Journals / Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi / 2024 / Cilt: 19 Sayı: 44

Relationships Between University Students' Psychological Well-Being, Self-Regulation and Depression Levels

Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Psikolojik İyi Oluş, Öz Düzenleme ve Depresyon Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkiler

İhsan Akeren(BAYBURT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, BAYBURT EĞİTİM FAKÜLTESİ, EĞİTİM BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, REHBERLİK VE PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMANLIK PR.)0000-0001-5615-4189
Pages
2721–2742
Publication Date
2024-12-21
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

Knowing the effectiveness of self-regulation skills and the psychological well-being of those involved in preventive interventions for depression will contribute to the solution.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:The university period is a stage that includes adolescence and young adulthood that have to overcome that student face many problems.
📊
Key Findings & Data:Reaching 319 students, they were filled with Psychological Well-Being, Self-Regulation scales and Beck Depression Inventory-II.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:Knowing the effectiveness of self-regulation skills and the psychological well-being of those involved in preventive interventions for depression will contribute to the solution.
🔬Design:Araştırma Makalesi
📍Scope:Comprehensive Sample
⚙️Variables:Depresyon · öz düzenleme · psikolojik iyi oluş

Abstract

The university period is a stage that includes adolescence and young adulthood that have to overcome that student face many problems. Considering that the failure to solve the problems first results in depression and then suicide, it is clear that they should be supported. This study aims to determine the effect of psychological well-being and self-regulation, which is thought to strengthen students in reducing depression. Reaching 319 students, they were filled with Psychological Well-Being, Self-Regulation scales and Beck Depression Inventory-II. The participants’ psychological well-being and self-regulation scores were relatively high and their depression scores were low. Psychological well-being, self-regulation and depression scores do not differ according to sociodemographic variables and sociodemographic variables do not predict these scores A moderate positive correlation exists between psychological well-being and self-regulation, while a moderate negative correlation exists between these two and depression. In the regression analysis, when sociodemographic variables are kept under control, 13% of psychological well-being is predicted by depression and 8.5% by self-regulation. Considering that depression in adolescence causes serious negative consequences, it is very important to determine the factors that reduce it. Knowing the effectiveness of self-regulation skills and the psychological well-being of those involved in preventive interventions for depression will contribute to the solution.

Özet

Depresyonun azaltılmasında öğrencileri güçlendireceği düşünülen psikolojik iyi oluş ve öz düzenlemenin etkisini belirlemek bu araştırmanın amacıdır. 12 fakülte ve yüksekokuldan 319 öğrenciye ulaşılarak Psikolojik İyi Oluş, Öz Düzenleme ölçekleriyle birlikte ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri-II doldurulması sağlandı. Bunun yanında katılımcılardan cinsiyet, yaş ve sınıf seviyesi bilgileri de toplandı. Katılımcıların psikolojik iyi oluş ve öz düzenleme puanları görece yüksek, depresyon puanları düşüktür. Psikolojik iyi oluş, öz düzenleme ve depresyon puanları sosyo-demografik değişkenlere göre farklılaşmamaktadır ve sosyo-demografik değişkenler bu puanları yordamamaktadır. Psikolojik iyi oluş ile öz düzenleme arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı, bu ikisi ile depresyon arasında negatif yönde anlamlı korelasyon bulunmaktadır. Sosyo-demografik değişkenler kontrol altında tutulduğunda psikolojik iyi oluş depresyonu %13, öz düzenleme depresyonu %8.5 oranında yordamaktadır. Gençlik döneminde yaşanan depresyonun ciddi olumsuz sonuçlara neden olduğu düşünüldüğünde onu azaltan faktörleri belirlemek oldukça önemlidir. Depresyona yönelik önleyici müdahalelerde görev alanların psikolojik iyi oluşun yanı sıra öz düzenleme becerilerinin de etkililiğini bilmeleri çözüme katkı sağlayacaktır.

