Journals / Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi / 2026 / Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3

THE EFFECT OF FUTURE ANXIETY AND JOB INSECURITY ON WORK ALIENATION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF DISTRESS TOLERANCE

GELECEK KAYGISI VE İŞ GÜVENSİZLİĞİNİN İŞE YABANCILAŞMA ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIĞIN ARACI VE SIKINTIYA DAYANMANIN DÜZENLEYİCİ ROLÜ

Emre Seyrek(AĞRI İBRAHİM ÇEÇEN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU)0000-0002-6561-8739
Pages
1391–1423
Publication Date
2026-09-15
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

The findings revealed that future anxiety and job insecurity have a positive relationship with work alienation.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The research aims to reveal the relationships between call center employees' future anxiety, job insecurity, work alienation, psychological resilience, and distress tolerance levels.
📊
Key Findings & Data:In this regard, the research data was obtained from 214 call center employees.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:The findings revealed that future anxiety and job insecurity have a positive relationship with work alienation.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Gelecek Kaygısı · İş Güvensizliği · İşe Yabancılaşma

Abstract

The research aims to reveal the relationships between call center employees' future anxiety, job insecurity, work alienation, psychological resilience, and distress tolerance levels. In this regard, the research data was obtained from 214 call center employees. Spss, process macro add-on, and jamovi programs were used to analyze this data. The findings revealed that future anxiety and job insecurity have a positive relationship with work alienation. Furthermore, psychological resilience was found to be a meaningful mediating variable explaining the relationships between future anxiety and work alienation, and job insecurity and work alienation. It was found that the distress tolerance variable conditionally moderated the mediating effect of psychological resilience on the relationship between future anxiety and work alienation. Furthermore, the relationship between future anxiety and work alienation was examined under the moderating effect of distress tolerance levels (low, medium, high). It was found that as employees' distress tolerance level increased, the effect of future anxiety on work alienation weakened. These results indicate that psychological resilience and distress tolerance should be strengthened to mitigate the effects of future anxiety and job insecurity on employees’ work alienation in call centers.

Özet

Araştırmanın amacı, çağrı merkezi çalışanlarının gelecek kaygısı, iş güvensizliği, işe yabancılaşma, psikolojik sağlamlık ve sıkıntıya dayanma düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda araştırmanın verileri 214 çağrı merkezi çalışanından elde edilmiştir. Bu verileri analiz etmek için Spss, process macro eklentisi ve jamovi programları kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgularda gelecek kaygısı ve iş güvensizliğinin işe yabancılaşma ile pozitif ilişkisinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca psikolojik sağlamlığın, gelecek kaygısı ile işe yabancılaşma ve iş güvensizliği ile işe yabancılaşma arasındaki ilişkileri açıklayan anlamlı bir aracı değişken olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sıkıntıya dayanma değişkenin ise psikolojik sağlamlığın gelecek kaygısı ile işe yabancılaşma arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık durumunu koşullu olarak düzenlediği saptanmıştır. Ayrıca gelecek kaygısı ile işe yabancılaşma arasındaki ilişki, sıkıntıya dayanma düzeyinin (düşük, orta, yüksek) düzenleyici (moderatör) etkisi altında incelenmiştir. Çalışanların sıkıntıya dayanma düzeyi arttıkça, gelecek kaygısının işe yabancılaşma üzerindeki etkisinin zayıfladığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, çağrı merkezlerinde gelecek kaygısı ve iş güvensizliğinin çalışanların işe yabancılaşması üzerindeki etkilerini hafifletmek için psikolojik sağlamlık ve sıkıntıya dayanma düzeylerinin güçlendirilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Seyrek, E. (2026). THE EFFECT OF FUTURE ANXIETY AND JOB INSECURITY ON WORK ALIENATION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF DISTRESS TOLERANCE. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3, 1391–1423. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1833471

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (134)

  1. Abouelenien, R. E. I., Abd-Elhady, M. H., Hussien, I. M., & Hashad, M. E. (2024). The effect of job insecurity on employees’ job performance in the hospitality and tourism industry: The role of work alienation. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, 8(1/1), 1-20.
