Journals / Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi / 2026 / Sayı: 112

Assessing Profitability Allocation under Inflation between Food Producers and Retailers

Enflasyon Altında Gıda Üreticileri ve Perakendecileri Arasında Kârlılık Dağılımının Değerlendirilmesi

Yusuf Polat(Aksaray Üniversitesi)0000-0002-2255-0658
Pages
233–269
Publication Date
2026-10-04
🏛️Bibliographic metadata and full text access for this article are provided via DergiPark.
DergiPark Record ↗
✨

AI Summary & Key Takeaways

AI Insight
⚡ TL;DR(Too Long; Didn't Read)

By bringing company accounts into a debate often conducted through shelf prices alone, the study follows the producer–retailer comparison through successive stages of the income statement and provides a firmer basis for assessing how profitability was distributed during the inflationary period.

📌 3 Key Takeaways

🎯
Objective & Hypothesis:Türkiye’s sharp rise in food prices between 2019 and 2025 brought a familiar question to the centre of public debate: who along the value chain was actually retaining the gains?
📊
Key Findings & Data:It draws on a balanced panel of 203 firm-year observations for 24 producers and five retail/wholesale firms listed on Borsa İstanbul, constructed from the original, unadjusted current-period figures in the initial consolidated annual financial statements disclosed on KAP for each fiscal year.
💡
Conclusion & Impact:By bringing company accounts into a debate often conducted through shelf prices alone, the study follows the producer–retailer comparison through successive stages of the income statement and provides a firmer basis for assessing how profitability was distributed during the inflationary period.
🔬Design:Modeling & Simulation
📍Scope:2019 Verileri
⚙️Variables:Enflasyon · Kârlılık Dağılımı · Gıda Değer Zinciri

Abstract

Türkiye’s sharp rise in food prices between 2019 and 2025 brought a familiar question to the centre of public debate: who along the value chain was actually retaining the gains? Large retailers were widely assumed to have fared better than producers. It draws on a balanced panel of 203 firm-year observations for 24 producers and five retail/wholesale firms listed on Borsa İstanbul, constructed from the original, unadjusted current-period figures in the initial consolidated annual financial statements disclosed on KAP for each fiscal year. Firm and year fixed-effects models trace how retailer–producer differences in gross profit margin, operating expenses, net other operating items and operating margin moved as food inflation changed. The accounts tell a more complicated story than the prevailing narrative suggests. Retailers’ gross and operating margins do not widen relative to those of producers; if anything, the estimates point towards a narrowing. A growing operating-expense burden relative to sales is an important part of this pattern. More favourable movements in net other operating items absorb some of that pressure, but not enough to reverse the margin picture. Neither the baseline models nor the alternative inflation measures and sensitivity checks reveal a systematic shift in profitability towards retailers. Some year-based methods make the relative decline in gross and operating margins statistically clearer, whereas firm-based and two-way approaches do not yield the same strength of evidence. For the companies examined, the findings therefore do not bear out the widely held view that high food inflation transferred profitability towards the retail end of the value chain. By bringing company accounts into a debate often conducted through shelf prices alone, the study follows the producer–retailer comparison through successive stages of the income statement and provides a firmer basis for assessing how profitability was distributed during the inflationary period.

