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Journals / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2025 / Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4

ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE

19. YÜZYIL’IN İLK YARISINDA EKONOMİK REKABET VE GÜMRÜK TARİFELERİ: İNGİLTERE'NİN OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU, AVUSTURYA VE FRANSA İLE TİCARİ İLİŞKİLERİ

Hüseyin Burak Özgül(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSAT FAKÜLTESİ, MALİYE BÖLÜMÜ, BÜTÇE VE MALİ PLANLAMA ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0002-0620-2493
Mustafa Can Güripek(İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSAT FAKÜLTESİ, İKTİSAT BÖLÜMÜ, İKTİSAT TARİHİ ANABİLİM DALI)0000-0003-2231-7810
Pages
1544–1563
Publication Date
2025-12-29
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AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The analysis revealed that Britain applied mercantilist policies to three different states with different degrees of mercantilist policies, and that the Ottoman Empire, which applied the capitulation policy, suffered more economic damage than the other two states.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:In today's global economy, trade wars have become a significant factor in the competition between countries.
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Key Findings & Data:In this context, a comparative analysis was made by standardizing the customs duties applied to the United Kingdom's trade of 22 products with three different states in terms of the current currency.
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Conclusion & Impact:The analysis revealed that Britain applied mercantilist policies to three different states with different degrees of mercantilist policies, and that the Ottoman Empire, which applied the capitulation policy, suffered more economic damage than the other two states.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Dış Ticaret · Merkantilizm · Kapitülasyon

Abstract

In today's global economy, trade wars have become a significant factor in the competition between countries. To gain insight into the policies that influence a nation's economic prosperity, it is crucial to examine the historical underpinnings of trade wars and the protectionist policies that have shaped them. Although theoretical studies have been conducted in this direction, content analysis of trade agreements in the mercantilist period, is limited. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the origins of economic policy differences in the foreign trade agreements of the United Kingdom, which became rich as a result of industrialization and mercantilist policies, with three different states (France, Austria and the Ottoman Empire). Data were obtained by analyzing foreign trade agreements from the British archives. In this context, a comparative analysis was made by standardizing the customs duties applied to the United Kingdom's trade of 22 products with three different states in terms of the current currency. In addition, to compare tariffs, an Average Protectionism Index (API) was developed based on the tariffs of 22 products. The analysis revealed that Britain applied mercantilist policies to three different states with different degrees of mercantilist policies, and that the Ottoman Empire, which applied the capitulation policy, suffered more economic damage than the other two states.

Özet

Günümüzün küresel ekonomisinde ticaret savaşları ülkeler arasındaki rekabette önemli bir faktör haline gelmiştir. Bir ülkenin ekonomik refahını etkileyen politikalar hakkında fikir sahibi olabilmek için ticaret savaşlarının tarihsel temellerini ve bu savaşları şekillendiren korumacı politikaları incelemek büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu yönde teorik çalışmalar yapılmış olsa da merkantilist dönem olarak adlandırılan bu dönemdeki ticaret anlaşmalarının içerik analizi sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, sanayileşme ve merkantilist politikalar sonucunda zenginleşen İngiltere’nin üç farklı devletle (Fransa, Avusturya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) yaptığı dış ticaret anlaşmalarındaki ekonomi politikası farklılıklarının kökenlerini araştırmaktır. Veriler, İngiliz arşivlerinden dış ticaret anlaşmaları analiz edilerek elde edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda İngiltere’nin üç farklı devletle 22 üründe yaptığı ticarete uygulanan gümrük vergileri cari para birimi cinsinden standartlaştırılarak karşılaştırmalı bir analiz yapılmıştır. Ayrıca tarifelerin birbirleriyle karşılaştırılabilmesi için 22 ürünün tarifeleri baz alınarak bir Ortalama Korumacılık Endeksi (OKE) geliştirilmiştir. Analiz, İngiltere'nin merkantilist politikaları farklı derecelerde üç farklı devlete uyguladığını ve kapitülasyon politikası uygulayan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun diğer iki devlete göre ekonomik açıdan daha fazla zarar gördüğünü ortaya koymaktadır.

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Cite This Article

Özgül, H. B., Güripek, M. C. (2025). ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND CUSTOMS TARIFFS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY: TRADE RELATIONS OF ENGLAND WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, AUSTRIA AND FRANCE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 4, 1544–1563. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1672852

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