🔖

Cite This Article

Akeren, İ. (2024). Relationships Between University Students' Psychological Well-Being, Self-Regulation and Depression Levels. Bayburt Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 44, 2721–2742. https://doi.org/10.35675/befdergi.1460836

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (89)

  1. Akan, Y., & Kaynak, S. (2008). The Factors affecting the Intention of the consumers complaint. Ankara University SBF Journal, 63(02), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder-_0000002062
  2. Akil, A. M., Ujhelyi, A., & Logemann, H. N. (2022). Exposure to depression memes on social media increases depressive mood and it is moderated by self-regulation: evidence from self-report and resting EEG assessments. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 2525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.880065
  3. Alalalmeh, S. O., Hegazi, O. E., Shahwan, M., Hassan, N., Alnuaimi, G. R. H., Alaila, R. F.,. & Zyoud, S. H. (2024). Assessing mental health among students in the UAE: A cross-sectional study utilizing the DASS-21 scale. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 32(4), 101987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101987
  4. Anthony, J. C., & Petronis, K. R. (1991). Suspected risk factors for depression among adults 18–44 years old. Epidemiology, 2(2), 123-132.
  5. Aw, J. X., Mohamed, N. F., & Rahmatullah, B. (2023). The role of perceived social support on psychological well-being of university students during the covid-19 pandemic. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, 18(1), 208-215.
  6. Ay, İ. (2014). Investigating the subjective factors related to the need for psychological help of the college students [Doctoral dissertation, Ataturk University]. Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
  7. Baltacı, Ö., Aktaş, E., & Akbulut, Ö. F. (2022). Fear of Covid-19, coping with stress and family protective factors as predictors of mental well-being levels of college students during the pandemic. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences, 20(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.945037
  8. Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2008). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 667-672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0345-x
  9. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588-597. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
  10. Benita, M., Benish-Weisman, M., Matos, L., & Torres, C. (2020). Integrative and suppressive emotion regulation differentially predict well-being through basic need satisfaction and frustration: A test of three countries. Motivation and Emotion, 44, 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09781-x
  11. Bostanci, M., Özdel, O., Oguzhanoglu, N. K., Özdel, L., Ergin, A., Ergin, N., & Atesci, F. (2005). Depressive symptomatology among university students in Denizli, Turkey: prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Croat Med J. 46(1), 96-100.
  12. Burris, J. L., Brechting, E. H., Salsman, J., & Carlson, C. R. (2009). Factors associated with the psychological well-being and distress of university students. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 536-544. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.5.536-544
  13. Cardak, M. (2013). Psychological well-being and Internet addiction among university students. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 12(3), 134-141.
  14. Carey, K. B., Neal, D. J. and Colins, S. E. (2004). A psychometric analysis of the self-regulation questionnaire. Addictive Behaviours 29(2), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.001
  15. Ceyhan, A. A., Ceyhan, E., & Kurtyılmaz, Y. (2009). Investigation of university students' depression. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 36, 75-90.
  16. Chen, L., Wang, L., Qiu, X. H., Yang, X. X., Qiao, Z. X., Yang, Y. J., & Liang, Y. (2013). Depression among Chinese university students: prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. PloS one, 8(3), e58379. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058379
  17. Cho, H., Chen, M. Y. K., Kang, H. K., & Chiu, W. (2023). New times, new ways: Exploring the self-regulation of sport during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with nostalgia and well-being. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030261
  18. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1997). The role of self-organization in the promotion of resilience in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 797-815. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579497001442
  19. Cimcir, N. N. (2023). How does neuroticism influence the relationship between self-regulation and well-being in university students? [Bachelor's thesis, University of Twente]. https://purl.utwente.nl/essays/94253
  20. Clark, D. M. (2011). Implementing NICE guidelines for the psychological treatment of depression and anxiety disorders: the IAPT experience. International Review of Psychiatry, 23(4), 318-327. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2011.606803
  21. Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education (8th ed.). Routledge.
  22. Cooke, R., Bewick, B. M., Barkham, M., Bradley, M., & Audin, K. (2006). Measuring, monitoring and managing the psychological well-being of first year university students. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34(4), 505-517. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600942624
  23. Creswell, J.W. (2017) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (4th ed.). SAGE.