Özet

Türkiye’de gıda fiyatlarının hızla yükseldiği 2019-2025 dönemi, fiyat artışlarının değer zincirinde kimin kazancına dönüştüğü sorusunu kamuoyu tartışmalarının merkezine taşımıştır. Bu tartışmanın odağında, büyük perakendecilerin üreticilere kıyasla enflasyondan daha avantajlı çıktığı yönündeki yaygın görüş yer almaktadır. Çalışma, bu görüşün muhasebe kârlılığında karşılık bulup bulmadığını incelemektedir. Borsa İstanbul’da işlem gören 24 üretici ile 5 perakendeci/toptancı firmadan oluşan 203 gözlemlik dengeli panel, her mali yıl için KAP’ta ilk/orijinal olarak yayımlanan konsolide yıllık finansal tablolardaki düzeltilmemiş cari dönem tutarlarından oluşturulmuştur. Firma ve yıl sabit etkilerini içeren modellerle, gıda enflasyonu değişirken iki grup arasındaki brüt kâr marjı, faaliyet giderleri, net diğer faaliyet kalemleri ve esas faaliyet marjı farklarının nasıl seyrettiği incelenmiştir. Ortaya çıkan muhasebe görünümü, perakendeciler lehine açık bir kârlılık kaymasına işaret etmemektedir. Tahminlerde perakendecilerin üreticilere göre brüt ve esas faaliyet marjları genişlememekte, aksine daralma eğilimi göstermektedir. Bu görünümde, satışlara oranla artan faaliyet giderlerinin önemli bir payı vardır. Net diğer faaliyet kalemleri perakendeciler açısından daha olumlu seyretse de sağladığı dengeleme, marjlardaki hareketi tersine çevirecek ölçüde değildir. Temel modellerin yanı sıra alternatif enflasyon göstergeleri ve duyarlılık kontrolleri de bu genel okumayı korumaktadır. Yıl temelli bazı yöntemler göreli marj kaybını istatistiksel olarak daha belirgin hâle getirse de firma temelli ve iki yönlü yöntemler aynı ölçüde destek sunmamaktadır. İncelenen şirketler bakımından bulgular, yüksek gıda enflasyonunun kârlılığı değer zincirinin perakende tarafına taşıdığı yönündeki yaygın kabulü doğrulamamaktadır. Çalışma, raf fiyatları etrafında şekillenen tartışmaya şirket hesaplarından kanıt getirerek, enflasyon dönemindeki üretici–perakendeci kârlılık dağılımını gelir tablosunun farklı aşamalarında değerlendirmektedir.

🔖

Cite This Article

Polat, Y. (2026). Assessing Profitability Allocation under Inflation between Food Producers and Retailers. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, Sayı: 112, 233–269. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1945140

📄 Full Text PDF Viewer

📄

PDF görüntüleyici hazırlanıyor...

References (35)

