SavedAdd your journal

Journals / Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi / 2026 / Volume: 13 Issue: 2

The Role of Institutional Infrastructure in Innovation and Welfare: An Empirical Analysis of Patent Output

Rıza Arda Bayırlı(Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı)0009-0004-6073-3940
Kiymet Yavuzaslan(AYDIN ADNAN MENDERES ÜNİVERSİTESİ, AYDIN İKTİSAT FAKÜLTESİ)0000-0002-3016-3084
Pages
—
Publication Date
2026-06-30
DOI
—
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The empirical results indicate a positive relationship between gross domestic product per capita and the patent production.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In this study, we analysed the factors that influence the patent production of the countries.
📊
Key Findings & Data:The present study examined the effect of social and economic factors, including income, education, and political indicators, on the number of patent production in selected OECD countries over the period 2006 – 2020 by using fixed effects and random effects models.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The empirical results indicate a positive relationship between gross domestic product per capita and the patent production.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2006 – 2020 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Patent Production · Education · HDI

Abstract

In this study, we analysed the factors that influence the patent production of the countries. The present study examined the effect of social and economic factors, including income, education, and political indicators, on the number of patent production in selected OECD countries over the period 2006 – 2020 by using fixed effects and random effects models. The empirical results indicate a positive relationship between gross domestic product per capita and the patent production. Concerning political factors, there is evidence of a correlation between the level of human development, civil liberties, press freedom, and patent production. The empirical results of the study indicate the importance of the institutional infrastructure of countries with respect to their impact on welfare.

🔖

Cite This Article

Bayırlı, R. A., Yavuzaslan, K. (2026). The Role of Institutional Infrastructure in Innovation and Welfare: An Empirical Analysis of Patent Output. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Volume: 13 Issue: 2. https://ajindex.com/articles/1149245

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (78)