  2. Aguiar-Quintana, T., Nguyen, T. H. H., Araujo-Cabrera, Y., & Sanabria-Díaz, J. M. (2021). Do job insecurity, anxiety and depression caused by the COVID-19 pandemic influence hotel employees’ self-rated task performance? The moderating role of employee resilience. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102868.
  3. Ağırkaya, K., & Erdem, R. (2023). Psikolojik sağlamlık: Sağlık çalışanları açısından bir değerlendirme. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(2), 656-678.
  4. Aiken, M., & Hage, J. (1966). Organizational alienation: A comparative analysis. American Sociological Review, 31, 497-507.
  5. Badran, F., & Khaled, M. (2021). Job security as perceived by staff nurses and its relation to their work alienation. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 12(4), 1611-1620.
  6. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328.
  7. Banai, M., Reisel, W. D., & Probst, T. M. (2004). A managerial and personal control model: Predictions of work alienation and organizational commitment in Hungary. Journal of International Management, 10(3), 375-392.
  8. Banducci, A., Lejuez, C., Dougherty, L., & MacPherson, L. (2017). A Prospective Examination of the Relations Between Emotional Abuse and Anxiety: Moderation by Distress Tolerance. Prevention Science, 18, 20-30.
  9. Bandura, A. (1991). Self-efficacy conception of anxiety. In Anxiety and self-focused attention. (pp. 89-110). Harwood Academic Publishers.
  10. Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Job insecurity and health: The moderating role of workplace control. Stress Medicine, 12(4), 253-259.
  11. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
  12. Betzelt, S., & Bode, I. (2020). Entfremdung vom Sozialstaat? Angsterfahrungen in Arbeitskontexten der Daseinsvorsorge. In Angst in Kultur und Politik der Gegenwart: Beiträge zu einer Gesellschaftswissenschaft der Angst (pp. 141-158). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.
  13. Borg, I., & Elizur, D. (1992). Job insecurity: Correlates, moderators and measurement. International Journal of Manpower, 13(2), 13-26.
  14. Bouzarı, M., & Karatepe, O. (2018). Antecedents and outcomes of job insecurity among salespeople. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(2), 290-302.
  15. Brown, R. A., Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2005). Distress tolerance and early smoking lapse. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 713-733.
  16. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258.
  17. Byrne, B. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge.
  18. Cascio, W. F. (2003). Changes in workers, work, and organizations. In I. B. Weiner, W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of psychology. Wiley.
  19. Ceylan, A., & Sulu, S. (2011). Organizational injustice and work alienation. Ekonomika a Management, 14(2), 65-78.
  20. Cheng, G. H. L., & Chan, D. K. S. (2008). Who suffers more from job insecurity? A meta‐analytic review. Applied Psychology, 57(2), 272-303.
  21. Chirumbolo, A., & Areni, A. (2010). Job insecurity influences on job performance and mental health: Testing the moderating effect of the need for closure. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 31(2), 195-214.
  22. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
  23. Conway, C. C., Naragon-Gainey, K., & Harris, M. T. (2021). The structure of distress tolerance and neighboring emotion regulation abilities. Assessment, 28(4), 1050-1064.
  24. Conway, E., Monks, K., Fu, N., Alfes, K., & Bailey, K. (2020). Reimagining alienation within a relational framework: Evidence from the public sector in Ireland and the UK. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(21), 2673-2694.
  25. Costa, S., & Neves, P. (2017). Job insecurity and work outcomes: The role of psychological contract breach and positive psychological capital. Work & Stress, 31(4), 375-394.
  26. Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16-29.
  27. Dalmış, A. B., Büyükatak, E., & Sürücü, L. (2025). Psychological resilience and future anxiety among university students: the mediating role of subjective well-being. Behavioral Sciences, 15(3), 244.