  24. Cuijpers, P., Cristea, I. A., Ebert, D. D., Koot, H. M., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., & Kessler, R. C. (2016). Psychological treatment of depression in college students: A metaanalysis. Depression and Anxiety, 33(5), 400-414. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22461
  25. De Ridder, D. T., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 76-99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418749
  26. Dhillon, S., Videla-Nash, G., Foussias, G., Segal, Z. V., & Zakzanis, K. K. (2020). On the nature of objective and perceived cognitive impairments in depressive symptoms and real-world functioning in young adults. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112932
  27. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
  28. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S. et al. (2009). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39, 247–266.
  29. Dikmen, M. (2020). Examination of the Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory II on Pre-service Teachers. Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences, (15)6, 4137-4150. https://dx.doi.org/10.47423/TurkishStudies.46722
  30. Eller, T., Aluoja, A., Vasar, V., & Veldi, M. (2006). Symptoms of anxiety and depression in Estonian medical students with sleep problems. Depression and Anxiety, 23(4), 250-256. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.2016
  31. Farmer, A. E. (1996). The genetics of depressive disorders. International Review of Psychiatry, 8(4), 369-372. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540269609051551
  32. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  33. Gagnon, M. C. J., Durand-Bush, N., & Young, B. W. (2016). Self-regulation capacity is linked to wellbeing and burnout in physicians and medical students: Implications for nurturing self-help skills. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(1), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.5502-/ijw.v6i1.425
  34. Gao, W., Ping, S., & Liu, X. (2020). Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress among college students: a longitudinal study from China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 292-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.121
  35. Garlow, S. J., Rosenberg, J., Moore, J. D., Haas, A. P., Koestner, B., Hendin, H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008). Depression, desperation, and suicidal ideation in college students: results from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention College Screening Project at Emory University. Depression and Anxiety, 25(6), 482-488. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20321
  36. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step: A simple guide and reference (15th ed.). Routledge.
  37. Greer, S., Ramo, D., Chang, Y. J., Fu, M., Moskowitz, J., & Haritatos, J. (2019). Use of the chatbot “vivibot” to deliver positive psychology skills and promote well-being among young people after cancer treatment: randomized controlled feasibility trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(10), e15018. https://doi.org/10.2196/15018
  38. Güler, M., Demirci, K., Karakuş, K., Kişioğlu, A. N., Zengin, E., Yozgat, Z., Ören, Ö., Saydam, & G., & Yılmaz, H. R., (2014). Determination of the relationship between hopelessness depression frequency and socio-demographic features in students of school of medicine, Suleyman Demirel University. International Journal of Basic and Clinical Medicine, 2(1), 32-37.
  39. Haas, A. P., Hendin, H., & Mann, J. J. (2003). Suicide in college students. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(9), 1224-1240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764202250666
  40. Hoyle, R. H. (2006). Personality and self‐regulation: Trait and information‐processing perspectives. Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1507-1526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00418.x
  41. Hysenbegasi, A., Hass, S. L., & Rowland, C. R. (2005). The impact of depression on the academic productivity of university students. Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 8(3), 145-151.
  42. Jannah, K., Hastuti, D., & Riany, Y. E. (2022). Parenting style and depression among students: the mediating role of self-esteem. Psikohumaniora. Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 7(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v7i1.9885
  43. Karaş, Z., & Altun, F. (2022). Emotion regulation skills of pre-school children: What is the role of the child’s temperature, the emotional intelligence and the psychological wellness of the parents? Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University Journal of ISS, 12(2), 1268-1283. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.987751
  44. Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602. https://10.0.3.233/archpsyc.62.6.593
  45. Keyes, C. L., Dhingra, S. S., & Simoes, E. J. (2010). Change in level of positive mental health as a predictor of future risk of mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2366-2371. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192245
  46. Khan, M. S., Mahmood, S., Badshah, A., Ali, S. U., & Jamal, Y. (2006). Prevalence of depression, anxiety and their associated factors among medical students in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 56(12), 583-586.
  47. Kocovski, N. L., & Endler, N. S. (2000). Self‐regulation: Social anxiety and depression. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 5(1), 80-91. https://doi.org-/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2000.tb00065.x