  1. Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2018). Ulusların düşüşü: Güç, zenginlik ve yoksulluğun kökenleri, (28th ed.). Doğan Kitap.
  2. Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth. In P. Aghion & S. Durlauf (Eds.), Handbook of economic growth (pp. 385–472). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3
  3. Acs, Z. J., Anselin, L., & Varga, A. (2002). Patents and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge. Research Policy, 31(7), 1069-1085. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00184-6
  4. Adak, M. (2015). Technological progress, innovation and economic growth; The case of Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 776-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.478
  5. Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1992). A model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323–351. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951599
  6. Aghion, P., Boustan, L., Hoxby, C., & Vandenbussche, J. (2009). The causal impact of education on economic growth: evidence from US. Brookings papers on economic activity, 1(1), 1-73.
  7. Aghion, P., Dewatripont, M., & Stein, J. (2005). Academia, the private sector, and the process of innovation. NBER working paper, 11542.
  8. Algan, N., Manga, M., & Tekeoğlu, M. (2017). Teknolojik gelişme göstergeleri ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Proceedings of the International Conference on Eurasian Economies, Türkiye, 332–338.
  9. Apostu, S. A., Mukli, L., Panait, M., Gigauri, I., & Hysa, E. (2022). Economic growth through the lenses of education, entrepreneurship, and innovation. Administrative Sciences, 12(3), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci12030074
  10. Arellano, M. (1987). Computing robust standard errors for within-groups estimators. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 49(4), 431-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1987.mp49004006.x
  11. Audretsch, D. B., Fisch, C., Franzoni, C., Momtaz, P. P., & Vismara, S. (2024). Academic freedom and innovation. PLOS ONE, 19(6), e0304560. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304560
  12. Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
  13. Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.
  14. Bhargava, A., Franzini, L., & Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial correlation and the fixed effects model. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533-549. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812773319_0004
  15. Bilbao‐Osorio, B., & Rodríguez‐Pose, A. (2004). From R&D to innovation and economic growth in the EU. Growth and Change, 35(4), 434-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.2004.00256.x
  16. Bouhajeb, M., Mefteh, H., & Ben Ammar, R. (2018). Higher education and economic growth: The importance of innovation. Atlantic Review of Economics (ARoEc), 1(2). https://hdl.handle.net/10419/213791
  17. Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297111
  18. Bris, M., Pawlak, J. & Polak, J. W. (2017). How is ICT use linked to household transport expenditure? A cross-national macro analysis of the influence of home broadband access, Journal of Transport Geography, 60, 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.03.012.
  19. Brown, M. B., & Forsythe, A. B. (1974). Robust tests for the equality of variances. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69(346), 364-367. http://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1974.10482955
  20. Crosby, M. (2000). Patents, innovation and growth. The Economic Record, 16(234), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2000.tb00021.x
  21. De Hoyos, R. E., & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482-496.
  22. Dereli, D. D. (2019). The Relationship Between High-Technology Exports, Patent and Economic Growth in Turkey (1990-2015). Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 8(3), 173-180. http://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2019.1124
  23. Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549-560. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465398557825
  24. Eicker, F. (1967). Limit theorems for regressions with unequal and dependent errors. In L. M. Le Cam & J. Neyman (Eds.), Proceedings of The Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability (pp. 59–82). University of California Press. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bsmsp/1200512988
  25. Ferraro, S., Dutt, P. K., & Kerikmäe, T. (2017). Using patent development, education policy and research and development expenditure policy to increase technological competitiveness of small European Union member states. Croatian International Relations Review, 23(78), 97-126. http://doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2017-0009
  26. Freedom House. (2023a). Political rights index [Data set]. Retrieved May 31, 2023, from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/All_data_FIW_2013-2023.xlsx
  27. Freedom House. (2023b). Civil liberties index [Data set]. Retrieved May 31, 2023, from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/All_data_FIW_2013-2023.xlsx
  28. Froot, K. A. (1989). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with cross-sectional dependence and heteroskedasticity in financial data. Journal of Financial and Quantitative analysis, 24(3), 333-355. http://doi.org/10.2307/2330815
  29. Furman, J. L., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6), 899-933.
  30. Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1991). Quality ladder in the theory of growth. Review of Economic Studies, 58, 43–61. http://doi.org/10.2307/2298044
  31. Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
  32. Guo, Y., & Wang, B. (2013). Study on the economic growth of patent output in the high-tech industry. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(1), 103-107. http://doi.org/10.5539/jms.v3n1p103
  33. Hasan, I., & Tucci, C. L. (2010). The innovation–economic growth nexus: global evidence. Research Policy, 39(10), 1264-1276. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.07.005
  34. Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society, 46(6): 1251-1271. http://doi.org/10.2307/1913827
  35. Hoti, S., & McAleer, M. (2006). How does country risk affect innovation? An application to foreign patents registered in the USA. Journal of Economic Surveys, 20(4), 691-714. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2006.00263.x
  36. Huber, P. J. (1967). The behavior of maximum likelihood estimates under nonstandard conditions. In L. M. Le Cam & J. Neyman (Eds.), Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability (pp. 221–233). University of California Press. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bsmsp/1200512988
  37. Işık, C. (2014). Patent harcamaları ve iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. Sosyo Ekonomi, 21(21), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.17233/se.58047
  38. Josheski, D., & Koteski, C. (2011). The causal relationship between patent growth and growth of GDP with quarterly data in the G7 countries: Cointegration, ARDL and error correction models. MPRA Paper (No. 33153). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1921908