  28. De Terte, I., Stephens, C., & Huddleston, L. (2014). The development of a three part model of psychological resilience. Stress and Health, 30(5), 416-424.
  29. De Witte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological well-being: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 155-177.
  30. De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity: Review of the international literature on definitions, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 1-6.
  31. De Witte, H., Pienaar, J., & De Cuyper, N. (2016). Review of 30 years of longitudinal studies on the association between job insecurity and health and well-being: Is there causal evidence? Australian Psychologist, 51(1), 18-31.
  32. Den Hartigh, R., & Hill, Y. (2022). Conceptualizing and measuring psychological resilience: What can we learn from physics? New Ideas in Psychology, 66, 100934.
  33. Deniz, A., & Kaya, Ç. (2021). Çağrı merkezlerinde iş yükünün işte tükenmişlik duygusu üzerindeki etkisi. Journal of Life Economics, 8(1), 81-92.
  34. Deniz, S., Amarat, M., Akbolat, M., & Çimen, M. (2025). The mediating role of workplace loneliness in the effect of resilience on work alienation in nurses. Hospital Topics, 103(4), 291-298.
  35. Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102.
  36. Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412.
  37. Dursun, A., & Özkan, M. S. (2019). Ergenlerin gelecek kaygıları ile psikolojik sağlamlıkları arasındaki ilişkide yaşam doyumunun aracı rolü. Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(5), 23-37.
  38. Duru, E. & Arslan, G. (2014). Evlenmek amacıyla evden kaçan kız ergenler: Bir olgubilim çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(41), 36-48.
  39. Earvolino-Ramirez, M. (2007). Resilience: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 42(2), 73–82.
  40. Erdoğan, A. (2022). Sıkıntıya dayanma düzeyi ve tolerans ilişkisi: Çağrı merkezi çalışanları üzerine kesitsel bir araştırma. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 243-258.
  41. Falavarjani, M. F., & Yeh, C. J. (2019). Optimism and distress tolerance in the social adjustment of nurses: Examining resilience as a mediator and gender as a moderator. Journal of Research in Nursing, 24(7), 500-512.
  42. Farahbod, F., Azadehdel, M. R., Chegini, M. G., & Ashraf, A. N. (2012). Work alienation historical backgrounds, concepts, reasons and effects. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(8), 8408-8415.
  43. Fedi, A., Pucci, L., Tartaglia, S., & Rollero, C. (2016). Correlates of work-alienation and positive job attitudes in high-and low-status workers. Career Development International, 21(7), 713-725.
  44. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  45. Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Martinussen, M. & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2009). Empirical support for resilience as more than the counterpart and absence of vulnerability and symptoms of mental disorder. Journal of Individual Differences, 30(3), 138-151.
  46. Ganster, D. C., & Murphy, L. R. (2000). Workplace interventions to prevent stress-related illness: Lessons from research and practice. In C. L. Cooper & E. A. Locke (Eds.), I/O psychology: What we know about theory and practice (pp. 34-51). Basil Blackwell.
  47. Garner, L. E., Van Kirk, N., Tifft, E. D., Krompinger, J. W., Mathes, B. M., Fraire, M.,. & Elias, J. A. (2018). Validation of the distress tolerance scale‐short form in obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 916-925.
  48. Garner, R., & Kleiman, E. (2025). Distress Tolerance as a Moderator of Affective Forecasting Effects. Affective Science, 6, 280-284.
  49. Geyer, R. B., Magee, J. C., & Clerkin, E. M. (2023). Anxiety sensitivity and panic symptoms: the moderating influence of distress tolerance. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 36(5), 618-635.
  50. Gharbi, H., Sobaih, A. E. E., & Aliane, N. (2025). Job insecurity, psychological safety, work alienation, and anxiety in the hotel industry: A moderated-mediated analyses. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1615426.
  51. Greene, R. R. (2002). Holocaust survivors: A study in resilience. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 37(1), 3-18.