  48. Koh, J., & Farruggia, S. P. (2023). Family-work-school conflicts, self-regulation, and well-being among transfer students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/19496591.2022.2158741
  49. Kumar, G. S., Jain, A., & Hegde, S. (2012). Prevalence of depression and its associated factors using Beck Depression Inventory among students of a medical college in Karnataka. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(3), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.102412
  50. Kuyumcu, B. (2013). The predictive power of university students’ positive-negative moods in their psychological well- being. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 6(1), 62-76.
  51. Li, J. B., Delvecchio, E., Lis, A., Nie, Y. G., & Di Riso, D. (2015). Parental attachment, self-control, and depressive symptoms in Chinese and Italian adolescents: Test of a mediation model. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.-2015.06.006
  52. Liu, Q., Shono, M., & Kitamura, T. (2009). Psychological well‐being, depression, and anxiety in Japanese university students. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), E99-E105. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20455
  53. Mamun, M. A., Hossain, M. S., Siddique, A. B., Sikder, M. T., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Problematic internet use in Bangladeshi students: the role of socio-demographic factors, depression, anxiety, and stress. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.07.005
  54. Mascia, M. L., Agus, M., Cabras, C., Bellini, D., Renati, R., & Penna, M. P. (2023). Present and future undergraduate students’ well-being: Role of time perspective, self-efficacy, self-regulation and intention to drop-out. Education Sciences, 13(2), 202. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13020202
  55. Mikolajczyk, R. T., Maxwell, A. E., El Ansari, W., Naydenova, V., Stock, C., Ilieva, S., Dudziak, U., & Nagyova, I. (2008). Prevalence of depressive symptoms in university students from Germany, Denmark, Poland and Bulgaria. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0282-0
  56. Moccia, L., Janiri, D., Giuseppin, G., Agrifoglio, B., Monti, L., Mazza, M.,. & Janiri, L. (2021). Reduced hedonic tone and emotion dysregulation predict depressive symptoms severity during the COVID-19 outbreak: an observational study on the Italian general population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010255
  57. Munir, T., Shafiq, S., Ahmad, Z., & Khan, S. (2015). Impact of loneliness and academic stress on psychological well-being among college students. Academic Research International, 6(2), 343-355.
  58. Ota, M., Takeda, S., Pu, S., Matsumura, H., Araki, T., Hosoda, N.,. & Kaneko, K. (2020). The relationship between cognitive distortion, depressive symptoms, and social adaptation: A survey in Japan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.094
  59. Othieno, C. J., Okoth, R. O., Peltzer, K., Pengpid, S., & Malla, L. O. (2014). Depression among university students in Kenya: Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Journal of Affective Disorders, 165, 120-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.070
  60. Özdel, L., Bostancı, M., Özdel, O., & Oğuzhanoğlu, N. K. (2002). The relationship with sociodemographic characteristics and depressive symptoms in university students. Alpha Psychiatry, 3(3), 155-161.
  61. Papadakis, A. A., Prince, R. P., Jones, N. P., & Strauman, T. J. (2006). Self-regulation, rumination, and vulnerability to depression in adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 18(3), 815-829. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060408
  62. Park, C. L., Edmondson, D., & Lee, J. (2012). Development of self-regulation abilities as predictors of psychological adjustment across the first year of college. Journal of Adult Development, 19(1), 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-011-9133-z
  63. Perrotta, G. (2019). The Reality Plan and the Subjective Construction of One's Perception: The strategic theoretical model among sensations, perceptions, defence mechanisms, needs, personal constructs, beliefs system, social influences and systematic errors. Journal of Clinical Research and Reports, 1(1). DOI: 10.31579/JCRR/2019/001
  64. Reavley, N., & Jorm, A. F. (2010). Prevention and early intervention to improve mental health in higher education students: a review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 4(2), 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2010.00167.x
  65. Sağar, M. E. (2022). Predictors of subjective well-being at school in adolescents: Emotion regulation, coping, and cognitive flexibility. Ege Journal of Education, 23(2), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.1060883
  66. Sarokhani, D., Delpisheh, A., Veisani, Y., Sarokhani, M. T., Manesh, R. E., & Sayehmiri, K. (2013). Prevalence of depression among university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Depression Research and Treatment, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013-/373857
  67. Schwab, J. J., Nadeau, S. E., & Warheit, G. J. (1979). Crowding and mental health. The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science: Official Journal of the Pavlovian, 14, 226-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03003004
  68. Simon, C. R., & Durand-Bush, N. (2014). Differences in psychological and affective well-being between physicians and resident physicians: Does high and low self-regulation capacity matter? Psychology of Well-Being, 4, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13612-014-0019-2
  69. Singh, S., & Sharma, N. R. (2018). Self-regulation as a correlate of psychological well-being. Indian Journal of Health and Well-being, 9(3), 441-444.