  39. Kim, Y. K., Lee, K., Park, W. G., & Choo, K. (2012). Appropriate intellectual property protection and economic growth in countries at different levels of development. Research Policy, 41(2), 358–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.09.003
  40. Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. In I. Olkin (Eds.), Contributions to probability and statistics: Essays in honor of Harold hotelling (pp. 278–292). Stanford University Press.
  41. Lucas, R. E., Jr. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
  42. Mabrouki, M. (2022). Patent, education, human capital, and economic growth in Scandinavian Countries: A dynamic panel CS-ARDL analysis. Journal of the knowledge economy, 1-16. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-01001-1
  43. Myszczyszyn, J. (2020). The long-run relationships between number of patents and economic growth. European Research Studies, 23(3), 548-563. http://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1654
  44. Nadiri, I., (1993), Innovations and technological spillovers, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.423.
  45. North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press.
  46. Okrah, J., & Hajduk-Stelmachowicz, M. (2020). Political stability and innovation in Africa. Journal of International Studies, 1(13), 234-246. http://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2020/13-1/15
  47. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023a). Gross domestic product (GDP) (indicator). Retrieved July 4, 2023, from https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm
  48. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023b). Adult education level (indicator). Retrieved May 17, 2023, from https://data.oecd.org/eduatt/adult-education-level.htm
  49. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023c). Mathematics performance (PISA) (indicator). Retrieved July 23, 2023, from https://data.oecd.org/pisa/mathematics-performance-pisa.htm
  50. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023d). Science performance (PISA) (indicator). Retrieved July 23, 2023, from https://data.oecd.org/pisa/science-performance-pisa.htm
  51. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024a). Gross domestic spending on R&D (indicator). Retrieved March 24, 2024, from https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm
  52. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2026). Triadic patent families (indicator). Retrieved April 11, 2026, from https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/triadic-patent-families.html
  53. Ortiz-Villajos, J. M. (2009). Patents And Economic Growth in The Long Term. A Quantitative Approach. Brussels Economic Review, 52, 305-340.
  54. Pertuze, J. A., Reyes, T., Vassolo, R. S., & Olivares, N. (2019). Political uncertainty and innovation: The relative effects of national leaders’ education levels and regime systems on firm-level patent applications. Research Policy, 48(9), 103808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2019.103808
  55. Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers. Economics, 1240(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504
  56. Rogers, W. (1993). Regression standard errors in clustered samples. Stata Technical Bulletin, 3(13), 19-23. Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002–1037. http://doi.org/10.1086/261420
  57. Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71-102. http://doi.org/10.1086/261725
  58. Rubilar-Torrealba, R., Chahuán-Jiménez, K., & de la Fuente-Mella, H. (2022). Analysis of the growth in the number of patents granted and its effect over the level of growth of the countries: An econometric estimation of the mixed model approach. Sustainability, 14(4), 2384. http://doi.org/10.3390/su14042384
  59. Saini, A. K., & Jain, S. (2011). The impact of patent applications filed on sustainable development of selected Asian countries. International Journal of Information Technology, 3(2), 358-364.
  60. Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
  61. Schumpeter, J. A. (1912), Theorie der wirtschaftlichenentwicklung. Leipzig: Duncker &Humblot.
  62. Schumpeter, J. A. (1939). Business cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, and Statistical analysis of The Capitalist Process. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
  63. Sinha, D. (2008). Patents, innovations and economic growth in Japan and South Korea: Evidence from individual country and panel data. Applied Econometrics and International Development, 8(1), 181-188.
  64. Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution To The Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94. http://doi.org/10.2307/1884513
  65. Solow, R. M. (1957). Technical change and the aggregate production function. Review of Economics and Statistics, 39, 312-20.
  66. Sterlacchini, A. (2008). R&D, higher education and regional growth: Uneven linkages among European Regions. Research Policy, 37(6-7), 1096-1107. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.009
  67. Teles, V. K., & Joiozo, R. (2011). Human capital and innovation: Evidence from panel cointegration tests. Applied Economics Letters, 18(17), 1629-1632. http://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.556584
  68. Türedi, S. (2016). The Relationship between R&D Expenditures, Patent Applications and Growth: A Dynamic Panel Causality Analysis for OECD Countries. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 39-48.
  69. Ülkü, H. (2004). R&D, innovation, and economic growth: An empirical analysis. International Money Fund Working Paper No. 185(4).
  70. United Nations Development Programme. (2023). Human Development Index (HDI) [Data set]. Retrieved July 4, 2023, from https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI
  71. Varsakelis, N. C. (2001). The impact of patent protection, economy openness and national culture on R&D investment: a cross-country empirical investigation. Research Policy, 30(7), 1059-1068.
  72. Varsakelis, N. C. (2006). Education, political institutions and innovative activity: A cross-country empirical investigation. Research Policy, 35(7), 1083-1090. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.06.002
  73. White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 817-838. http://doi.org/10.4337/9781035363339.00007
  74. Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. The MIT Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hhcfr
  75. WORLD BANK (2023a). Political stability (indicator). Retrieved May 31, 2023, from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  76. WORLD BANK (2023b). Press freedom index (indicator). Retrieved May 31, 2023, from https://prosperitydata360.worldbank. org/en/indicator/RWB+PFI+RANK
  77. WORLD BANK (2023c). Control of corruption (indicator). [Retrieved May 31, 2023, from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  78. Zhou, G., & Luo, S. (2018). Higher education input, technological innovation, and economic growth in China. Sustainability, 10(8), 2615. http://doi.org/10.3390/su10082615