  52. Greenhalgh L. & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job Insecurity: Toward Conceptual Clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9(3), 438-448.
  53. Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F. (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2(2), 151-164.
  54. Guo, W., Dai, R., & Yang, J. (2016). The effect of leadership task behavior and relational behavior on job performance: Investigating the moderating role of work alienation. Journal of Service Science and Management, 9(2), 97-110.
  55. Gülsevgi, E. B., & Bayraktar, O. (2021). Duygusal emeğin bireysel performans algısına etkisi. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Working Paper Series, 2(2), 23-31.
  56. Gürbüz, S. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde aracı, düzenleyici ve durumsal etki analizleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  57. Hadi, N. U., Abdullah, N., & Sentosa, I. (2016). An easy approach to exploratory factor analysis: Marketing perspective. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 6(1), 215-223.
  58. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.
  59. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
  60. Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
  61. Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But…. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1-24.
  62. Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 179-195.
  63. Hirschfeld, R. R., & Feild, H. S. (2000). Work centrality and work alienation: Distinct aspects of a general commitment to work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(7), 789-800.
  64. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
  65. Hosseinzadeh, A., Nazem, F., & Eimani, M. N. (2014). Investigating the factors affecting the employees' job alienation in District 2 of Islamic Azad University. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences, 3(1), 6-10.
  66. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  67. Jefferson, D. J. (1990). Commitment to work and the organization: The role of social exchange theory (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Delaware.
  68. Kang, H. (2013). A Guide on the Use of Factor Analysis in the Assessment of Construct Validity. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 43(5), 587.
  69. Karadaş, A., & Ergün, S. (2025). Determining the Relationship between Global Future Perception, Job Insecurity and Future Anxiety in Healthcare Professionals. Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 368-377.
  70. Karagöz, H. (2024). Algılanan iş güvencesizliği psikolojik dayanıklılığı etkiler mi? Ampirik bir çalışma. Uluslararası Akademik Birikim Dergisi, 7(2), 188–199.
  71. Kaya, U., & Serçeoğlu, N. (2013). Duygu işçilerinde işe yabancılaşma: Hizmet sektöründe bir araştırma. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(36), 311-346.
  72. Khan, M. A. S., Jianguo, D., Mann, A., Saleem, S., Boamah, K. B., Javed, U., & Usman, M. (2019). Rejuvenating the concept of work alienation through job demands-resources model and examining its relationship with emotional exhaustion and explorative and exploitative learning. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 931-941.
  73. Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  74. Kozhina, A. A., & Vinokurov, L. V. (2020). Work alienation during COVID-19: Main factors and conditions (an example of university professors). Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 13(4), 106-118.
  75. Kurt, G. (2007). RİDİT analizi ve üniversite öğrencilerinin gelecek kaygılarının incelenmesi üzerine bir uygulama. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 193-206.
  76. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. Springer.
  77. Lee, C., Huang, G. H., & Ashford, S. J. (2018). Job insecurity and the changing workplace: Recent developments and the future trends in job insecurity research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 335-359.
  78. Leyro, T. M., Bernstein, A., Vujanovic, A. A.,McLeish, A. C., & Zvolensky,M. J. (2011). Distress Tolerance Scale: A confirmatory factor analysis among daily cigarette smokers. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 47-57.
  79. Leyro, T. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2010). Distress tolerance and psychopathological symptoms and disorders: a review of the empirical literature among adults. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 576.
  80. Luthar, S. (2005). Resilience at an early age and ıts impact on child psychosocial development. In: Encyclopedia on early childhood development [online].
  81. Macatee, R. J., Albanese, B. J., Allan, N. P., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2016). Distress intolerance as a moderator of the relationship between daily stressors and affective symptoms: Tests of incremental and prospective relationships. Journal of Affective Disorders, 206, 125-132.
  82. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128.
  83. Mahmoud, A. B., Berman, A., Reisel, W., Fuxman, L., & Hack‐Polay, D. (2023). Examining generational differences as a moderator of extreme‐context perception and its impact on work alienation organizational outcomes: Implications for the workplace and remote work transformation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1-16.