  70. Sobocki, P., Lekander, I., Borgström, F., Ström, O., & Runeson, B. (2007). The economic burden of depression in Sweden from 1997 to 2005. European Psychiatry, 22(3), 146-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.10.006
  71. Sokratous, S., Merkouris, A., Middleton, N., & Karanikola, M. (2014). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of depressive symptoms among Cypriot university students: a cross-sectional descriptive co-relational study. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0235-6
  72. Spector, P. E., Chen, P. Y., & O'Connell, B. J. (2000). A longitudinal study of relations between job stressors and job strains while controlling for prior negative affectivity and strains. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.2.211
  73. Spiessl, H., Hübner-Liebermann, B., & Hajak, G. (2006). Depression, a widespread disease. Epidemiology, care situation, diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 131(1-2), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924919
  74. Telef, B. B. (2013). The adaptation of psychological well-being into Turkish: a validity and reliability study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28(3), 374-384.
  75. Torres, R., Goyal, D., Burke-Aaronson, A. C., Gay, C. L., & Lee, K. A. (2017). Patterns of symptoms of perinatal depression and stress in late adolescent and young adult mothers. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 46(6), 814-823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2017.08.002
  76. Türkleş, S., Hacıhasanoğlu, R., & Çapar, S. (2008). Depression among, high school students and the factors which affect it. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 11(2), 18-28.
  77. Tuzcuoğlu, S., & Korkmaz, B. (2001). Investigating the levels of submissive behaviour and depression among psychological counseling and guidance university students. Marmara University Atatürk Education Faculty Journal of Educational Sciences, 14(14), 135-152.
  78. Viñas Poch, F., Villar, E., Caparros, B., Juan, J., Cornella, M., & Perez, I. (2004). Feelings of hopelessness in a Spanish university population: Descriptive analysis and its relationship to adapting to university, depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 326-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0756-2
  79. Wasil, A. R., Palermo, E. H., Lorenzo-Luaces, L., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2022). Is there an app for that? A review of popular apps for depression, anxiety, and well-being. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 29(4), 883-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.07.001
  80. Weijers, A., Rasing, S., Creemers, D., Vermulst, A., Schellekens, A. F., & Westerhof, G. J. (2021). The relationship between depressive symptoms, general psychopathology, and well‐being in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(6), 1472-1486. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23083
  81. Williams, L. M., Gatt, J. M., Hatch, A., Palmer, D. M., Nagy, M., Rennie, C.,. & Paul, R. H. (2008). The integrate model of emotion, thinking and self- regulation: an application to the" paradox of aging". Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 7(3), 367-404. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219635208001939
  82. Yu, M., Tian, F., Cui, Q., & Wu, H. (2021). Prevalence and its associated factors of depressive symptoms among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03066-9
  83. Yüksel, A., & Bahadir‐Yilmaz, E. (2019). Relationship between depression, anxiety, cognitive distortions, and psychological well‐being among nursing students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 55(4), 690-696. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12404
  84. Yuliyanto, A., & Indartono, S. (2019). The influence of spiritual quotient toward subjective well-being of student of Muhammadiyah Boarding School Yogyakarta High School. International Journal of Management and Humanities, 3(12), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.L0342.0831219
  85. Zhang, L., & Wu, L. (2021). Community environment perception on depression: The mediating role of subjective social class. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8083. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158083
  86. Alalalmeh, S. O., Hegazi, O. E., Shahwan, M., Hassan, N., Alnuaimi, G. R. H., Alaila, R. F.,. & Zyoud, S. H. (2024). Assessing mental health among students in the UAE: A cross-sectional study utilizing the DASS-21 scale. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 32(4), 101987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101987
  87. Moccia, L., Janiri, D., Giuseppin, G., Agrifoglio, B., Monti, L., Mazza, M.,. & Janiri, L. (2021). Reduced hedonic tone and emotion dysregulation predict depressive symptoms severity during the COVID-19 outbreak: an observational study on the Italian general population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010255
  88. Ota, M., Takeda, S., Pu, S., Matsumura, H., Araki, T., Hosoda, N.,. & Kaneko, K. (2020). The relationship between cognitive distortion, depressive symptoms, and social adaptation: A survey in Japan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 265, 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.094
  89. Williams, L. M., Gatt, J. M., Hatch, A., Palmer, D. M., Nagy, M., Rennie, C.,. & Paul, R. H. (2008). The integrate model of emotion, thinking and self- regulation: an application to the" paradox of aging". Journal of Integrative Neuroscience, 7(3), 367-404. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219635208001939