  1. Abbas, S. K., & Lan, H. (2020). Commodity price pass-through and inflation regimes. Energy Economics, 92, Article 104977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104977
  2. Adjemian, M. K., Arita, S., Meyer, S., & Salin, D. (2024). Factors affecting recent food price inflation in the United States. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 46(2), 648–676. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13378
  3. Akgunduz, Y. E., & Ozcan-Tok, E. (2024). Impact of municipality-run discount stalls on price formation across the food supply chain. Food Policy, 125, Article 102645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102645
  4. Alvarez, S., Cavallo, A., MacKay, A., & Mengano, P. (2026). Markups and cost pass-through along the supply chain [Working paper]. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4935032
  5. Aysoy, C., Kirli, D. H., & Tumen, S. (2015). How does a shorter supply chain affect pricing of fresh food? Evidence from a natural experiment. Food Policy, 57, 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2015.10.003
  6. Bakucs, Z., Fałkowski, J., & Fertő, I. (2014). Does market structure influence price transmission in the agro-food sector? A meta-analysis perspective. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 65(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12042
  7. Barth, M. E., Landsman, W. R., & Lang, M. H. (2008). International accounting standards and accounting quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 46(3), 467–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2008.00287.x
  8. Brochet, F., Jagolinzer, A. D., & Riedl, E. J. (2013). Mandatory IFRS adoption and financial statement comparability. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(4), 1373–1400. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12002
  9. Cavallo, A., & Kryvtsov, O. (2024). Price discounts and cheapflation during the post-pandemic inflation surge. Journal of Monetary Economics, 148, Article 103644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.103644
  10. Cavallo, A., Lippi, F., & Miyahara, K. (2024). Large shocks travel fast. American Economic Review: Insights, 6(4), 558–574. https://doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20230454
  11. Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye. (2024). Annual report 2023. https://www3.tcmb.gov.tr/yillikrapor/2023/en/
  12. Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye. (2025). Annual report 2024. https://www3.tcmb.gov.tr/yillikrapor/2024/en/
  13. De Franco, G., Kothari, S. P., & Verdi, R. S. (2011). The benefits of financial statement comparability. Journal of Accounting Research, 49(4), 895–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2011.00415.x
  14. De Loecker, J., Eeckhout, J., & Unger, G. (2020). The rise of market power and the macroeconomic implications. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2), 561–644. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz041
  15. Dekimpe, M. G., & Van Heerde, H. J. (2023). Retailing in times of soaring inflation: What we know, what we don’t know, and a research agenda. Journal of Retailing, 99(3), 322–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2023.07.002
  16. Draganska, M., Klapper, D., & Villas-Boas, S. B. (2007). Determinants of margins in the distribution channel: An empirical investigation [Working paper]. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.969409
  17. Gagnon, E. (2009). Price setting during low and high inflation: Evidence from Mexico. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(3), 1221–1263. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.3.1221
  18. Goldberg, P. K., & Hellerstein, R. (2013). A structural approach to identifying the sources of local currency price stability. The Review of Economic Studies, 80(1), 175–210. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds015
  19. Goodwin, B. K., & Harper, D. C. (2000). Price transmission, threshold behavior, and asymmetric adjustment in the U.S. pork sector. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 32(3), 543–553. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1074070800020630
  20. Gürkaynak, R. S., Kısacıkoğlu, B., & Lee, S. S. (2023). Exchange rate and inflation under weak monetary policy: Turkey verifies theory. Economic Policy, 38(115), 519–560. https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiad020
  21. Irz, X., Niemi, J., & Liu, X. (2013). Determinants of food price inflation in Finland—The role of energy. Energy Policy, 63, 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.023
  22. Kinnucan, H. W., & Forker, O. D. (1987). Asymmetry in farm-retail price transmission for major dairy products. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 69(2), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.2307/1242278
  23. Konieczny, J. D., & Skrzypacz, A. (2005). Inflation and price setting in a natural experiment. Journal of Monetary Economics, 52(3), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2004.07.006
  24. Koppenberg, M., Wimmer, S., & Hirsch, S. (2025). Has corporate greed driven inflation in the European Union? An analysis of the food and beverage industry. Economics Letters, 247, Article 112164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2025.112164
  25. Kuiper, W. E., & Oude Lansink, A. G. J. M. (2013). Asymmetric price transmission in food supply chains: Impulse response analysis by local projections applied to U.S. broiler and pork prices. Agribusiness, 29(3), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21338
  26. Leibtag, E. (2009). How much and how quick? Pass through of commodity and input cost changes to retail food prices. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91(5), 1462–1467. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2009.01365.x
  27. Lloyd, T. (2017). Forty years of price transmission research in the food industry: Insights, challenges and prospects. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12205
  28. Nakamura, E., & Zerom, D. (2010). Accounting for incomplete pass-through. The Review of Economic Studies, 77(3), 1192–1230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.589.x
  29. Nikiforos, M., Grothe, S., & Weber, J. D. (2024). Markups, profit shares, and cost-push-profit-led inflation. Industrial and Corporate Change, 33(2), 342–362. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtae003
  30. Richards, T. J., Allender, W. J., & Hamilton, S. F. (2012). Commodity price inflation, retail pass-through and market power. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 30(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2011.05.003
  31. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. (2026, June 30). Türkiye: Retail foods annual (GAIN Report No. TU2026-0018). https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/gain/2026/06/turkiye-retail-foods-annual
  32. Wulfsberg, F. (2016). Inflation and price adjustments: Micro evidence from Norwegian consumer prices 1975–2004. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 8(3), 175–194. https://doi.org/10.1257/mac.20140095
  33. Yılmaz, E., & Bulut, N. (2025). Inflation dynamics: Profits, wages and import prices. Economic Systems, 49(3), Article 101310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2025.101310
  34. Yilmaz, M. S., & Uzar, U. (2025). Do cost increases push up profit mark-ups? Evidence from Türkiye on profit inflation. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 74, 841–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2025.06.013
  35. Yilmazkuday, H. (2018). Spatial dispersion of retail margins: Evidence from Turkish agricultural prices. Agricultural Economics, 49(4), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12428