  84. Mahmoud, A. B., Grigoriou, N., Fuxman, L., Reisel, W. D., Hack-Polay, D., & Mohr, I. (2022a). A generational study of employees’ customer orientation: A motivational viewpoint in pandemic time. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 30(8), 746-763.
  85. Mahmoud, A. B., Reisel, W. D., Fuxman, L., & Hack‐Polay, D. (2022b). Locus of control as a moderator of the effects of COVID‐19 perceptions on job insecurity, psychosocial, organizational, and job outcomes for MENA region hospitality employees. European Management Review, 19(2), 313-332.
  86. Marx, K. (2010). Yabancılaşma (B. Erdost, Çev.). Sol Yayınları.
  87. Masten, A. S. & Tellegen, A. (2012). Resilience in developmental psychopathology: Contributions of the project competence longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 345-361.
  88. Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425-444.
  89. McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum.
  90. McHugh, R. K., & Otto, M. W. (2011). Domain-general and domain-specific strategies for the assessment of distress intolerance. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(4), 745.
  91. Mehta, P. (2022). Work alienation as a mediator between work from home-related isolation, loss of task identity and job insecurity amid the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 15(3), 287–306.
  92. Michaels, R. E., Dubinsky, A. J., Kotabe, M., & Lim, C. U. (1996). The effects of organizational formalization on organizational commitment and work alienation in US, Japanese and Korean industrial sales forces. European Journal of Marketing, 30, 8-24.
  93. Mottaz, C. J. (1981). Some determinants of work alienation. Sociological Quarterly, 22(4), 515-529.
  94. Nojabaee, S. S., & Ahmadi, G. (2014). Identification of factors affecting teachers' job alienation in western Mazandaran Province. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 4(7), 136-143.
  95. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  96. Okun, O. (2021). Psikolojik dayanıklılık ve iş ile ilgili kaygı duyguları (anksiyete) arasındaki ilişkiler: Afganistan örnekleminde bir araştırma. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(3), 286-296.
  97. Özler, D. E., & Dirican, M. (2014). Örgütlerde yabancılaşma ile tükenmişlik sendromu arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 39, 291–310.
  98. Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Fernandez-Robin, C., Hartmann, P., & Yañez-Martinez, D. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective mental well-being: The interplay of perceived threat, future anxiety and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110455.
  99. Peng, M. Y. P., Khalid, A., Usman, M., Khan, M. A. S., & Ali, M. (2022). Fear of Covid-19 and hotel frontline employees’ sense of work alienation: intervening and interactional analysis. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 48(5), 821-833.
  100. Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227.
  101. Price, B. J. (2009). Differentiating future time perspective and future anxiety as distinct predictors of intimate partner violence (Doctoral dissertation). Northern Illinois University.
  102. Rahman, A., Sánchez, M., Bursac, Z., Whiting, C. Y., Dios, M. A., Cano, M., & Cano, M. Á. (2022). Ethnic discrimination and psychological stress among Hispanic emerging adults: Examining the moderating effects of distress tolerance and optimism. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 86, 217-226.
  103. Richter, A., Näswall, K., Bernhard-Oettel, C., & Sverke, M. (2014). Job insecurity and well-being: The moderating role of job dependence. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(6), 816-829.
  104. Rousseau, D. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements. Sage Publications.
  105. Ryff, C. D. (2013). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10-28.
  106. Sagie, A. (1998). Employee absenteeism, organizational commitment and job satisfaction: Another look. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52(2), 156-171.
  107. Saltalı A. Ö., & Küçükşen, K. (2024). Examining job stress, psychologıcal resilience, and workplace friendships predicting presenteeism in health professionals in the context of gender. Journal of General Health Sciences, 6(1), 110-124.
  108. Seçer, B. (2011). İş güvencesizliğinin içsel işten ayrılma ve yaşam doyumuna etkisi. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 13(4), 43-60.
