion, the necessary character of motion and the deterministic chain of causation show that the will arises necessarily whenever a sufficient cause is present; hence, for Hobbes, there can be no liberty of the will. But if there is no freedom of the will, can liberty still be said to exist? This article shows that the necessary emergence of the will does not eliminate freedom in Hobbes’s system; that the absence of a sufficient cause, and thus the continuation of deliberation, constitutes a state of freedom (the liberty of non-commitment); and that the motion extending from external bodies through the process of deliberation does not cease with the formation of the will—namely, the last appetite or aversion, each of which is a corporeal motion—and that the absence of any external, physical impediment to this motion constitutes a second kind of freedom (the liberty as non-impediment). The aim of this article is to demonstrate that Hobbes is a theorist who re-grounds the concept of liberty within the coherence of his mechanical system and to clarify how the seemingly distinct notions of the liberty of non-commitment and the liberty of non-impediment operate in both the state of nature and the civil state.

Özet

Hobbes, siyasette mutlakiyetçi bir konum benimsemesine rağmen özgürlük karşıtı değildir; tersine, özgürlüğe ilişkin kendi çözümlemesinin kendisinden önce yapılan açıklamalardan daha tutarlı olduğunu savunur. Özgürlük ve köleliğin ne olduğunun kendisine kadar hiçbir yazar tarafından yeterince açıklanmadığını ileri süren Hobbes, özgürlüğün doğasına ilişkin yeni bir yaklaşım geliştirdiğini düşünür. Özgürlüğün doğasını açıklarken yaygın kullanımla önemli ölçüde çelişen tanımlar geliştirmesi, yaklaşımının dikkat çekiciliğine karşın, özgürlük anlayışının tam olarak kavranmasını güçleştirmekte ve görüşünün yanlış yorumlanmasına zemin hazırlamaktadır. Bu çalışma duyumdan duygulara, iradeden özgürlüğe uzanan süreçte, Hobbes’un sisteminin merkezinde hareket fikrinin yer aldığını göstererek özgürlüğe dair sözde problemlerin aslında sistemin mekanik yapısını kavrayamamaktan kaynaklandığını ortaya koyar. Bizim dışımızdaki cisimlerin hareketinden başlayarak duyum, muhayyile, çaba, arzu-isteksizlik, teemmül ve iradeye uzanan sürecin aynı hareketin farklı aşamalarından ibaret olması nedeniyle, hareketin zorunlu doğası ve determinist nedensellik zinciri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda iradenin yeterli neden ortaya çıktığında zorunlu olarak belirdiği görülür; dolayısıyla Hobbes açısından irade özgürlüğünden söz edilemez. Peki özgür iradenin olmadığı yerde, özgürlükten söz edilebilir mi? Bu makale, iradenin zorunlu olarak ortaya çıkmasının Hobbes’un sisteminde özgürlüğü ortadan kaldırmadığını; yeterli nedenin bulunmadığı ve bu nedenle henüz sonlanmamış teemmül sürecinin bir özgürlük durumu olduğunu (bağlanmama özgürlüğü); ayrıca dışsal cisimlerin hareketinden teemmül sürecine uzanan hareketin, iradenin -yani birer fiili hareket olan son arzu ya da son isteksizliğin- oluşmasıyla sona ermediğini ve bu fiili hareketin dışsal-fiziksel bir engelle durdurulmamasının ikinci tür bir özgürlük durumu (engellenmeme özgürlüğü) olduğunu ortaya koyar. Bu makalenin amacı, Hobbes’un özgürlüğü mekanik sisteminin bütünlüğü içinde yeniden temellendiren bir kuramcı olduğunu ortaya koymak ve birbirinden farklı gibi görünen bağlanmama özgürlüğü ile engellenmeme özgürlüğünü hem doğa durumu hem de sivil durum bağlamında açıklığa kavuşturmaktır.

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Cite This Article

Akkurt, M. (2026). Liberty in Hobbes: An Analysis of the Motion-Based Construction within the Context of the State of Nature and the Civil State. Kaygı. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 252–281. https://doi.org/10.20981/kaygi.1828063

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