  109. Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24(6), 783–791.
  110. Seeman, M. (1983). Alienation motifs in contemporary theorizing: The hidden continuity of the classic themes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 46(3), 171–184.
  111. Selenko, E., Mäkikangas, A., & Stride, C. B. (2017). Does job insecurity threaten who you are? Introducing a social identity perspective to explain well‐being and performance consequences of job insecurity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(6), 856-875.
  112. Shantz, A., Alfes, K., Bailey, C., & Soane, E. (2015). Drivers and outcomes of work alienation: Reviving a concept. Journal of Management Inquiry, 24(4), 382-393.
  113. Shehada, M., & Khafaje, N. (2015). The manifestation of organizational alienation of employees and its impact on work conditions. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 6(2), 82-86.
  114. Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1911-1939.
  115. Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005). The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motivation and Emotion, 29, 83-102.
  116. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Jennifer Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200.
  117. Sookoo, N. (2013). Perceptions of injustice and alienation dynamics within the workplace. Journal of the Department of Behavioural Sciences, 3(1), 81-99.
  118. Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338.
  119. Sverke M., Hellgren J. & Näswall K. (2002). No Security: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Job Insecurity and its Consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242-264.
  120. Taamneh, M., & AL-Gharaibeh, M. A. (2014). The impact of job security elements on the work alienation at private universities in Jordan (A field study from employees perspective). European Journal of Business and Management, 6(23), 56-68.
  121. Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55.
  122. Tellioğlu, S. (2021). İş güvencesizliğinin gelecek kaygısı üzerindeki etkisi: Turizm sektörü çalışanlarına yönelik bir araştırma. Safran Kültür ve Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 41-56.
  123. Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320.
  124. Tuncer, M. (2011). Yükseköğretim gençliğinin gelecek beklentileri üzerine bir araştırma. Electronic Turkish Studies, 6(2), 933-946.
  125. Turan, M., Tatlısu, B., Tatlısu, T., & Uçan, İ. (2021). Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin sıkıntıya dayanma düzeylerinin spor ve çeşitli değişkenlere göre incelenmesi (Atatürk Üniversitesi örneği). Kafkas Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 63-75.
  126. Ülkü, T., Uçan-Özcan, S. & Polatçı, S. (2025). Yapay zekâ kaygısının gelecek kaygısı ve yenilikçi davranışlar üzerindeki etkisi: üniversite öğrencileri üzerine bir uygulama. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 12(1), 12-25.
  127. Xia, B., Wang, X., Li, Q., He, Y., & Wang, W. (2022). How workplace incivility leads to work alienation: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 921161.
  128. Yıldırım, M., Seyrek, E., Celik, I. H., Aziz, I. A., & Gómez-Salgado, J. (2025). The mediating roles of perceived social support and resilience in the relationship between earthquake anxiety and traumatic experiences among earthquake survivors in Turkey. Acta Psychologica, 253, 104714.
  129. Zaki, H., & Al-Romeedy, B. (2018). Job security as a predictor of work alienation among Egyptian travel agencies' employees. Minia Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(1), 47-64.
  130. Zaleski, Z. (1996). Future anxiety: Concept, measurement, and preliminary research. Personality and Individual Differences, 21(2), 165-174.
  131. Zaleski, Z., Sobol-Kwapinska, M., Przepiorka, A., & Meisner, M. (2019). Development and validation of the dark future scale. Time & Society, 28(1), 107-123.
  132. Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.
  133. Zvolensky, M. J., Leyro, T., Bernstein, A., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2011). Distress tolerance: Historical perspectives, theory, and measurement. In M. J. Zvolensky, A. Bernstein, & A. A. Vujanovic (Eds.), Distress tolerance (pp. 3-27). Guilford Press.
  134. Garner, L. E., Van Kirk, N., Tifft, E. D., Krompinger, J. W., Mathes, B. M., Fraire, M.,. & Elias, J. A. (2018). Validation of the distress tolerance scale‐short form in obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 916-925.